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Flashcards in this deck (55)

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  • What is social psychology?

    • Systematic study of the nature and causes (what, why) of human social behavior
    • How the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
    socialpsych definition

  • What do social psychologists study (main impact directions)?

    • Impact of individuals on individuals
    • Impact of groups on individuals
    • Impact of individuals on groups
    • Impact of group on groups
    • Impact of social context on individuals and groups
    socialpsych scope

  • How do sociology and psychology differ in relation to social psychology?

    • Sociology: study of human society
    • Psychology: study of the individual and of individual behavior
    theory discipline

  • Name the three 'faces' of sociological social psychology.

    • Symbolic interactionism
    • Group processes
    • Social structure and personality
    theory sociological

  • Name the two 'faces' of psychological social psychology.

    • Cognitive theory
    • Evolutionary theory
    theory psychological

  • What are the two broad research method types in social psychology?

    • Quantitative methods: collect numerical data analyzed with statistics (e.g., experiments, surveys)
    • Qualitative methods: rely on verbal or textual materials (e.g., observation, interview, archival research, content analysis)
    methods research

  • What is reliability in measurement?

    • The extent to which an instrument produces the same results each time under given conditions
    measurement reliability

  • What is validity in measurement?

    • The extent to which instruments actually measure the theoretical concepts we intend to measure
    measurement validity

  • What is sampling in research?

    • Studying a population by selecting a subset of that population
    methods sampling

  • What are common types of sampling mentioned?

    • Probabilistic (Random)
    • Convenient
    • Theoretical
    methods sampling

  • What is internal validity?

    Extent to which the relationship between variables is true; a relationship between two well-measured variables.

    methods validity

  • What does external validity refer to?

    Extent to which results are generalizable to the population, other settings, or other time periods.

    methods validity

  • Name four types of cultural content individuals learn through socialization.

    • Symbols
    • Values
    • Beliefs
    • Norms
    socialization culture

  • What are institutions in the context of socialization?

    Patterns of organizations within society.

    socialization institutions

  • List the major theoretical perspectives on social development mentioned.

    • Developmental
    • Social Learning
    • Interpretative
    • Social structural
    theory perspectives

  • What is the key idea of the social learning perspective?

    Development alone is not sufficient; complex social behavior requires learning.

    theory sociallearning

  • Who are the primary agents of socialization listed?

    • Family
    • Peer group
    • School
    • Media
    agents socialization

  • Name two behavioral mechanisms agents use to socialize individuals.

    • Reinforcement (reward)
    • Punishment (sanction)
    socialization learning

  • What does internalization mean in socialization?

    The process through which external behavioral standards become internal.

    socialization internalization

  • What does the life course perspective examine?

    How age, period, and cohort effects combine to shape life outcomes.

    lifecourse perspective

  • Define an age effect in the life course perspective.

    Changes people go through as a function of biological or social processes.

    lifecourse age

  • Define a period effect in the life course perspective.

    External changes that affect all age groups at the same time.

    lifecourse period

  • Define a cohort effect in the life course perspective.

    Variations due to unique experiences of a group when they hit major life milestones.

    lifecourse cohort

  • What are life course careers?

    Sequences of roles that people enact through their lives.

    lifecourse careers

  • What is primary socialization?

    • Primary socialization helps us become functioning members of society
    socialization

  • What is secondary socialization?

    • Secondary socialization helps us become specialized members of groups within society
    socialization

  • Do agents of socialization engage in primary or secondary socialization?

    • All agents of socialization technically engage in both primary and secondary socialization
    socialization agents

  • Which agent is noted as more prominent for secondary socialization?

    • Peers are more prominent concerning secondary socialization
    socialization peers

  • What is a self-schema?

    • Self-schema are organized thoughts we have about ourselves
    self schema

  • According to Mead, what two components make up the self?

    • The self consists of an 'I' and a 'Me'
    mead self

  • What does the 'I' represent in Mead's theory?

