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What are commensal bacteria?
Organisms living on or within a host without causing harm; can become opportunistic pathogens if host resistance is lowered.
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What is the periplasmic space?
Space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria; site of enzymes like β-lactamases.
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What is a glycocalyx?
A gelatinous layer outside the cell wall; when loosely bound, it's a slime layer aiding adherence to surfaces.
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What are bacterial endospores?
Highly resistant, dormant structures formed by some bacteria in response to unsuitable environmental conditions.
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What are mesosomes?
Invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotic cells involved in respiration and cell division.
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What are lophotrichous bacteria?
Bacteria with a tuft of flagella at one or both poles of the cell.
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What temperature range do mesophilic bacteria grow in?
Typically from 30-40°C.
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How do G-ve bacteria adhere to mucosal surfaces?
Primarily mediated by pili (fimbriae).
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What determines the Gram staining reaction?
The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall.
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What is the primary means of motility in bacteria?
Primarily accomplished by flagella.
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How is genetic material transferred between bacteria?
Mediated by sex pili during conjugation.
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What is present in a Gram-positive cell wall?
Teichoic acid and thick peptidoglycan layer.
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What is absent in a Gram-negative cell wall?
Teichoic acid and it has a thin peptidoglycan layer.
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What are cell wall deficient bacteria?
Includes L-forms (protoplasts and spheroplasts) and Mycoplasma, which lacks a cell wall.
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What are the functions of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane?
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What is bacteremia?
Presence of viable bacteria in the bloodstream, possibly without symptoms.
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What is normal flora?
Microorganisms that inhabit the body without causing harm; often beneficial.
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What is a bacterial biofilm?
A community of bacteria encased in a self-produced matrix, facilitating adherence to surfaces.
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What is a toxoid?
An exotoxin treated to eliminate toxicity while preserving immunogenicity for vaccines.
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What is a bacterial plasmid?
A small, circular DNA molecule that replicates independently and often carries antibiotic resistance genes.
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What is a transposon?
A mobile genetic element that can move within the bacterial genome.
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What is bacterial lysogeny?
Integration of phage DNA into the host bacterium's chromosome, leading to new properties.
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What are exotoxins?
Secreted by living bacteria, proteins, high toxicity, can be converted to toxoid.
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What are endotoxins?
Released after cell death, lipopolysaccharides, low toxicity, cannot be converted to toxoid.
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Where are exotoxin genes located?
Often on plasmids.
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Where are endotoxin genes located?
On the bacterial chromosome.
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How heat stable are exotoxins?
Labile, destroyed at 60°C.
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How heat stable are endotoxins?
Stable at 100°C for 1 hour.
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What types of bacteria produce exotoxins?
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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What types of bacteria produce endotoxins?
Gram-negative bacteria only.
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What is conjugation in bacteria?
Transfer of genetic material from donor to recipient cell through direct contact.
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What is transformation in bacteria?
Competent cells take up naked foreign DNA from the environment.
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What is genetic recombination?
Breaking and rejoining of DNA molecules into new combinations.
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What does selective toxicity mean?
Antibiotic ability to kill microorganisms without harming host cells.
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What are bactericidal antibiotics?
Kill bacteria directly (e.g., penicillin).
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What are bacteriostatic antibiotics?
Stop bacterial growth, allowing the immune system to eliminate them (e.g., tetracycline).
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What is generalized transduction?
Transfer of any bacterial gene by lytic bacteriophage.
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What is specialized transduction?
Transfer of genes adjacent to prophage insertion site by lysogenic bacteriophage.
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How do beta-lactam antibiotics work?
Bind to penicillin-binding proteins to block peptidoglycan cross-linking.
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How do glycopeptide antibiotics work?
Inhibit peptidoglycan formation by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala.
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What is the difference between Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum?
Fasciola hepatica causes significant inflammation; Dicrocoelium dendriticum does not have a traumatic migratory phase.
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What is intrinsic drug resistance?
Natural resistance due to absence of the drug's target molecule.
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What is viral tropism?
Specificity of a virus for a particular host tissue or cell type.
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What is a chronic viral infection?
Persistent infection with continuous virus production, often mild symptoms.
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What are hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) spikes?
Glycoprotein spikes on the viral envelope; H for adsorption, N for release of new particles.
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What is icosahedral symmetry?
Capsomers arranged in a 20-sided crystal-like structure.
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What is helical symmetry?
Capsomers arranged in a hollow coil, creating a rod-shaped structure.
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What type of structure is seen in all DNA viruses (except Poxviruses)?
Crystal-like structure
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What is the symmetry type of viruses with capsomers arranged in a hollow coil?
Helical Symmetry
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What shape do capsomers create in helical symmetry?
