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What percentage of total cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
How much blood volume do kidneys filter daily?
What is the daily urine output of kidneys?
What do kidneys maintain in terms of fluid and electrolyte composition?
What is the process by which metabolism affects acid/base balance?
What is created when CO2 mixes with H2O in blood?
What happens to acids in the blood?
What is the extracellular buffer?
What captures H+ ions in acidosis within cells?
What is the kidney buffer system?
What do kidneys do during acidosis?
What cells use H+/K+/ATPase in the collecting duct?
What is the function of alpha intercalated cells during acidosis?
What is the function of beta intercalated cells during alkalosis?
What percentage of HCO3- is reabsorbed in the PCT?
What antiporter is involved in HCO3- reabsorption?
What enzyme splits H2CO3 into H2O and CO2?
What amino acid is metabolized in the PCT to form NH3 and HCO3-?
What is formed when NH3 captures H+ in the tubular fluid?
What do kidneys eliminate?
What hormone is produced by the kidneys for RBC production?
What are the main functions of the nephron?
What is glomerular filtration?
What remains in the blood during glomerular filtration?
What are the components of the glomerular membrane?
What type of epithelium makes up the glomerular capillary wall?
What is the basement membrane between the glomerulus and Bowman capsule made of?
What forms the capsular filtration slits in Bowman’s capsule?
What is the glomerular filtration pressure (GFP) primarily regulated by?
What is the formula for GFP?
What is the value of Pglom that favors filtration?
What causes elevated glomerular capillary BP?
What is Pop and its effect on filtration?
What does Pbc represent in glomerular filtration?
What is the net glomerular filtration pressure?
What does the osmotic pressure from filtrate indicate?
What does GFR stand for and its significance?
What factors affect GFR?
What is the normal range for GFR?
What can alter GFR?
How does plasma protein concentration affect filtration?
What impact does hydration level have on filtration pressures?
What is the effect of urinary obstruction on Pbc?
What does MAP stand for and its role?
How does autoregulation maintain constant GFR?
What happens when GFR is too high?
What happens when GFR is too low?
What is the myogenic mechanism in relation to GFR?
What happens to the afferent arteriole when it is stretched?
What causes the afferent arteriole to constrict?
What is the effect of afferent arteriole vasoconstriction on glomerular pressure?
The afferent arteriole constricts when it is stretched due to an increase in _______.
The increase in Pglom leads to the stretching of the afferent arteriole, causing it to _______.
What is the role of the afferent arteriole during an increase in MAP?
It dilates to increase blood flow.
It remains unchanged.
It increases glomerular filtration rate.
It constricts to regulate pressure.
Flashcards in this deck (59)
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What percentage of total cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
20-25%
physiology kidneys -
How much blood volume do kidneys filter daily?
180L/day
physiology kidneys -
What is the daily urine output of kidneys?
1.8L/day (1%)
physiology kidneys -
What do kidneys maintain in terms of fluid and electrolyte composition?
Water/ions
physiology kidneys -
What is the process by which metabolism affects acid/base balance?
Metabolism steals H+ for ATP production
physiology metabolism -
What is created when CO2 mixes with H2O in blood?
H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
physiology acid-base_balance -
What happens to acids in the blood?
They split up into HCO3- and H+
physiology acid-base_balance -
What is the extracellular buffer?
Bicarbonate
physiology buffers -
What captures H+ ions in acidosis within cells?
Hemoglobin proteins (histidine AA)
physiology buffers -
What is the kidney buffer system?
HCO3-/H+ secretion or reabsorption; phosphate and ammonia urinary buffers
physiology kidneys buffers -
What do kidneys do during acidosis?
Reabsorb HCO3-, excrete H+, generate new HCO3-
physiology kidneys acidosis -
What cells use H+/K+/ATPase in the collecting duct?
Intercalated cells
physiology kidneys -
What is the function of alpha intercalated cells during acidosis?
Excrete H+ out of the cell
physiology kidneys acidosis -
What is the function of beta intercalated cells during alkalosis?
Excrete bicarbonate to urine
physiology kidneys alkalosis -
What percentage of HCO3- is reabsorbed in the PCT?
80%
physiology kidneys -
What antiporter is involved in HCO3- reabsorption?
