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What are the defining characteristics of viruses?
What are the steps of HIV replication inside a host cell?
What are the general therapeutic goals for treatment of HIV infection?
What are the recommended HIV medications for treatment as prevention?
What is the mechanism of action of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
What are examples of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors?
What are examples of protease inhibitors?
What are the mechanisms of action of integrase strand inhibitors?
What are examples of integrase strand inhibitors?
What are the mechanisms of action of entry inhibitors and attachment inhibitors?
What are examples of entry inhibitors?
How can perinatal transmission of HIV be prevented through pharmacotherapy?
What are the procedures for achieving postexposure prophylaxis after occupational HIV exposure?
What are viruses considered to be?
What type of parasite are viruses?
Where must viruses be to replicate?
What surrounds a virus?
What genetic material do viruses contain?
What may viruses have that triggers an immune response?
Viruses are considered _______ that infect bacteria, plants, and animals.
Viruses are intracellular _______ that must be in a host cell to replicate.
The structure of viruses includes a _______ and may contain _______ or _______.
What do many viruses infect?
Bacteria only
Animals only
Specific host cells
Plants only
What can trigger an immune response in viruses?
Capsid
RNA
DNA
Protein spikes
What do viruses need from host cells?
To produce energy
To grow larger
To replicate
To survive indefinitely
What information is contained in the DNA of viruses?
What image illustrates the components of a virus?
What image shows bacteriophages attacking bacteria?
What are mature virus particles called?
Do most viruses require pharmacotherapy?
What is an example of a virus that causes the common cold?
Which virus is fatal if left untreated?
What can herpesviruses cause if left untreated?
What is a challenge of antiviral therapy?
Why is it difficult for drugs to find viruses?
Are antiviral drugs specific to one virus?
What does HIV stand for?
What receptor does HIV target?
What enzyme does HIV use to make viral DNA from RNA?
What happens to virions after they bud from the host cell?
What is the role of protease in HIV replication?
What is the result of HIV infection on the immune system?
Why is HIV called a retrovirus?
What syndrome is caused by HIV?
What characterizes AIDS?
What types of infections are commonly associated with AIDS?
How has HIV changed in terms of its fatality?
What is required to remain symptom free from HIV?
When should pharmacotherapy for HIV begin?
What is one goal of HIV pharmacotherapy?
What is another therapeutic goal of HIV treatment?
What should be suppressed to an undetectable level in HIV treatment?
What is a key benefit of effective HIV treatment for mothers?
What is the goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
What does the CD4 T-lymphocyte count estimate?
What is the purpose of the viral load test in HIV treatment?
How many drugs are typically required for antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
What are common adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
What is a critical requirement for the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
What is the most common mechanism of action (MOA) of antiretroviral therapies (ARTs)?
What are the main classes of drugs for HIV and AIDS?
What is an example of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor?
What is an example of a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor?
What is an example of an integrase strand transfer inhibitor?
What is an example of a drug for herpesviruses?
What is an example of a drug for influenza viruses?
What is an example of a drug for hepatitis viruses?
What is an example of a drug for coronavirus-19?
Which class of drugs includes zidovudine?
Protease inhibitors
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Integrase inhibitors
Entry inhibitors
Which class of drugs does efavirenz belong to?
Attachment inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Entry inhibitors
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
What is the prototype drug for integrase inhibitors?
Dolutegravir (DTG, Tivicay)
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Efavirenz (Sustiva)
Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)
The main classes of drugs for HIV and AIDS include: - _______ - _______ - _______ - _______ - _______ - _______
An example of a drug for herpesviruses is _______.
An example of a drug for influenza viruses is _______.
An example of a drug for hepatitis viruses is _______.
An example of a drug for coronavirus-19 is _______.
What is the goal of medication recommendations for HIV and AIDS?
How can sexual transmission of HIV be prevented?
What is Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)?
How effective is PrEP in reducing HIV transmission to uninfected partners?
What is the effectiveness of PrEP in reducing transmission among people who inject drugs?
How often must PrEP be taken?
When should PrEP be started after potential exposure?
What should individuals still practice while taking PrEP?
Name three medications used for PrEP.
What are the three types of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
What is the mechanism of action of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
What is the primary use of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
What is another use of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in healthcare?
How do reverse transcriptase inhibitors help in mother-to-fetus transmission?
What is the prototype drug for HIV infection?
What is the therapeutic class of zidovudine?
What is the pharmacologic class of zidovudine?
What does zidovudine resemble in its structure?
What enzyme mistakenly uses zidovudine during viral DNA synthesis?
What is a common indication for zidovudine?
What are the combination products containing zidovudine?
What is the chemical name for AZT?
Why is zidovudine not often used as a first-line drug?
What is the action of zidovudine in HIV treatment?
It inhibits protein synthesis.
It creates a defective DNA strand.
It boosts the immune system.
It prevents viral entry into cells.
Zidovudine is also known as _______.
Zidovudine is a _______ (NRTI).
The most frequent indication for zidovudine is to prevent the transmission of HIV from _______.
Zidovudine resembles _______ in structure.
The combination product Combivir contains zidovudine and _______.
The reverse transcriptase enzyme mistakenly uses zidovudine, creating a _______.
Resistance to zidovudine has become common since its widespread use since _______.
Zidovudine is often abbreviated as _______ after its chemical name _______.
What type of capsule is zidovudine available in?
What is the prototype drug for HIV treatment?
What is the onset time for Zidovudine?
What is the peak time for Zidovudine?
What is the duration of Zidovudine's effect?
How should Zidovudine be administered?
Is breastfeeding recommended while on Zidovudine?
What are common adverse effects of Zidovudine?
What bone marrow suppression adverse effects can occur with Zidovudine?
What is a black box warning for Zidovudine?
What may occur with long-term use of Zidovudine?
What is the only contraindication for Zidovudine?
What should be monitored frequently during therapy with Zidovudine?
What should be done for patients with significant CKD or hepatic impairment taking Zidovudine?
What is steatosis?
What adverse effect can result from bone marrow suppression due to Zidovudine?
What is the prototype drug mentioned?
What should be avoided when using Zidovudine?
Which drugs may increase the risk of ZDV toxicity?
What serious conditions can arise from using Zidovudine with other antiretroviral agents?
Which herbal supplement should be used with caution with Zidovudine?
Is there a specific treatment for Zidovudine overdose?
What is the therapeutic class of Efavirenz?
What is the pharmacologic class of Efavirenz?
How is Efavirenz administered?
What condition is Efavirenz used to treat?
What is one major action of Efavirenz?
What is a significant advantage of Efavirenz?
What can high-fat meals do to Efavirenz absorption?
