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What are the main steps in the food production chain described?
What is the primary aim of organic farming?
How does the text define horticulture?
How many different fruit and vegetable crops are commercially grown in Canada according to the text?
What is aquaculture as described in the text?
Why is water management important for agriculture?
Which farm animals are listed as livestock in the text?
What point does the text make about animal breeding on farms?
What overall change in agriculture is highlighted in the text?
Give an example of a visual symbol associated with Canadian organic certification (image included).
What does 'sustainability' mean for resource use?
Give an example that illustrates sustainable use of a resource.
Name two farm technologies mentioned that can promote sustainability.
What is one proposed solution to declining wild fish stocks mentioned in the text?
How can climate changes negatively affect food production?
What environmental problem is associated with greenhouse gas production in agriculture resources?
What resistance issues threaten agricultural pest control?
What freshwater-related problem affecting food production is mentioned?
What coastal problem is killing fish and creating 'dead zones'?
Provide the definition of biodiversity given in the text.
What land-related problems reduce food-producing land?
State two large-scale environmental trends mentioned that harm ecosystems.
What alarming extinction statistics are provided?
How are environmental chemical contaminants handled according to the text?
Give one example of a Canadian agricultural sustainability resource shown as an image.
What routine action is taken regarding chemical contaminants in food production?
Give an example of a source of contaminants mentioned in the text.
What factor determines how harmful a contaminant is?
此牌组中的学习卡（28）
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What are the main steps in the food production chain described?
- Farm
- Food processor (cleaning, sorting, processing)
- Transport (ship, train, truck, plane)
- Seller/retailer
- Consumer purchase
food supplychain -
What is the primary aim of organic farming?
Organic farmers aim to grow crops and raise livestock in ways that are sustainable and harmonious with the environment.
organic sustainability -
How does the text define horticulture?
Horticulture is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants.
horticulture definition -
How many different fruit and vegetable crops are commercially grown in Canada according to the text?
- Over 120 different fruit and vegetable crops are commercially grown in Canada.
horticulture canada -
What is aquaculture as described in the text?
Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms in fresh or salt water, taking place in tanks, ponds, lakes and ocean.
aquaculture definition -
Why is water management important for agriculture?
Protecting water is essential for sustainable agriculture to meet growing food demand while protecting natural resources.
water management -
Which farm animals are listed as livestock in the text?
- Beef cattle
- Pigs
- Chickens
- Turkeys
- Sheep
- Bison
- Goats
- Deer
- Elk
livestock animals -
What point does the text make about animal breeding on farms?
Farmers choose different breeds of farm animals (purebreds and cross-breeds) for different reasons, similar to dog breeding.
breeding livestock -
What overall change in agriculture is highlighted in the text?
One important change has been a shift towards sustainability in agriculture.
agriculture sustainability -
Give an example of a visual symbol associated with Canadian organic certification (image included).
An example is the Canada Organic / Biologique Canada logo showing a red maple leaf over green rolling hills.
organic logo -
What does 'sustainability' mean for resource use?
Using resources at a rate the Earth can replace them so resources do not deplete and pollution does not accumulate.
sustainability definition -
Give an example that illustrates sustainable use of a resource.
Cutting down trees at a rate no faster than new trees grow.
sustainability example -
Name two farm technologies mentioned that can promote sustainability.
- Hydroponic farming
- Vertical farming
technology farming -
What is one proposed solution to declining wild fish stocks mentioned in the text?
Aquaculture (fish farming).
aquaculture fisheries -
How can climate changes negatively affect food production?
By causing droughts and flooding that destroy crops and homes.
climate foodsecurity -
What environmental problem is associated with greenhouse gas production in agriculture resources?
Greenhouse gas production can harm the environment (sources and details referenced).
greenhousegases environment -
What resistance issues threaten agricultural pest control?
Pest resistance to pesticides and resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and chemicals.
resistance pests -
What freshwater-related problem affecting food production is mentioned?
Fresh water supplies are dwindling and becoming polluted.
water resources -
What coastal problem is killing fish and creating 'dead zones'?
Ocean pollution causing large dead zones along coasts.
ocean pollution -
Provide the definition of biodiversity given in the text.