Na+/H+ antiporter
physiology kidneys -
What enzyme splits H2CO3 into H2O and CO2?
Carbonic anhydrase
physiology kidneys enzymes -
What amino acid is metabolized in the PCT to form NH3 and HCO3-?
Glutamine
physiology kidneys amino_acids -
What is formed when NH3 captures H+ in the tubular fluid?
NH4+ (ammonium)
physiology kidneys ammonia -
What do kidneys eliminate?
Metabolic waste, toxic substances
physiology kidneys -
What hormone is produced by the kidneys for RBC production?
EPO (erythropoietin)
physiology kidneys hormones -
What are the main functions of the nephron?
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
physiology nephron -
What is glomerular filtration?
Separation of cells and large proteins from plasma
physiology nephron -
What remains in the blood during glomerular filtration?
Cells and proteins
physiology nephron -
What are the components of the glomerular membrane?
Glomerular capillary wall, basement membrane, capsular filtration slits
physiology nephron -
What type of epithelium makes up the glomerular capillary wall?
Simple squamous epithelium
physiology nephron -
What is the basement membrane between the glomerulus and Bowman capsule made of?
Collagen and glycoprotein gelatinous layer
anatomy kidneys -
What forms the capsular filtration slits in Bowman’s capsule?
Podocyte cells with processes link together
anatomy kidneys -
What is the glomerular filtration pressure (GFP) primarily regulated by?
Capillary blood pressure
physiology kidneys -
What is the formula for GFP?
GFP = (outward pressure from Pglom - osmotic pressure) - (inward pressure from Pop - Pbc)
physiology kidneys -
What is the value of Pglom that favors filtration?
+55 mmHg
physiology kidneys -
What causes elevated glomerular capillary BP?
Diameter of afferent arteriole (large) vs efferent arteriole (smaller)
physiology kidneys -
What is Pop and its effect on filtration?
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure that opposes filtration = -30 mmHg
physiology kidneys -
What does Pbc represent in glomerular filtration?
Bowman capsule hydrostatic pressure that opposes filtration = -15 mmHg
physiology kidneys -
What is the net glomerular filtration pressure?
+10 mmHg
physiology kidneys -
What does the osmotic pressure from filtrate indicate?
Presence of proteins and blood in filtrate indicates pathology
physiology kidneys -
What does GFR stand for and its significance?
Glomerular Filtration Rate, assessing kidney health
physiology kidneys -
What factors affect GFR?
Net filtration pressure (NFP) and pore size of filtration slits
physiology kidneys -
What is the normal range for GFR?
115-125 ml/min
physiology kidneys -
What can alter GFR?
Changes in Pop, Pbc, Pglom
physiology kidneys -
How does plasma protein concentration affect filtration?
Increased concentration pulls fluid back into blood, opposing filtration
physiology kidneys -
What impact does hydration level have on filtration pressures?
Increased hydration raises BP, affecting Pglom and Pbc
physiology kidneys -
What is the effect of urinary obstruction on Pbc?
Increases Pbc, affecting filtration
physiology kidneys -
What does MAP stand for and its role?
Mean Arterial Pressure, affects Pglom significantly
physiology kidneys -
How does autoregulation maintain constant GFR?
Via myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback
physiology kidneys -
What happens when GFR is too high?
Afferent arteriole vasoconstricts to decrease blood flow
physiology kidneys -
What happens when GFR is too low?
Afferent arteriole vasodilates to increase blood flow
physiology kidneys -
What is the myogenic mechanism in relation to GFR?
Afferent arteriole constricts when stretched due to increased MAP
physiology kidneys -
What happens to the afferent arteriole when it is stretched?
It automatically constricts.
physiology renal -
What causes the afferent arteriole to constrict?
An increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP).
physiology renal -
What is the effect of afferent arteriole vasoconstriction on glomerular pressure?
It decreases glomerular pressure (Pglom).
physiology renal -
The afferent arteriole constricts when it is stretched due to an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP).
physiology renal -
The increase in Pglom leads to the stretching of the afferent arteriole, causing it to vasoconstrict.
physiology renal -
What is the role of the afferent arteriole during an increase in MAP?
It dilates to increase blood flow.
It remains unchanged.
It increases glomerular filtration rate.
It constricts to regulate pressure.
physiology renal