What is Atripla?
When should Efavirenz be administered to limit CNS effects?
What risk does Efavirenz pose if taken during pregnancy?
What should patients of childbearing potential do during therapy with Efavirenz?
How long should birth control be used after discontinuing Efavirenz?
What type of resistance can develop with NNRTIs like Efavirenz?
What are the CNS adverse effects of Efavirenz?
How long do CNS symptoms of Efavirenz typically last after therapy initiation?
What rash condition must be monitored when using Efavirenz?
What is a significant contraindication for Efavirenz?
What should patients in their childbearing years do while taking Efavirenz?
What is the onset time for Efavirenz?
What is the peak time for Efavirenz?
What is the duration of Efavirenz's effect?
What is the prototype drug discussed?
What enzyme does efavirenz induce?
Which medications require monitoring when taken with efavirenz?
What effect does efavirenz have on serum levels of certain drugs?
What worsens the CNS adverse effects of efavirenz?
What herbal supplement may decrease antiretroviral activity?
Is there a specific treatment for efavirenz overdose?
What do protease inhibitors (PIs) block?
What is the prototype drug for protease inhibitors?
What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors?
What is the primary use of protease inhibitors?
What can protease inhibitors lower to an undetectable level?
What are Integrase Strand Inhibitors (INSTIs)?
What is the mechanism of action of INSTIs?
What is the primary use of Integrase Strand Inhibitors?
What is the therapeutic class of Dolutegravir (DTG)?
What is the pharmacologic class of Dolutegravir (DTG)?
What year was Dolutegravir (DTG) approved?
What does Dolutegravir inhibit in HIV treatment?
What is the onset time for Dolutegravir?
What is the peak time for Dolutegravir?
What is the duration of action for Dolutegravir?
What fixed-dose combination includes Dolutegravir and rilpivirine?
What is the fixed-dose combination of Dolutegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine?
Who can use Dolutegravir?
Is Dolutegravir preferred for treatment naive or treatment experienced patients?
What is the primary action of Dolutegravir in HIV treatment?
Why is Dolutegravir preferred over other INSTIs?
Can Dolutegravir be taken with food?
What risk does Dolutegravir pose if taken during the first trimester of pregnancy?
When should Dolutegravir be used in pregnancy?
Is Dolutegravir recommended during lactation?
What are the most common adverse effects of Dolutegravir?
What less frequent reactions can occur with Dolutegravir?
What can Dolutegravir significantly increase in patients?
What neuropsychiatric events may some patients experience with Dolutegravir?
Who should not use Dolutegravir?
Which drugs should be used with caution when taking dolutegravir?
What effect do efavirenz, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital have on dolutegravir?
Which drug may increase blood levels of dolutegravir?
Is concurrent therapy with dofetilide allowed when taking dolutegravir?
When should dolutegravir be administered in relation to calcium-containing supplements?
Is there a specific treatment for dolutegravir overdose?
What should be included in a complete health and drug history for HIV patients?
What signs and symptoms should be assessed for current infection in HIV patients?
What laboratory findings are important to evaluate in HIV patients?
What should be done to ensure proper medication administration for HIV patients?
How can HIV transmission be prevented in pregnant and breastfeeding patients?
What should breastfeeding women with HIV be counseled about?
What should HIV-positive patients do regarding their status?
What type of approach is required for HIV treatment?
What resources should be provided to HIV patients and caregivers?
What laboratory work should be monitored for patients receiving HIV pharmacotherapy?
What are the adverse effects of drugs used for HIV treatment?
Why is it important to monitor lipid levels and serum amylase in HIV patients?
What age-related risk factors affect older adults receiving HIV treatment?
Why should ethnically diverse patients be monitored closely when taking zidovudine?
What can be done to prevent drug accumulation in the kidneys for HIV patients?
What should be immediately reported to the healthcare provider?
What may increasing fever indicate in HIV medication patients?
What dermatologic effects should be monitored in patients?
What severe condition may result from medication effects in HIV patients?
Patients should report increasing fever, diarrhea, or vomiting, dyspnea, tachycardia, dizziness, syncope, and changes in behavior, lethargy, or level of consciousness to the healthcare provider. Increasing fever may indicate _______, _______, or _______.
Monitor for dermatologic effects, such as _______, _______, or _______ in HIV patients.
Severe rashes, especially those associated with _______, should be reported immediately as they may indicate serious drug reactions.
What should a patient with HIV infection do daily regarding their oral health?
What is a recommended practice for oral hygiene after eating?
What should patients report related to headaches or dizziness?
What symptoms should be reported that indicate potential liver issues?
What precautions should a patient take regarding temperature sensitivity?
What sleep hygiene measures should be encouraged for patients?
When should a patient consult with a healthcare provider regarding insomnia?
What are the key infection control measures for HIV patients?
What should patients practice during sexual activity to prevent HIV transmission?
What should patients with HIV not do regarding needles?
What should a patient do if they become pregnant while on HIV medication?
What is the target maternal viral load to reduce HIV transmission to the baby?
What is the risk of HIV transmission to the baby if the maternal viral load is below 50 copies/mL?
What should patients not taking ART do during pregnancy?
What are the recommended regimens for ART during pregnancy?
Is ART recommended for newborns?
What type of viruses cause repeated blister-like lesions on the skin and mucosal surfaces?
What is the primary effect of antiviral drugs on herpesvirus infections?
Do antiviral drugs cure herpesvirus infections?
What symptoms do antiviral drugs relieve in herpesvirus infections?
Which type of herpes simplex virus primarily affects the upper body?
HSV-2
Both HSV-1 and HSV-2
HSV-1
None of the above
Which type of herpes simplex virus primarily affects the genitals?
HSV-1
Both HSV-1 and HSV-2
HSV-2
None of the above
The diagram illustrates the effects of _______ types 1 and 2 on different parts of the body.
What is the therapeutic class of Acyclovir?
What is the pharmacologic class of Acyclovir?
What is Acyclovir primarily used for?
Which herpes simplex viruses is Acyclovir most effective against?
What is one action of Acyclovir?
Does Acyclovir cure herpes?
How is Acyclovir administered for severe episodes?
What dosage form of Acyclovir is available for application to active lesions?
How often is Acyclovir sometimes administered orally?
What is the primary action of Acyclovir?
Stimulates viral replication
Increases immune response
Inhibits protein synthesis
Prevents viral DNA synthesis
What should be monitored when Acyclovir is given IV?
When should Acyclovir be administered?
Should Acyclovir be taken with food?
What did studies show about Acyclovir's effects during pregnancy?
What is the onset time for Acyclovir when taken orally?
