此牌组中的学习卡（8）

• which investigation should be done in a patient presenting with painless hematuria

  Iv urography,us,ct,mr,cystourethroscopy
• what are the clinical features associated with bladder carcinoma?

  -Painless gross hematuria

  -pelvic pain(extravesical spread)

  -hydronephrosis-obstruction
• risk factors associated with squamous cell ca of the bladder

  -Schistosoma hematobium infection

  -bladder stones

  -indwelling catheter

  -recurrent UTI

  -smoking

  -chemical exposure
• How do we manage patients with high grade bladder ca disease?

  cystectomy+/-neoadjuvant chemoradio (downstaging)
• How do we manage patients with low grade bladder ca disease?

  -Intravesical chemo-(mitomycin C or epirubicin) or immunotherapy with BCG
• what is the most common sites for superficial tumors

  -Trigone and lateral walls of the bladder
• how do we grade bladder carcinoma in TNM

  Ta: Non-invasive papillary carcinoma (confined to the lining).

  Tis: Carcinoma in situ (CIS) - flat, high-grade tumor on the lining surface.

  T1: Tumor invades the lamina propria (connective tissue) but not the muscle.

  T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria (muscle layer).

  T3: Tumor spreads to the perivesical tissue (fat layer around the bladder).

  T4: Tumor spreads to nearby organs like the prostate, uterus, vagina, or pelvic wall

  N1

  M1
• which is the most common type of bladder carcinoma?

  TCC/urothelial carcinoma