Rod-shaped structure
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Which viruses typically have a crystal-like structure?
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What are commensal bacteria?
Organisms living on or within a host without causing harm; can become opportunistic pathogens if host resistance is lowered.
What is the periplasmic space?
Space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria; site of enzymes like β-lactamases.
What is a glycocalyx?
A gelatinous layer outside the cell wall; when loosely bound, it's a slime layer aiding adherence to surfaces.
What are bacterial endospores?
Highly resistant, dormant structures formed by some bacteria in response to unsuitable environmental conditions.
What are mesosomes?
Invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotic cells involved in respiration and cell division.
What are lophotrichous bacteria?
Bacteria with a tuft of flagella at one or both poles of the cell.
What temperature range do mesophilic bacteria grow in?
Typically from 30-40°C.
How do G-ve bacteria adhere to mucosal surfaces?
Primarily mediated by pili (fimbriae).
What determines the Gram staining reaction?
The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall.
What is the primary means of motility in bacteria?
Primarily accomplished by flagella.
How is genetic material transferred between bacteria?
Mediated by sex pili during conjugation.
What is present in a Gram-positive cell wall?
Teichoic acid and thick peptidoglycan layer.
What is absent in a Gram-negative cell wall?
Teichoic acid and it has a thin peptidoglycan layer.
What are cell wall deficient bacteria?
Includes L-forms (protoplasts and spheroplasts) and Mycoplasma, which lacks a cell wall.
What are the functions of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane?
What is bacteremia?
Presence of viable bacteria in the bloodstream, possibly without symptoms.
What is normal flora?
Microorganisms that inhabit the body without causing harm; often beneficial.
What is a bacterial biofilm?
A community of bacteria encased in a self-produced matrix, facilitating adherence to surfaces.
What is a toxoid?
An exotoxin treated to eliminate toxicity while preserving immunogenicity for vaccines.
What is a bacterial plasmid?
A small, circular DNA molecule that replicates independently and often carries antibiotic resistance genes.
What is a transposon?
A mobile genetic element that can move within the bacterial genome.
What is bacterial lysogeny?
Integration of phage DNA into the host bacterium's chromosome, leading to new properties.
What are exotoxins?
Secreted by living bacteria, proteins, high toxicity, can be converted to toxoid.
What are endotoxins?
Released after cell death, lipopolysaccharides, low toxicity, cannot be converted to toxoid.
Where are exotoxin genes located?
Often on plasmids.
Where are endotoxin genes located?
On the bacterial chromosome.
How heat stable are exotoxins?
Labile, destroyed at 60°C.
How heat stable are endotoxins?
Stable at 100°C for 1 hour.
What types of bacteria produce exotoxins?
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
What types of bacteria produce endotoxins?
Gram-negative bacteria only.
What is conjugation in bacteria?
Transfer of genetic material from donor to recipient cell through direct contact.
What is transformation in bacteria?
Competent cells take up naked foreign DNA from the environment.
What is genetic recombination?
Breaking and rejoining of DNA molecules into new combinations.
What does selective toxicity mean?
Antibiotic ability to kill microorganisms without harming host cells.
What are bactericidal antibiotics?
Kill bacteria directly (e.g., penicillin).
What are bacteriostatic antibiotics?
Stop bacterial growth, allowing the immune system to eliminate them (e.g., tetracycline).
What is generalized transduction?
Transfer of any bacterial gene by lytic bacteriophage.
What is specialized transduction?
Transfer of genes adjacent to prophage insertion site by lysogenic bacteriophage.
How do beta-lactam antibiotics work?
Bind to penicillin-binding proteins to block peptidoglycan cross-linking.
How do glycopeptide antibiotics work?
Inhibit peptidoglycan formation by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala.
What is the difference between Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum?
Fasciola hepatica causes significant inflammation; Dicrocoelium dendriticum does not have a traumatic migratory phase.
What is intrinsic drug resistance?
Natural resistance due to absence of the drug's target molecule.
What is viral tropism?
Specificity of a virus for a particular host tissue or cell type.
What is a chronic viral infection?
Persistent infection with continuous virus production, often mild symptoms.
What are hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) spikes?
Glycoprotein spikes on the viral envelope; H for adsorption, N for release of new particles.
What is icosahedral symmetry?
Capsomers arranged in a 20-sided crystal-like structure.
What is helical symmetry?
Capsomers arranged in a hollow coil, creating a rod-shaped structure.
What type of structure is seen in all DNA viruses (except Poxviruses)?
Crystal-like structure
What is the symmetry type of viruses with capsomers arranged in a hollow coil?
Helical Symmetry
What shape do capsomers create in helical symmetry?
Rod-shaped structure
Which viruses typically have a crystal-like structure?
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