What is the peak time for Acyclovir when taken orally?
What is the duration of action for Acyclovir when taken orally?
What is the prototype drug discussed?
What are the potential adverse effects of acyclovir when given IV?
In which patients is acyclovir contraindicated?
What should be avoided when using acyclovir?
What effect does probenecid have on acyclovir?
What effect may zidovudine have when used with acyclovir?
Is there a specific treatment for acyclovir overdose?
What is the best approach for influenza prevention?
What are the antivirals used for influenza?
What is the purpose of antivirals in influenza treatment?
What are the primary types of viral hepatitis?
What is the effect of viral hepatitis on the liver?
Which types of viral hepatitis have vaccination available?
Is there a vaccine for Hepatitis C?
What are the immunoglobulins used for prophylaxis or post-exposure treatment?
What type of treatment is used for chronic hepatitis?
Which medications are used for Hepatitis C?
What should be monitored in patients on IV acyclovir?
What is a safety measure for patients on IV acyclovir?
What should be monitored in patients on amantadine?
What risk is increased with amantadine?
What signs indicate blood dyscrasias?
What may occur due to bone marrow suppression?
What periodic monitoring is required for patients at risk of blood dyscrasias?
What hygiene measures should be taught to patients with non-HIV viral infections?
Why might a patient need to be isolated during treatment?
What should patients with genital HSV infections be taught regarding sexual activity?
What dietary recommendations are given to patients to avoid mouth irritation?
What eating strategy is encouraged for patients experiencing nausea or diarrhea?
What additional dietary support may a patient need if maintaining intake is difficult?
What should be assessed for desired therapeutic effects in patients with herpesvirus infection?
How should drug effects be observed in patients?
What periodic monitoring should be continued in patients receiving pharmacotherapy?
What are some adverse effects to assess in patients?
What symptoms should be reported immediately during pharmacotherapy?
What should the patient state about the drug prescribed?
What should a patient do with their medication therapy?
How should the patient take their medication?
What should the patient increase while on medication?
What hygiene practice should be followed when using ointments or creams?
What should caregivers wear when administering medicine?
This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these _______.
Who holds the copyright for the work mentioned?
What year was the copyright established?
Flashcards in this deck (301)
-
What are the defining characteristics of viruses?
- Acellular entities
- Require a host cell for replication
- Composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat
biology viruses -
What are the steps of HIV replication inside a host cell?
- Attachment
- Fusion
- Reverse transcription
- Integration
- Replication
- Assembly
- Budding
virology hiv -
What are the general therapeutic goals for treatment of HIV infection?
- Reduce viral load
- Restore immune function
- Prevent transmission
hiv treatment -
What are the recommended HIV medications for treatment as prevention?
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) drugs
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) drugs
hiv medications -
What is the mechanism of action of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
- Inhibit reverse transcriptase enzyme
- Prevent conversion of viral RNA to DNA
hiv medications reverse_transcriptase -
What are examples of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
- Zidovudine (AZT)
- Lamivudine (3TC)
- Efavirenz (EFV)
hiv medications reverse_transcriptase -
What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors?
- Inhibit protease enzyme
- Prevent viral protein processing
hiv medications protease_inhibitors -
What are examples of protease inhibitors?
- Ritonavir (RTV)
- Lopinavir (LPV)
- Atazanavir (ATV)
hiv medications protease_inhibitors -
What are the mechanisms of action of integrase strand inhibitors?
- Inhibit integrase enzyme
- Prevent integration of viral DNA into host genome
hiv medications integrase_inhibitors -
What are examples of integrase strand inhibitors?
- Raltegravir (RAL)
- Dolutegravir (DTG)
hiv medications integrase_inhibitors -
What are the mechanisms of action of entry inhibitors and attachment inhibitors?
- Block virus entry into host cells
- Prevent attachment of virus to host cell receptors
hiv medications entry_inhibitors -
What are examples of entry inhibitors?
- Enfuvirtide (T20)
- Maraviroc (MVC)
hiv medications entry_inhibitors -
How can perinatal transmission of HIV be prevented through pharmacotherapy?
- Use of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy
- Administering medications to the infant post-delivery
hiv prevention perinatal_transmission -
What are the procedures for achieving postexposure prophylaxis after occupational HIV exposure?
- Start PEP within 72 hours
- Follow a 28-day antiretroviral regimen
- Monitor for side effects and HIV status
hiv postexposure_prophylaxis -
What are viruses considered to be?
Nonliving agents that infect bacteria, plants, and animals.
biology viruses -
What type of parasite are viruses?
Intracellular parasite.
biology viruses -
Where must viruses be to replicate?
In a host cell.
biology viruses -
What surrounds a virus?
A capsid (protein coat).
biology viruses -
What genetic material do viruses contain?
Either RNA or DNA.
biology viruses -
What may viruses have that triggers an immune response?
Lipid envelope with protein spikes.
biology viruses -
Viruses are considered nonliving agents that infect bacteria, plants, and animals.
biology viruses -
Viruses are intracellular parasites that must be in a host cell to replicate.
biology viruses -
The structure of viruses includes a capsid and may contain RNA or DNA.
biology viruses -
What do many viruses infect?
Bacteria only
Animals only
Specific host cells
Plants only
biology viruses -
What can trigger an immune response in viruses?
Capsid
RNA
DNA
Protein spikes
biology viruses -
What do viruses need from host cells?
To produce energy
To grow larger
To replicate
To survive indefinitely
biology viruses -
What information is contained in the DNA of viruses?
Information needed for replication.
biology viruses -
What image illustrates the components of a virus?
biology viruses images -
What image shows bacteriophages attacking bacteria?
biology viruses images -
What are mature virus particles called?
Virions
virology terminology -
Do most viruses require pharmacotherapy?
No, most viruses are self-limiting.
virology treatment -
What is an example of a virus that causes the common cold?
Rhinovirus
virology examples -
Which virus is fatal if left untreated?
HIV
virology diseases -
What can herpesviruses cause if left untreated?
Significant pain and disability
virology diseases -
What is a challenge of antiviral therapy?
Viruses mutate rapidly, making drugs ineffective.
virology therapy -
Why is it difficult for drugs to find viruses?
Drugs may injure normal cells while targeting viruses.
virology therapy -
Are antiviral drugs specific to one virus?
Yes, each antiviral drug is specific to one particular virus.
virology therapy -
What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
virology hiv -
What receptor does HIV target?
CD4 receptor on T4 lymphocyte
virology hiv -
What enzyme does HIV use to make viral DNA from RNA?
Reverse transcriptase
virology hiv -
What happens to virions after they bud from the host cell?
