Karteikarten in diesem Deck (51)

• What does endocrinology study?

  The endocrine system and its hormones.
  endocrinology hormones
• What are the two physiologic regulatory systems?

  Endocrine system and Nervous system.
  physiology regulation
• What is neuroendocrinology?

  The branch of biology studying the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems.
  neuroendocrinology biology
• What do endocrine glands secrete?

  Substances or hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  endocrine glands
• How do exocrine glands function?

  They secrete hormones into ducts leading to the external environment.
  exocrine glands
• What characterizes the endocrine system?

  Consists of ductless glands secreting hormones into the circulatory system.
  endocrine system
• What is the control method for endocrine glands?

  Control of hormone synthesis rather than degradation.
  endocrine control
• What is the purpose of homeostatic control systems?

  To maintain constant chemical composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids.
  homeostasis control
• What is negative feedback?

  An increase in product decreases system activity and production rate.
  feedback negative
• What is an example of negative feedback?

  Body shivering in response to cold to return temperature to set point.
  feedback example
• What is positive feedback?

  An increase in product also increases system activity and production rate.
  feedback positive
• What is an example of positive feedback?

  GnRH stimulates FSH or LH release, enhancing estrogen production.
  feedback example
• What is the function of hormones?

  To transfer information and instructions between cells.
  hormones function
• What are the characteristics of hormones?

  Produced by specific endocrine glands and act at target sites.
  hormones characteristics
• What are the functions of hormones?

  Regulate ECF composition, metabolism, muscle contraction, and immune system.
  hormones functions
• What does the term 'hormon' mean in Greek?

  To set in motion.
  hormones etymology
• Which glands are part of the endocrine system?

  Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Reproductive, Thymus, Pineal.
  endocrine glands
• What role do hormones play in growth and development?

  Smooth sequential integration of growth and development.
  hormones growth
• What basic processes do hormones contribute to?

  Reproduction, gamete production, nourishment of fetus and embryo.
  hormones reproduction
• What do hormones help maintain?

  Homeostasis.
  hormones homeostasis
• What is endocrine hormone delivery?

  Secreted in one location and released into blood circulation.
  hormones delivery
• What are ductless glands?

  Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  hormones glands
• What is paracrine hormone delivery?

  Secreted by endocrine cells and released into interstitial space.
  hormones delivery
• How do paracrine hormones affect adjacent cells?

  They bind to specific receptors in adjacent cells.
  hormones paracrine
• What is autocrine hormone delivery?

  Secreted by endocrine cells and binds to receptors on the cell of origin.
  hormones delivery
• What is juxtacrine hormone delivery?

  Secreted by endocrine cells and acts on adjacent cells by direct contact.
  hormones juxtacrine
• What is exocrine hormone delivery?

  Secreted by endocrine cells and released into the gut lumen.
  hormones exocrine
• What is neurocrine hormone delivery?

  Secreted by neurons and released into extracellular space.
  hormones neurocrine
• How do neurocrine hormones affect nearby cells?

  They bind to nearby cells and affect their function.
  hormones neurocrine
• What is neuroendocrine hormone delivery?

  Secreted by neurons and released from nerve endings.
  hormones neuroendocrine
• What are releasing hormones?

  Hormones from the hypothalamus that promote secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
  hormones releasing
• What are inhibitory hormones?

  Hormones from the hypothalamus & GIT that suppress secretion of particular hormones.
  hormones inhibitory
• What are tropic hormones?

  Hormones that stimulate growth and activity of other endocrine glands.
  hormones tropic
• What are effector hormones?

  Hormones secreted by all endocrine glands targeting non-endocrine cells.
  hormones effector
• What are steroids derived from?

  Cholesterol, a lipid molecule precursor.
  hormones steroids
• Where are steroids produced?

  Adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, and placenta.
  hormones production
• What is the solubility of steroids?

  Hydrophobic (water-insoluble).
  hormones steroids
• What is the mechanism of action for steroids?

  Free hormone interacts with intracellular receptors, binds to chromatin, produces mRNA.
  hormones mechanism
• What are biogenic amines derived from?

  Amino acids.
  hormones biogenic
• What is an example of a biogenic amine?

  Tyrosine.
  hormones biogenic
• What hormones are derived from tyrosine?

  Thyroid hormones (T3, T4), adrenal hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine).
  hormones tyrosine
• How do epinephrine and norepinephrine act?

  They interact with receptor sites on the cell membrane.
  hormones action
• What are peptides and proteins synthesized from?

  Synthesized and stored within the cell in secretory granules.
  hormones peptides
• What is the solubility of peptides and proteins?

  Water soluble and not bound to carrier proteins.
  hormones peptides
• How do peptide hormones produce effects?

  They interact with cell membrane receptors, activating second messenger systems.
  hormones mechanism
• What does PTH stand for?

  Parathyroid Hormone
  hormones pth
• What is the mechanism of action of hormones like PTH?

  Hormones interact with a cell membrane receptor, activating a second messenger system to affect cellular function.
  mechanism action hormones
• What is the role of cell membrane receptors in hormone action?

  They activate a second messenger system.
  receptors hormones
• What does the second messenger system do in hormone action?

  It affects cellular function.
  second_messenger cellular_function
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