    • The 'I' is the agentic, active part of the self that initiates behavior
    mead self

  • What does the 'Me' represent in Mead's theory?

    • The 'Me' is the social, passive part of the self shaped by society's expectations
    mead self

  • Name one source of the self listed in the notes.

    • Society is a source of the self
    self source

  • What is the looking-glass self?

    • The looking-glass self means if society thinks I'm funny I start to see myself as funny
    self looking-glass

  • What is self-differentiation in development of the self?

    • Self-differentiation is recognizing that you and others are different
    self development

  • What is role taking?

    • Role taking involves putting yourself in other people's perspectives
    self role-taking

  • What are role identities?

    • Role identities are meanings attached to social positions (e.g. Teacher, Engineer)
    identity roles

  • What are social identities?

    • Social identities are meanings attached to social groups we belong to (e.g. Democrat)
    identity social

  • What are personal identities?

    • Personal identities are meanings attached to adjectives we use to individuate ourselves
    identity personal

  • What function do identities serve?

    • Identities guide behavior
    identity function

  • What are identity standards?

    • Identity standards are culturally shared expectations (e.g. mothers expected to be nurturing)
    identity standards

  • What are reflected appraisals?

    • Reflected appraisals are what we think others think of us, provided when we enact an identity
    identity appraisals

  • How do reflected appraisals affect behavior?

    • We adjust our behaviors based on reflected appraisals
    identity behavior

  • What is the consistency motive in identity verification?

    • The consistency motive is motivation to behave in ways that maintain consistency with identity standards
    identity verification

  • What is the enhancement motive in identity verification?

    • The enhancement motive is motivation to behave in ways that make one look better to others and oneself
    identity verification

  • What determines which identity you enact in a situation?

    The identity that is most relevant to the situation and organized hierarchically within the self (e.g., 'son' may be enacted before other identities).

    identity self

  • What is identity salience?

    Identity salience is the relative likelihood that a particular identity will be enacted in social situations.

    identity salience

  • How does identity salience affect behavior?

    We seek more opportunities to perform more salient identities and conform more strongly to their standards.

    behavior salience

  • Does subjective importance always equal identity salience?

    No; subjective importance does not equal salience (e.g., valuing athleticism doesn't mean one frequently enacts an athletic identity).

    identity salience

  • What major factor predicts identity salience?

    Social networks and social opportunities to enact an identity are major predictors of identity salience.

    identity social

  • What are the components of the self-schema?

    The self-schema includes the actual self (how you are), the ideal self (how you'd like to be), and the normative self (how you should be).

    self schema

  • What are the main sources of self-esteem listed?

    Family, performance feedback, and social comparison.

    self esteem

  • What is the front stage/region in the dramaturgical approach?

    Front stage/region are settings where people perform interactions and try to maintain a desired self-image.

    dramaturgy interaction

  • What is the back stage/region in the dramaturgical approach?

    Back stage/region are settings inaccessible to outsiders where people knowingly violate the appearances they present front stage.

    dramaturgy interaction

  • Why do people use dramaturgical presentation strategies?

    To establish a working definition of the situation, disclose information about the self, first establish a frame, then establish a situated identity.

    dramaturgy purpose
学习笔记

Social Psychology — Key Concepts

  • Definition: Systematic study of how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences individual thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
  • Scope: Examines influences between individuals, between groups, and between individuals and groups within social contexts.

Major Theoretical Perspectives

  • Sociological social psychology: Combines sociology (society-level) and psychology (individual-level).
  • Three approaches: symbolic interactionism, group processes, social structure & personality.
  • Psychological social psychology: Focus on individual cognition and evolution.
  • Two approaches: cognitive theory and evolutionary theory.

Research Methods

  • Quantitative methods: Use numeric data and statistical analysis (e.g., experiments, surveys).
  • Qualitative methods: Use verbal/textual data to describe phenomena (e.g., observation, interviews, archival/content analysis).