They can infect other T4 lymphocytes
virology hiv -
What is the role of protease in HIV replication?
Enables virion to infect other T4 lymphocytes
virology hiv -
What is the result of HIV infection on the immune system?
Gradual destruction of the immune system
virology hiv immunology -
Why is HIV called a retrovirus?
Because of the reverse synthesis process
virology hiv retrovirus -
What syndrome is caused by HIV?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
virology hiv aids -
What characterizes AIDS?
Profound immunosuppression leading to opportunistic infections
virology hiv aids -
What types of infections are commonly associated with AIDS?
Opportunistic infections and malignancies
virology hiv aids -
How has HIV changed in terms of its fatality?
HIV has gone from being rapidly fatal to a manageable chronic disease.
hiv pharmacotherapy -
What is required to remain symptom free from HIV?
Pharmacotherapy is required to remain symptom free.
hiv treatment -
When should pharmacotherapy for HIV begin?
Pharmacotherapy should begin immediately after diagnosis.
hiv treatment -
What is one goal of HIV pharmacotherapy?
To reduce HIV RNA load in the blood to an undetectable level or less than 50 copies/mL.
hiv goals -
What is another therapeutic goal of HIV treatment?
Restore and preserve the immune system.
hiv goals -
What should be suppressed to an undetectable level in HIV treatment?
Plasma HIV RNA level should be suppressed to undetectable.
hiv treatment -
What is a key benefit of effective HIV treatment for mothers?
Decreased risk of transmission from mother to child.
hiv transmission -
What is the goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
To achieve undetectable levels of HIV RNA or less than 200 copies/ml in the blood.
hiv pharmacotherapy art -
What does the CD4 T-lymphocyte count estimate?
The degree of immune system damage caused by the HIV virus.
hiv pharmacotherapy immune_system -
What is the purpose of the viral load test in HIV treatment?
To estimate how rapidly the virus is replicating in the body.
hiv pharmacotherapy viral_load -
How many drugs are typically required for antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
At least 2 drugs, usually more.
hiv pharmacotherapy art -
What are common adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
Nausea, diarrhea, rash, lipid abnormalities, hepatotoxicity, neuropathy, increased cardiovascular events.
hiv pharmacotherapy adverse_effects -
What is a critical requirement for the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?
Strict adherence to the medication regimen, often 3 or 4 times a day, indefinitely.
hiv pharmacotherapy adherence -
What is the most common mechanism of action (MOA) of antiretroviral therapies (ARTs)?
To inhibit viral replication.
hiv pharmacotherapy mechanism_of_action -
What are the main classes of drugs for HIV and AIDS?
- Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs)
- Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
- Protease inhibitors (PIs)
- Entry inhibitors
- Attachment inhibitors
- Integrase inhibitors/miscellaneous antivirals
pharmacology hiv aids -
What is an example of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor?
Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)
pharmacology hiv drugs -
What is an example of a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor?
Efavirenz (Sustiva)
pharmacology hiv drugs -
What is an example of an integrase strand transfer inhibitor?
Dolutegravir (DTG, Tivicay)
pharmacology hiv drugs -
What is an example of a drug for herpesviruses?
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
pharmacology herpesviruses drugs -
What is an example of a drug for influenza viruses?
(specific drug not provided in the text)
pharmacology influenza drugs -
What is an example of a drug for hepatitis viruses?
(specific drug not provided in the text)
pharmacology hepatitis drugs -
What is an example of a drug for coronavirus-19?
(specific drug not provided in the text)
pharmacology coronavirus-19 drugs -
Which class of drugs includes zidovudine?
Protease inhibitors
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Integrase inhibitors
Entry inhibitors
pharmacology hiv drugs -
Which class of drugs does efavirenz belong to?
Attachment inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Entry inhibitors
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
pharmacology hiv drugs -
What is the prototype drug for integrase inhibitors?
Dolutegravir (DTG, Tivicay)
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Efavirenz (Sustiva)
Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)
pharmacology hiv drugs -
The main classes of drugs for HIV and AIDS include: - Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs) - Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) - Protease inhibitors (PIs) - Entry inhibitors - Attachment inhibitors - Integrase inhibitors/miscellaneous antivirals
pharmacology hiv aids -
An example of a drug for herpesviruses is Acyclovir (Zovirax).
pharmacology herpesviruses drugs -
An example of a drug for influenza viruses is (specific drug not provided in the text).
pharmacology influenza drugs -
An example of a drug for hepatitis viruses is (specific drug not provided in the text).
pharmacology hepatitis drugs -
An example of a drug for coronavirus-19 is (specific drug not provided in the text).
pharmacology coronavirus-19 drugs -
What is the goal of medication recommendations for HIV and AIDS?
Based on comorbid conditions and to improve adherence.
health hiv aids -
How can sexual transmission of HIV be prevented?
By maintaining a viral load below 200 copies/mL of blood.
health hiv transmission -
What is Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)?
A method for preventing HIV transmission for HIV-negative individuals with HIV-positive partners or unknown status partners.
health hiv aids -
How effective is PrEP in reducing HIV transmission to uninfected partners?
99% effective for uninfected sexual partners.
health hiv aids -
What is the effectiveness of PrEP in reducing transmission among people who inject drugs?
74% effective.
health hiv aids -
How often must PrEP be taken?
Daily.
health hiv aids -
When should PrEP be started after potential exposure?
Within 72 hours of exposure.
health hiv aids -
What should individuals still practice while taking PrEP?
Safe sex practices.
health hiv aids -
Name three medications used for PrEP.
Truvada, Descovy, and Cabotegravir (Apretude).
health hiv aids -
What are the three types of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
- NRTIs (Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
- NNRTIs (Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
- NtRTIs (Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
pharmacotherapy hiv medication -
What is the mechanism of action of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
The virus mistakenly uses zidovudine as nucleoside, creating a defective DNA strand.
pharmacotherapy hiv mechanism -
What is the primary use of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
Used with other antiretrovirals for symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV-infected patients.
pharmacotherapy hiv treatment -
What is another use of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in healthcare?
Post-exposure prophylaxis in HIV-exposed healthcare workers.
pharmacotherapy hiv prophylaxis -
How do reverse transcriptase inhibitors help in mother-to-fetus transmission?
They reduce the transmission rate from HIV-positive mother to fetus.
pharmacotherapy hiv transmission -
What is the prototype drug for HIV infection?
Zidovudine (AZT)
pharmacology hiv drugs -
What is the therapeutic class of zidovudine?
Antiretroviral
pharmacology therapeutic_class -
What is the pharmacologic class of zidovudine?
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
pharmacology nrti -
What does zidovudine resemble in its structure?