The variety and variability of living organisms and their ecosystems, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
biodiversity definition -
What land-related problems reduce food-producing land?
Erosion, loss of topsoil, and land being paved.
land soil -
State two large-scale environmental trends mentioned that harm ecosystems.
- Deforestation
- Accelerated fossil fuel use causing air, soil, and water pollution
deforestation pollution -
What alarming extinction statistics are provided?
More than 140 species become extinct every day and about 20% of species are expected to die out within the next 10 years.
extinction biodiversity -
How are environmental chemical contaminants handled according to the text?
Routine monitoring is carried out and a ban is imposed if contaminant levels are too high.
contaminants regulation -
Give one example of a Canadian agricultural sustainability resource shown as an image.
Canada Organic Biologique Canada logo image:
canada organic -
What routine action is taken regarding chemical contaminants in food production?
- Routine monitoring of chemical contaminants is carried out
- A ban is imposed if levels are too high
contaminants regulation -
Give an example of a source of contaminants mentioned in the text.
- Metals and contaminants from packaging
contaminants packaging -
toxicology exposure
Learning objectives
After completing this unit you should be able to:
- Define common food production terms used in course notes and readings.
- Compare conventional vs organic farming and genetic engineering by: resource use, environmental impact, and human health links.
- Identify where to find and how to discuss Canadian regulations for organic and GM foods.
- Propose personal-level solutions to environmental problems from food production.
Overview: Where food comes from
- All foods originate on farms, then typically go to processing, transport, retail, and finally the consumer.
- Processing includes cleaning, sorting, preservation (heat, salt, sugar, agar) and combining ingredients into packaged foods.
- Transport modes: ship, train, truck, plane — each affects cost, shelf-life, and environmental footprint.
Key definitions (concise)
- Sustainability: Using resources at a rate the Earth can replace, avoiding accumulation of pollution.
- Organic farming: Production methods prioritized for environmental sustainability and reduced synthetic inputs.
- Conventional farming: Typically uses synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and modern mechanization to maximize yields.
- Genetic engineering (GM): Direct modification of an organism’s DNA to introduce desirable traits.
- Horticulture: Science/art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamentals.
- Aquaculture: Farming aquatic organisms in controlled freshwater or saltwater systems.
- Biodiversity: Variety of organisms across genes, species, and ecosystems.
- Environmental contaminants: Industrial pollutants, toxic metals, packaging residues and other chemical hazards monitored in food systems.
Major components of modern farming (brief)
Soil management
- Soil conservation is critical: loss of topsoil through erosion reduces productivity.
- Farmers now use practices to rebuild and protect topsoil (cover cropping, reduced tillage, buffers).
Horticulture
- Over 120 fruit/vegetable crops are commercially grown in Canada.
- These crops are key to healthy diets and require specialized production and postharvest handling.
Aquaculture
- Alternatives to wild capture fisheries; can improve food security but raise issues of disease, waste, and escapes.
Water management
- Protecting water is essential for sustainable production; agriculture both consumes and impacts freshwater quality.
Livestock and breeding
- Livestock include cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, goats, bison, deer and elk.
- Breeding choices (purebred vs cross-breeds) are made to optimize traits like growth, disease resistance, and productivity.
Technology & innovation in agriculture
- Technologies (precision ag, hydroponics, vertical farming, automation) can raise productivity and reduce environmental impacts.
- Examples: hydroponics and vertical farms can increase yield per area and reduce water use for some crops.
- New tech can support sustainability but may require careful implementation to avoid unintended harms.
Comparing systems: Conventional, Organic, Genetic Engineering (high-level)
- Resource use:
- Organic: fewer synthetic agrochemicals, often greater reliance on crop rotations and organic amendments; sometimes lower yield per hectare.
- Conventional: higher yields per area in many cases, often greater use of synthetic fertilizers/pesticides.
-
GM crops: can increase yield or reduce pesticide use depending on trait (e.g., insect resistance, herbicide tolerance).
-
Environmental impact:
- Organic: tends to reduce synthetic chemical runoff and can support biodiversity, but may require more land for same output.