Measurement

  • Reliability: Instrument yields consistent results under the same conditions.
  • Validity: Instrument measures the theoretical concept intended.

Sampling types

  • Probability (random) — supports generalization.
  • Convenience — easy but biased.
  • Theoretical — chosen for conceptual reasons.

Validity of findings

  • Internal validity: Degree to which a causal relationship between variables is credible (well-measured, controlled).
  • External validity: Extent results generalize to other people, settings, or times.

Socialization: Learning Culture and Roles

  • Definition: Lifelong process of learning symbols, values, beliefs, norms, and institutions.
  • Primary agents: Family, peers, school, media.

Major perspectives on socialization

  • Developmental: Emphasizes biological maturation and age-related change.
  • Social learning: Emphasizes learning mechanisms (reinforcement, observation).
  • Interpretative: Emphasizes children s active meaning-makers using routines.
  • Social structural: Emphasizes organized timing and division of socialization tasks.

Mechanisms used by agents

  • Instrumental/operant conditioning: Reinforcement and punishment shape behavior.
  • Motivation: External (rewards/punishments) and internal (values, interest).
  • Observation/imitation: Learning by watching others.
  • Internalization: External standards become internal norms and self-guides.

Life-course perspective

  • Age effects: Changes tied to biological or social age.
  • Period effects: Events that affect all age groups at one time.
  • Cohort effects: Experiences unique to groups born at similar times.
  • Primary vs secondary socialization: Primary builds basic functioning; secondary builds role-specific competence.

The Self and Self-Schema

  • Self-schema: Organized beliefs and ideas about the self that guide processing and behavior.
  • Self as object and agent: The self can be both the subject that acts and the object that is reflected upon.

Mead: I and Me

  • I (agent): The spontaneous, initiating aspect of self that acts.
  • Me (object): The socialized aspect shaped by others nd social expectations.
  • Both interact as an internal dialogue during behavior and reflection.

Origins of the self

  • Social sources: The self emerges through social interactions and reflected appraisals (the "looking-glass" idea).
  • Role taking: Imagining others nd adopting their perspectives builds self-understanding.

Identities: Types and Functions

  • Role identities: Meanings tied to social positions (e.g., teacher).
  • Social identities: Group-based meanings (e.g., political party, ethnicity).

  • Personal identities: Individual descriptors (e.g., creative, shy).

  • Functions of identities: Guide behavior by providing standards and expectations.

  • Reflected appraisals: Otherseedback influences our self-view and behavior.

Identity processes

  • Identity verification: People strive for consistency between behavior and identity standards.
  • Enhancement motive: People also act to present themselves favorably to self and others.

Organization and salience

  • Hierarchical organization: Identities are arranged by priority within the self.
  • Identity salience: Likelihood an identity will be enacted in a situation; driven by social networks and opportunities.
  • Subjective importance vs salience: Something can be important to you but rarely enacted (low salience).

Self-components related to identity

  • Actual self: How one currently is.
  • Ideal self: How one would like to be.
  • Normative self: How one believes one should be.
  • Sources of self-esteem: Family, performance feedback, and social comparison.

Dramaturgical Approach (Goffman)

  • Front stage: Settings where people perform roles and manage impressions.
  • Back stage: Private settings where people drop performances and relax role expectations.

  • Purpose of performance: Establish a shared definition of the situation, disclose selective information, and create situated identities.

  • Interaction steps: First frame the situation (rules and expectations); then enact a situated identity consistent with that frame.

Study/Exam Tips

  • Focus on distinctions: social vs psychological perspectives, primary vs secondary socialization, I vs Me, and salience vs subjective importance.
  • Be able to give brief examples illustrating reinforcement, role identities, and front/back stage behavior.
  • Remember measurement concepts (reliability, validity) and types of validity (internal, external) for research-methods questions.