Thymidine
pharmacology structure -
What enzyme mistakenly uses zidovudine during viral DNA synthesis?
Reverse transcriptase
pharmacology enzyme -
What is a common indication for zidovudine?
Prevent transmission of HIV from mother to fetus
pharmacology indications -
What are the combination products containing zidovudine?
Combivir and Trizivir
pharmacology combination_drugs -
What is the chemical name for AZT?
Azidothymidine
pharmacology chemical_name -
Why is zidovudine not often used as a first-line drug?
Due to potential for resistance
pharmacology resistance -
What is the action of zidovudine in HIV treatment?
It inhibits protein synthesis.
It creates a defective DNA strand.
It boosts the immune system.
It prevents viral entry into cells.
pharmacology hiv mechanism -
Zidovudine is also known as AZT.
pharmacology abbreviation -
Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI).
pharmacology nrti -
The most frequent indication for zidovudine is to prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to fetus.
pharmacology indications -
Zidovudine resembles thymidine in structure.
pharmacology structure -
The combination product Combivir contains zidovudine and lamivudine.
pharmacology combination_drugs -
The reverse transcriptase enzyme mistakenly uses zidovudine, creating a defective DNA strand.
pharmacology mechanism -
Resistance to zidovudine has become common since its widespread use since 1987.
pharmacology history -
Zidovudine is often abbreviated as AZT after its chemical name azidothymidine.
pharmacology abbreviation -
What type of capsule is zidovudine available in?
pharmacology dosage_forms -
What is the prototype drug for HIV treatment?
Zidovudine (Retrovir, AZT)
pharmacology hiv -
What is the onset time for Zidovudine?
1-2 hours
pharmacokinetics zidovudine -
What is the peak time for Zidovudine?
1-2 hours
pharmacokinetics zidovudine -
What is the duration of Zidovudine's effect?
Unknown
pharmacokinetics zidovudine -
How should Zidovudine be administered?
On an empty stomach with a full glass of water (no fruit juice).
administration zidovudine -
Is breastfeeding recommended while on Zidovudine?
No, due to the possibility of transmitting HIV to the nursing infant.
breastfeeding zidovudine -
What are common adverse effects of Zidovudine?
Fatigue, generalized weakness, anorexia, nausea, and diarrhea.
adverse_effects zidovudine -
What bone marrow suppression adverse effects can occur with Zidovudine?
Neutropenia, leukopenia, and anemia.
adverse_effects zidovudine bone_marrow -
What is a black box warning for Zidovudine?
Rare cases of fatal lactic acidosis with hepatomegaly and steatosis have been reported with zidovudine use.
medication warnings -
What may occur with long-term use of Zidovudine?
Myopathy may occur with long-term use.
medication side_effects -
What is the only contraindication for Zidovudine?
Hypersensitivity to the drug is the only contraindication.
medication contraindications -
What should be monitored frequently during therapy with Zidovudine?
Blood counts and other laboratory blood tests should be monitored frequently to prevent hematologic toxicity.
medication monitoring -
What should be done for patients with significant CKD or hepatic impairment taking Zidovudine?
A reduction in dosage is required because zidovudine may accumulate to toxic levels in these patients.
medication dosage -
What is steatosis?
Steatosis refers to the accumulation of fat in the liver.
medical definitions -
What adverse effect can result from bone marrow suppression due to Zidovudine?
Bone marrow suppression may result in neutropenia or severe anemia.
medication adverse_effects -
What is the prototype drug mentioned?
Zidovudine (Retrovir, AZT)
pharmacology drugs -
What should be avoided when using Zidovudine?
Concurrent administration with drugs that depress bone marrow function.
pharmacology interactions -
Which drugs may increase the risk of ZDV toxicity?
- Clozapine
- Amphotericin B
- Doxorubicin
- Fluconazole
- Methadone
- Valproic acid
pharmacology toxicity -
What serious conditions can arise from using Zidovudine with other antiretroviral agents?
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis.
pharmacology adverse_effects -
Which herbal supplement should be used with caution with Zidovudine?
St. John's wort.
pharmacology herbal_interactions -
Is there a specific treatment for Zidovudine overdose?
No specific treatment for overdose.
pharmacology overdose -
What is the therapeutic class of Efavirenz?
Antiretroviral
pharmacology drugs -
What is the pharmacologic class of Efavirenz?
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
pharmacology drugs -
How is Efavirenz administered?
Orally (PO)
pharmacology administration -
What condition is Efavirenz used to treat?
HIV infection
pharmacology treatment -
What is one major action of Efavirenz?
Inhibits reverse transcriptase
pharmacology mechanism -
What is a significant advantage of Efavirenz?
Once-daily dosing
pharmacology dosing -
What can high-fat meals do to Efavirenz absorption?
Increase absorption by up to 50%
pharmacology absorption -
What is Atripla?
A fixed-dose combination of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir
pharmacology combinations -
When should Efavirenz be administered to limit CNS effects?
At bedtime
pharmacology administration -
What risk does Efavirenz pose if taken during pregnancy?
May cause neural defects in the fetus
pharmacology pregnancy -
What should patients of childbearing potential do during therapy with Efavirenz?
Use birth control
pharmacology pregnancy -
How long should birth control be used after discontinuing Efavirenz?
For 12 weeks
pharmacology pregnancy -
What type of resistance can develop with NNRTIs like Efavirenz?
Resistance can develop rapidly
pharmacology resistance -
What are the CNS adverse effects of Efavirenz?
- Sleep disorders
- Nightmares
- Dizziness
- Reduced ability to concentrate
- Delusions
pharmacology adverse_effects -
How long do CNS symptoms of Efavirenz typically last after therapy initiation?
Symptoms gradually diminish after 3-4 weeks of therapy.
pharmacology treatment -
What rash condition must be monitored when using Efavirenz?
Rash must be monitored to prevent severe blistering or desquamation.
pharmacology adverse_effects -
What is a significant contraindication for Efavirenz?
Efavirenz is a known teratogen causing neural tube defects; it must not be given to patients who may become pregnant.
pharmacology contraindications -
What should patients in their childbearing years do while taking Efavirenz?
They should use reliable methods of birth control to avoid pregnancy.
pharmacology birth_control -
What is the onset time for Efavirenz?
The onset of Efavirenz is rapid.
pharmacology onset -
What is the peak time for Efavirenz?
The peak time for Efavirenz is 3-5 hours.
pharmacology peak_time -
What is the duration of Efavirenz's effect?
The duration of Efavirenz is 24 hours.
pharmacology duration -
What is the prototype drug discussed?
Efavirenz (Sustiva)
pharmacology drugs -
What enzyme does efavirenz induce?