- Conventional: can drive higher productivity but increases risk of agrochemical pollution and soil degradation if not managed sustainably.
-
GM: may reduce insecticide use for some traits but can lead to herbicide-resistant weeds or other ecological shifts.
-
Human health:
- Organic: reduced exposure to certain synthetic pesticide residues for producers and consumers.
- Conventional/GM: safety and health impacts depend on specific practices and products; regulation and monitoring are key.
(Note: these are general patterns — specific outcomes vary by crop, region, and management.)
Environmental threats to food production
- Climate change: droughts, floods and changing growing seasons damage crops and infrastructure.
- Greenhouse gas emissions: agriculture contributes to emissions; mitigation is part of sustainability goals.
- Pest and pathogen resistance: overuse of pesticides and antibiotics can select for resistant pests and microbes.
- Freshwater shortages & pollution: reduced quantity and quality of water limits production.
- Ocean pollution & overfishing: marine dead zones and declining wild stocks increase pressure on aquaculture.
- Loss of biodiversity: genetic and species loss undermines ecosystem services and resilience.
- Land loss & erosion: paved land, erosion and deforestation reduce available productive area.
- Accelerated fossil fuel use & pollution: energy-intensive inputs and transport cause air/soil/water pollution.
Environmental contaminants and monitoring
- Contaminants include industrial chemicals, toxic metals, and residues from packaging.
- Routine monitoring is carried out; contaminants exceeding safe levels may be banned or restricted.
- Harm depends on exposure level and duration; regulatory agencies set limits and advisories.
Regulations in Canada (what to know and where to look)
- The course asks you to discuss Canadian rules for organic and GM foods; specific regulatory frameworks exist and are enforced federally.
- Key sources for authoritative information:
- Government of Canada agriculture and food websites (e.g., Canada Organic Regime resources).
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) for food safety and labelling requirements.
- Provincial agencies may also have roles in production guidance and certification.
- Use official sources for details; this unit emphasizes understanding how regulations affect production, labelling, and consumer choice.
Alt text: Canada Organic Biologique Canada circular logo with maple leaf and hills.
Practical student actions & personal solutions
- Buy mindful: choose seasonal, local, or certified organic when feasible to lower transport footprint and support sustainable practices.
- Reduce food waste: plan meals, store food properly, compost scraps to cut demand for production.
- Support sustainable seafood: prefer certified aquaculture or MSC-labelled seafood.
- Advocate & learn: consult official Canadian sources and community agriculture programs, support policies that encourage sustainable practices.
- Adopt low-impact gardening: home composting, rainwater collection, and diverse planting support biodiversity.
Learning resources & virtual tours (selected links from course)
- Infographic on Canadian food production stats: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/nl/en/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2020037-eng.pdf?st=RN5vfvYW
- Virtual farm & processing videos (examples):
- Story of Oats (growing, harvest, processing): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvRF1EgG6vc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1jT2v7tX0c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8xH4H3_0P8
- Apples: From Farm to Table: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0x4RxuNAno
- Tech & sustainability videos:
- Farm On: Sustainable Food Production: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qk1d7vBBvnE
- Vertical farming: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjCDQgjBcMo
- Climate & agriculture guidance: https://agriculture.canada.ca/en/agriculture-and-food/environmental-sustainability/climate-change-and-agriculture/climate-scenarios-agriculture
- Additional reading suggestions available on AITC Canada and Croplife (links in course notes).
Study tips
- Focus on the food chain stages (farm → processor → transport → retail) and how each stage affects sustainability.
- Compare systems using the three lenses in the objectives: resource use, environmental impact, and human health.
- Use the provided videos and government links to ground comparisons in real-world examples and regulations.
- Prepare short examples (e.g., an organic vegetable farm vs conventional, or a GM trait such as insect resistance) to illustrate trade-offs.
Quick checklist for exam/assignments
- Can you define key terms (sustainability, organic, aquaculture, biodiversity)?
- Can you list 3 environmental threats to Canadian food production and a mitigation approach for each?
- Can you cite at least two Canadian sources for regulations on organic or GM foods?
- Can you propose 3 realistic personal actions to reduce your food-system footprint?