Q: Where is the most common direction of disc hern ...
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  • Where is the most common direction of disc herniation?

    Answer
    • Posterolateral
    anatomy spine

  • What ligament causes discs to herniate posterolaterally?

    Answer
    • Posterior longitudinal ligament
    anatomy ligaments

  • Between what levels does the L3 spinal nerve root exit?

    Answer
    • Below L3
    • Above L4
    anatomy nerves

  • Herniation of what disc causes foot drop?

    Answer
    • L4-L5
    pathology spine

  • A nerve compression to what nerve spinal level causes foot drop?

    Answer
    • L5
    pathology nerves

  • What are the most commonly herniated discs?

    Answer
    • L5-S1 (most common)
    • L4-L5 (also common)
    pathology spine

  • Which ligaments of the spine prevent hyperextension?

    Answer
    • Anterior longitudinal ligament
    anatomy ligaments

  • Which ligaments of the spine prevent excessive flexion?

    Answer
    • Posterior longitudinal ligament
    • Ligamenta flava
    anatomy ligaments

  • What recumbent position would you position the patient to treat them with lumbar HVLA if they have rotational dysfunction to the left?

    Answer
    • Left lateral recumbent (lying on their left side)
    treatment positioning

  • What are the primary motions of the lumbar spine?

    Answer
    • Flexion
    • Extension
    anatomy motion

  • What is the orientation of the facet joints in the lumbar spine?

    Answer
    • Backwards
    • Upwards
    • Medial
    • (BUM BUL BUM)
    anatomy facet_joints

  • What ligaments line the vertebral canal?

    Answer
    • Posterior longitudinal ligament
    • Ligamentum flavum
    anatomy ligaments

  • What are the attachments of the quadratus lumborum?

    Answer
    • Origin: Iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament
    • Insertion: Inferior aspect of 12th rib, TP of L1-4
    anatomy muscles

  • What are possible locations for tender points associated with the quadratus lumborum?

    Answer
    • Inferior aspect of 12th rib
    • Lateral tips of lumbar TP
    • Superior aspect of iliac crest
    pathology tender_points

  • What muscles are associated with tender point AL1?

    Answer
    • Transversus abdominis
    • Internal obliques
    • Iliopsoas muscle group
    anatomy muscles

  • What muscles and nerves are associated with tender point AL2?

    Answer
    • External oblique
    • Genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2)
    • Iliopsoas
    anatomy muscles

  • What muscles and nerves are associated with tender point AL3/AL4?

    Answer
    • Iliacus
    • Psoas
    • L3 and L4 contributions from L2-L4 nerves
    anatomy muscles

  • What muscles are associated with tender point AL5?

    Answer
    • Rectus abdominis
    • Adductor longus
    anatomy muscles

  • What muscles may be associated with posterior lumbar tender points?

    Answer
    • Multifidus
    • Rotatores
    anatomy muscles

  • What muscles are associated with a lower pole L5 tender point?

    Answer
    • Posterior sacroiliac ligaments
    • Erector spinae
    • Biceps femoris muscles
    anatomy muscles

  • What muscles are associated with an upper pole L5 tender point?

    Answer
    • Multifidus
    • Rotatores
    • Iliolumbar ligament
    anatomy muscles

  • What is the location of a lower pole L5 tender point?

    Answer
    • On ilium, inferior to PSIS
    anatomy tender_points

  • What is the location of an upper pole L5 tender point?

    Answer
    • Superior medial aspect of PSIS between L5 SP and PSIS
    anatomy tender_points

  • What short back muscles affect intersegmental motion?

    Answer
    • Rotatores
    • Intertransversarii
    anatomy muscles

  • What are 2 absolute contraindications for soft tissue/MFR (or counterstrain or ME)?

    Answer
    • Lack of somatic dysfunction
    • Lack of consent
    treatment contraindications

  • What are 2 relative contraindications for soft tissue/MFR?

    Answer
    • Acute injury
    • Infection
    treatment contraindications

  • What are 2 relative contraindications for counterstrain?

    Answer
    • Cannot relax
    • Severe illness/MSK injury
    treatment contraindications

  • What are 2 relative contraindications for muscle energy?

    Answer
    • Compromised muscle
    • Compromised joint
    treatment contraindications

  • What is the percent reduction required in counter strain?

    Answer
    • 70% (to 3/10 or less)
    treatment techniques

  • What is the finger that is monitoring the tender point doing during the 90 seconds?

    Answer
    • Nothing (just keeping it at the correct spot)
    treatment techniques

  • What muscle attaches to the ASIS?

    Answer
    • Sartorius
    • (probably others too, but this was mentioned in lab)
    anatomy muscles

  • What muscle attaches to the AIIS?

    Answer
    • Rectus femoris (quadricep)
    • (probably others too, but this was mentioned in lab)
    anatomy muscles

  • What should you know about normal lumbar anatomy?

    Answer
    • Vertebral anatomy
    • Spinal ligaments
    • Where spinal nerve roots exit
    • Orientation of facet joints
    anatomy lumbar

  • What are important muscles associated with tender points?

    Answer
    • Mostly superficial muscles
    anatomy muscles

  • What are possible contraindications for each technique?

    Answer
    • Absence of a somatic dysfunction
    • Lack of consent
    • Inability to follow instructions/directions
    techniques contraindications