CYP3A4
pharmacology interactions -
Which medications require monitoring when taken with efavirenz?
- Carbamazepine
- Phenobarbital
pharmacology monitoring -
What effect does efavirenz have on serum levels of certain drugs?
It can decrease serum levels of statins, methadone, sertraline, and calcium channel blockers.
pharmacology interactions -
What worsens the CNS adverse effects of efavirenz?
Taking psychotropic drugs or consuming alcohol.
pharmacology adverse_effects -
What herbal supplement may decrease antiretroviral activity?
St. John's wort
pharmacology herbal_interactions -
Is there a specific treatment for efavirenz overdose?
No specific treatment exists for overdose.
pharmacology overdose -
What do protease inhibitors (PIs) block?
The viral enzyme protease responsible for the final assembly of HIV virions.
pharmacotherapy hiv protease_inhibitors -
What is the prototype drug for protease inhibitors?
Lopinavir with ritonavir (Kaletra).
pharmacotherapy drugs hiv -
What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors?
To inhibit HIV protease.
pharmacotherapy mechanism hiv -
What is the primary use of protease inhibitors?
In combination with other antiretrovirals for initial treatment of HIV-infected patients.
pharmacotherapy hiv treatment -
What can protease inhibitors lower to an undetectable level?
Plasma levels of HIV RNA.
pharmacotherapy hiv viral_load -
What are Integrase Strand Inhibitors (INSTIs)?
They are medications that inhibit the integrase enzyme required for HIV to insert its viral DNA into human chromosomes.
pharmacotherapy hiv medications -
What is the mechanism of action of INSTIs?
To inhibit HIV integrase transfer.
pharmacotherapy hiv mechanism -
What is the primary use of Integrase Strand Inhibitors?
Used as a replacement therapy for HIV infections resistant to other retrovirals.
pharmacotherapy hiv treatment -
What is the therapeutic class of Dolutegravir (DTG)?
Antiretroviral
pharmacology drugs -
What is the pharmacologic class of Dolutegravir (DTG)?
Integrase strand transfer inhibitor
pharmacology drugs -
What year was Dolutegravir (DTG) approved?
2013
pharmacology drugs -
What does Dolutegravir inhibit in HIV treatment?
HIV integrase
pharmacology hiv -
What is the onset time for Dolutegravir?
Rapid
pharmacology drugs -
What is the peak time for Dolutegravir?
2-3 hours
pharmacology drugs -
What is the duration of action for Dolutegravir?
14 hours
pharmacology drugs -
What fixed-dose combination includes Dolutegravir and rilpivirine?
Juluca
pharmacology drugs -
What is the fixed-dose combination of Dolutegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine?
Triumeq
pharmacology drugs -
Who can use Dolutegravir?
Both adults and pediatric patients
pharmacology hiv -
Is Dolutegravir preferred for treatment naive or treatment experienced patients?
Both
pharmacology hiv -
What is the primary action of Dolutegravir in HIV treatment?
Blocks the strand transfer of retroviral DNA
pharmacology hiv -
Why is Dolutegravir preferred over other INSTIs?
Fewer drug interactions and greater barriers to resistance
pharmacology hiv -
Can Dolutegravir be taken with food?
Yes, it may be taken with or without food.
administration guidelines -
What risk does Dolutegravir pose if taken during the first trimester of pregnancy?
It may cause neural defects in the fetus.
pregnancy risks -
When should Dolutegravir be used in pregnancy?
Only if the benefits to the patient justify the risks to the fetus.
pregnancy guidelines -
Is Dolutegravir recommended during lactation?
No, it should not be used during lactation.
lactation guidelines -
What are the most common adverse effects of Dolutegravir?
Insomnia, fatigue, and headache.
adverse_effects drugs -
What less frequent reactions can occur with Dolutegravir?
Hypersensitivity and hepatotoxicity.
adverse_effects drugs -
What can Dolutegravir significantly increase in patients?
Blood cholesterol and triglycerides.
adverse_effects drugs -
What neuropsychiatric events may some patients experience with Dolutegravir?
Depression, suicidal ideation, and anxiety.
neuropsychiatric adverse_effects -
Who should not use Dolutegravir?
Patients with severe CKD or hepatic impairment.
contraindications drugs -
Which drugs should be used with caution when taking dolutegravir?
- Efavirenz
- Carbamazepine
- Phenobarbital
pharmacology interactions -
What effect do efavirenz, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital have on dolutegravir?
They increase its metabolism and reduce its effect.
pharmacology interactions -
Which drug may increase blood levels of dolutegravir?
Nevirapine
pharmacology interactions -
Is concurrent therapy with dofetilide allowed when taking dolutegravir?
No, it is contraindicated.
pharmacology contraindications -
When should dolutegravir be administered in relation to calcium-containing supplements?
2 hours before or 6 hours after.
pharmacology administration -
Is there a specific treatment for dolutegravir overdose?
No, there is no specific treatment for overdose.
pharmacology overdose -
What should be included in a complete health and drug history for HIV patients?
- Allergies
- Specific drug reactions
- Current prescription drugs
- Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs
- Herbal preparations
- Alcohol use
nursing hiv pharmacotherapy -
What signs and symptoms should be assessed for current infection in HIV patients?
- Onset
- Duration
- Characteristics
- Presence or absence of fever
- Presence or absence of pain
nursing hiv assessment -
What laboratory findings are important to evaluate in HIV patients?
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- CD4 count
- HIV viral load
- Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
- Liver function studies
- Kidney function studies
- Lipid levels
- Serum amylase
- Glucose
nursing hiv laboratory -
What should be done to ensure proper medication administration for HIV patients?
Instruct the patient or caregiver in proper self-administration techniques followed by teach-back.
nursing hiv pharmacotherapy -
How can HIV transmission be prevented in pregnant and breastfeeding patients?
ART therapy and lifestyle modifications can prevent transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
nursing hiv pregnancy -
What should breastfeeding women with HIV be counseled about?
Counsel on the risks of transmission during breastfeeding and discuss alternate feeding options.
nursing hiv breastfeeding -
What should HIV-positive patients do regarding their status?
Disclose their HIV status to any sexual partners and provide access to preexposure prophylaxis.
nursing hiv disclosure -
What type of approach is required for HIV treatment?
A multidisciplinary approach is required for effective treatment.
nursing hiv treatment -
What resources should be provided to HIV patients and caregivers?
Advise about community resources, support groups, and assist with respite care as needed.
nursing hiv support -
What laboratory work should be monitored for patients receiving HIV pharmacotherapy?
- CD4 counts
- HIV viral load
- Liver and kidney function tests
- CBC
- Lipid levels
- Serum amylase
- C&S if concurrent infections are present
- Glucose
nursing hiv pharmacotherapy -
What are the adverse effects of drugs used for HIV treatment?
- Hepatotoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
- Bone marrow suppression
- Blood dyscrasias (anemia, leukopenia)
nursing hiv adverse_effects -
Why is it important to monitor lipid levels and serum amylase in HIV patients?
To assess for pancreatitis and monitor for hyperglycemia.
nursing hiv monitoring -
What age-related risk factors affect older adults receiving HIV treatment?
Older adults may be at greater risk for hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity due to age-related physiologic changes.
nursing hiv age-related_risks -
Why should ethnically diverse patients be monitored closely when taking zidovudine?
Zidovudine is metabolized through the CYP450 system, requiring close monitoring for optimal effects and minimizing adverse effects.
nursing hiv ethnic_diversity -
What can be done to prevent drug accumulation in the kidneys for HIV patients?
Increasing fluid intake.
nursing hiv kidney_health -
What should be immediately reported to the healthcare provider?
- Increasing fever
- Diarrhea or vomiting
- Dyspnea
- Tachycardia
- Dizziness
- Syncope
- Changes in behavior
- Lethargy
- Changes in level of consciousness
nursing pharmacotherapy hiv -
What may increasing fever indicate in HIV medication patients?
- Worsening infection
- Adverse drug effects
- Drug resistance
nursing pharmacotherapy hiv -
What dermatologic effects should be monitored in patients?
- Red or purplish skin rash
- Blisters
- Peeling skin
- Signs of stomatitis
nursing pharmacotherapy hiv -
What severe condition may result from medication effects in HIV patients?
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
nursing pharmacotherapy hiv -
Patients should report increasing fever, diarrhea, or vomiting, dyspnea, tachycardia, dizziness, syncope, and changes in behavior, lethargy, or level of consciousness to the healthcare provider. Increasing fever may indicate worsening infection, adverse drug effects, or drug resistance.
nursing pharmacotherapy hiv -
Monitor for dermatologic effects, such as red or purplish skin rash, blisters, or peeling skin in HIV patients.
nursing pharmacotherapy hiv -
Severe rashes, especially those associated with blistering, should be reported immediately as they may indicate serious drug reactions.
nursing pharmacotherapy hiv -
What should a patient with HIV infection do daily regarding their oral health?
Inspect the oral cavity daily and maintain regular dental exams.
health hiv patient_teaching -
What is a recommended practice for oral hygiene after eating?
Rinse the mouth with plain water or solution as prescribed by the healthcare provider.
health hiv oral_hygiene -
What should patients report related to headaches or dizziness?
Immediately report increasing headache; dizziness; drowsiness; worsening insomnia; numbness of hands, feet, or extremities; and changes in behavior or level of consciousness.
health hiv symptoms -
What symptoms should be reported that indicate potential liver issues?
Report nausea, vomiting, yellowing of skin or sclera, abdominal pain, light or clay-colored stools, and diminished urine output or darkening of urine.
health hiv liver_issues -
What precautions should a patient take regarding temperature sensitivity?
Be careful when in contact with heat or cold due to numbness from peripheral neuropathy.
health hiv safety -
What sleep hygiene measures should be encouraged for patients?
Encourage restful routines before bed and avoiding large meals within 1 or 2 hours of sleep.
health hiv sleep_hygiene -
When should a patient consult with a healthcare provider regarding insomnia?
Consult if insomnia causes daytime sleepiness or continues.
health hiv insomnia -
What are the key infection control measures for HIV patients?
- Wash hands frequently
- Avoid crowded indoor places
- Get adequate nutrition and rest
health hiv patient_education -
What should patients practice during sexual activity to prevent HIV transmission?
- Practice abstinence
- Always use barrier protection
- Practice safe sex while on ART or PrEP
health hiv sexual_health -
What should patients with HIV not do regarding needles?
- Do not share needles
- Do not donate blood
health hiv safety -
What should a patient do if they become pregnant while on HIV medication?
- Immediately report pregnancy to the healthcare team
health hiv pregnancy -
What is the target maternal viral load to reduce HIV transmission to the baby?
Less than 50 copies/mL
hiv prevention perinatal -
What is the risk of HIV transmission to the baby if the maternal viral load is below 50 copies/mL?
Less than 1%
hiv transmission risk -
What should patients not taking ART do during pregnancy?
Start ART
hiv treatment pregnancy -
What are the recommended regimens for ART during pregnancy?
- Two NRTI regimens
- Integrase strand inhibitor regimen
- Protease inhibitor regimen
hiv treatment regimens -
Is ART recommended for newborns?
Yes, regimen depends on circumstances
hiv newborn treatment -
What type of viruses cause repeated blister-like lesions on the skin and mucosal surfaces?
Herpesviruses (Family of DNA viruses)
virology herpes -
What is the primary effect of antiviral drugs on herpesvirus infections?
Lower frequency of acute episodes and diminish intensity of acute disease
pharmacotherapy herpes -
Do antiviral drugs cure herpesvirus infections?
No, they do not provide a cure
pharmacotherapy herpes -
What symptoms do antiviral drugs relieve in herpesvirus infections?
Acute symptoms and prevent recurrences
pharmacotherapy herpes -
Which type of herpes simplex virus primarily affects the upper body?
HSV-2
Both HSV-1 and HSV-2
HSV-1
None of the above
virology herpes -
Which type of herpes simplex virus primarily affects the genitals?
HSV-1
Both HSV-1 and HSV-2
HSV-2
None of the above
virology herpes -
The diagram illustrates the effects of Herpes Simplex Virus types 1 and 2 on different parts of the body.
virology herpes -
What is the therapeutic class of Acyclovir?
Antiviral for herpesviruses
pharmacology drugs -
What is the pharmacologic class of Acyclovir?
Nucleoside analog
pharmacology drugs -
What is Acyclovir primarily used for?
Treatment of herpesviruses
pharmacology drugs -
Which herpes simplex viruses is Acyclovir most effective against?
HSV-1 and HSV-2
pharmacology drugs -
What is one action of Acyclovir?
Prevents viral DNA synthesis
pharmacology drugs -
Does Acyclovir cure herpes?
No, it does not cure the patient.
pharmacology drugs -
How is Acyclovir administered for severe episodes?
As an IV
pharmacology drugs -
What dosage form of Acyclovir is available for application to active lesions?
5% ointment
pharmacology drugs -
How often is Acyclovir sometimes administered orally?
Up to five times a day
pharmacology drugs -
What is the primary action of Acyclovir?
Stimulates viral replication
Increases immune response
Inhibits protein synthesis
Prevents viral DNA synthesis
pharmacology drugs -
What should be monitored when Acyclovir is given IV?
Painful inflammation of vessels at the site of infusion
pharmacology administration -
When should Acyclovir be administered?
Around the clock, even if sleep is interrupted
pharmacology administration -
Should Acyclovir be taken with food?
Yes, it should be administered with food
pharmacology administration -
What did studies show about Acyclovir's effects during pregnancy?
No evidence of fetal harm
pharmacology pregnancy -
What is the onset time for Acyclovir when taken orally?
1–2 hours
pharmacokinetics acyclovir -
What is the peak time for Acyclovir when taken orally?
1.5–2 hours
pharmacokinetics acyclovir -
What is the duration of action for Acyclovir when taken orally?
4–8 hours
pharmacokinetics acyclovir -
What is the prototype drug discussed?
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
pharmacology drugs -
What are the potential adverse effects of acyclovir when given IV?
Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity
pharmacology adverse_effects -
In which patients is acyclovir contraindicated?
Patients with hypersensitivity to drugs in this class
pharmacology contraindications -
What should be avoided when using acyclovir?
Concurrent use with nephrotoxic agents
pharmacology interactions -
What effect does probenecid have on acyclovir?
It decreases acyclovir elimination
pharmacology interactions -
What effect may zidovudine have when used with acyclovir?
Increased drowsiness and lethargy
pharmacology interactions -
Is there a specific treatment for acyclovir overdose?
No specific treatment for overdose
pharmacology overdose -
What is the best approach for influenza prevention?
Vaccination
health influenza prevention -
What are the antivirals used for influenza?
- Amantadine (Symmetrel)
- Rimantadine (Flumadine)
health influenza antivirals -
What is the purpose of antivirals in influenza treatment?
To prevent and decrease severity of acute symptoms
health influenza treatment -
What are the primary types of viral hepatitis?
- A
- B
- C
health viral_hepatitis -
What is the effect of viral hepatitis on the liver?
Causes inflammation and necrosis of liver cells.
health liver viral_hepatitis -
Which types of viral hepatitis have vaccination available?
- A
- B
health vaccination viral_hepatitis -
Is there a vaccine for Hepatitis C?
No, there is no vaccine for Hepatitis C.
health viral_hepatitis -
What are the immunoglobulins used for prophylaxis or post-exposure treatment?
- Hepatitis A immunoglobulins (HAlg)
- Hepatitis B immunoglobulins (HBIg)
health immunoglobulins viral_hepatitis -
What type of treatment is used for chronic hepatitis?
Symptomatic treatment.
health treatment viral_hepatitis -
Which medications are used for Hepatitis C?
- Interferon
- Antiviral ribavirin
health treatment viral_hepatitis -
What should be monitored in patients on IV acyclovir?
Signs of neurotoxicity: - Drowsiness - Dizziness - Tremors - Headache - Confusion - Changes in LOC - Seizures
pharmacotherapy nursing neurotoxicity -
What is a safety measure for patients on IV acyclovir?
Ensure patient safety by having them rise slowly from lying or sitting to standing.
pharmacotherapy nursing patient_safety -
What should be monitored in patients on amantadine?
Changes in behavior, psychiatric symptoms, or suicidal thoughts.
pharmacotherapy nursing amantadine -
What risk is increased with amantadine?
Increased risk of CNS or psychiatric symptoms, especially in patients with preexisting disorders.
pharmacotherapy nursing amantadine -
What signs indicate blood dyscrasias?
- Bleeding
- Bruising
- Significant fatigue
- Increasing signs of infection
pharmacotherapy nursing blood_dyscrasias -
What may occur due to bone marrow suppression?
Decreases in red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
pharmacotherapy nursing bone_marrow_suppression -
What periodic monitoring is required for patients at risk of blood dyscrasias?
Periodic monitoring of CBC (Complete Blood Count).
pharmacotherapy nursing cbc_monitoring -
What hygiene measures should be taught to patients with non-HIV viral infections?
- Frequent handwashing
- Appropriate disposal of dressing material
- Adequate nutrition and rest
nursing patient_teaching hygiene -
Why might a patient need to be isolated during treatment?
To prevent social isolation during peak transmission periods.
nursing isolation patient_care -
What should patients with genital HSV infections be taught regarding sexual activity?
Practice abstinence or use barrier protection even if lesions are not present.
nursing patient_teaching hsv -
What dietary recommendations are given to patients to avoid mouth irritation?
Avoid acidic foods, carbonated drinks, and excessively hot or cold foods.
nursing diet patient_care -
What eating strategy is encouraged for patients experiencing nausea or diarrhea?
Try small, frequent meals instead of fewer, larger meals.
nursing diet patient_teaching -
What additional dietary support may a patient need if maintaining intake is difficult?
Assist in obtaining a dietary consultation for high-caloric foods and supplements.
nursing diet patient_care -
What should be assessed for desired therapeutic effects in patients with herpesvirus infection?
Diminished or absence of signs and symptoms of herpesvirus infection without symptoms of concurrent infections.
nursing pharmacotherapy viral_infections -
How should drug effects be observed in patients?
Drug effects may not be immediately observable; gradual improvement should be noted.
nursing pharmacotherapy viral_infections -
What periodic monitoring should be continued in patients receiving pharmacotherapy?
Periodic monitoring of CBC and liver and kidney function.
nursing pharmacotherapy monitoring -
What are some adverse effects to assess in patients?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness, headache.
nursing pharmacotherapy adverse_effects -
What symptoms should be reported immediately during pharmacotherapy?
Decreased urine output, darkened urine, increased bruising or bleeding, increasing fever, or symptoms of infections.
nursing pharmacotherapy monitoring -
What should the patient state about the drug prescribed?
The patient should state the reason for the drug, appropriate dose and scheduling, adverse effects to observe for, and the anticipated length of therapy.
nursing pharmacotherapy -
What should a patient do with their medication therapy?
Complete the entire course of therapy unless otherwise instructed.
nursing pharmacotherapy -
How should the patient take their medication?
Take the medication as evenly spaced throughout each day.
nursing pharmacotherapy -
What should the patient increase while on medication?
Increase overall fluid intake.
nursing pharmacotherapy -
What hygiene practice should be followed when using ointments or creams?
Wash hands well before applying and again after application.
nursing pharmacotherapy -
What should caregivers wear when administering medicine?
Caregivers should wear gloves when administering the medicine.
nursing pharmacotherapy -
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copyright law -
Who holds the copyright for the work mentioned?
Pearson Education, Inc.
copyright pearson -
What year was the copyright established?
2024, 2020, 2017
copyright years