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What is the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
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How many bones are in the skull?
The skull consists of 22 bones, except for the lower jaw which is movable.
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What forms the anterior portion of the skull?
The frontal bone forms the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes.
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What bones are located behind the frontal bone?
The parietal bones are located on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone.
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What forms the back of the skull?
The occipital bone forms the back of the skull and the base of the cranium.
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What do the temporal bones form?
The temporal bones form parts of the sides and base of the cranium.
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What is the function of the sphenoid bone?
The sphenoid bone has a central part and two winglike structures extending laterally.
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Where is the ethmoid bone located?
The ethmoid bone is located in front of the sphenoid bones.
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What does the facial skeleton consist of?
The facial skeleton consists of 13 immovable bones and 1 movable lower jaw.
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What forms the upper jaw?
The maxillary bones form the upper jaw.
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What do palatine bones serve as?
Palatine bones serve as the posterior section of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity.
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What are zygomatic bones responsible for?
Zygomatic bones are responsible for the prominence of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes.
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Where are lacrimal bones located?
Lacrimal bones are located in the medial wall of each orbit between the ethmoid bone and the maxilla.
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What do nasal bones form?
Nasal bones lie side by side and form the bridge of the nose.
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What is the vomer bone?
The vomer bone is a thin, flat bone located along the midline within the nasal cavity.
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What are inferior nasal conchae?
Inferior nasal conchae are fragile, scroll-shaped bones attached to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
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What is the mandible?
The mandible is the lower jaw, consisting of a horizontal body with a flat ramus projecting upward.
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Where is the hyoid located?
The hyoid is located in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx.
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What does the vertebral column consist of?
The vertebral column consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs.
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What are cervical vertebrae?
Cervical vertebrae comprise the bony axis of the neck, with the first vertebra supporting the head.
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What is unique about the atlas?
The atlas has no body or spine and appears as a bony ring with two transverse processes.
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What is the function of thoracic vertebrae?
Thoracic vertebrae contain facets that articulate with the ribs.
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What do lumbar vertebrae support?
Lumbar vertebrae are adapted to support more weight than the vertebrae above them.
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What is the sacrum?
The sacrum is a triangular structure at the base of the vertebral column, composed of 5 fused vertebrae.
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What is the coccyx?
The coccyx, or tailbone, is the lowest part of the vertebral column, usually composed of 4 fused vertebrae.
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What does the thoracic cage include?
The thoracic cage includes the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and coastal cartilages.
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What are true ribs?
True ribs are the first seven rib pairs that join the sternum directly by their coastal cartilages.
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What are false ribs?
False ribs are the remaining 5 pairs (8-12) whose cartilages do not reach the sternum directly.
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What is the sternum?
The sternum, or breastbone, is located along the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.
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What is the pectoral girdle?
The pectoral girdle supports the arm and serves as an attachment for muscles that move the arm.
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What is the clavicle?
The clavicle, or collarbone, is a slender, rodlike bone that helps hold the shoulders in place.
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What is the scapula?
The scapula is a broad, triangular bone located on either side of the upper back.
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What does the upper limb framework consist of?
The upper limb framework includes the arm, wrist, palm, and fingers.
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What is the humerus?
A heavy bone extending from the scapula to the elbow.
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Where is the radius located?
On the thumb side of the lower arm, shorter than the ulna.
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What does the ulna do?
Longer than the radius, overlaps the end of the humerus posteriorly.
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What are carpal bones?
They form the skeleton of the wrist.
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What do metacarpals form?
They form the framework of the palm.
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How many phalanges are in each finger?
Three: proximal, middle, and distal phalanx; two in the thumb.
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What is the pelvic girdle?
Consists of two coxal bones, articulating with each other and the sacrum.
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What does the pelvis support?
It supports the trunk of the body and provides attachment for the legs.
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What is the femur?
The longest bone in the body, extending from the hip to the knee.
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What is the patella?
A flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon over the knee.
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What is the tibia?
The largest of the two lower leg bones, located on the medial side.
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Where is the fibula located?
On the lateral side of the tibia, it is long and slender.
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What do tarsal bones form?
They form the bones of the ankle.
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What is the largest tarsal bone?
The calcaneus, or heelbone.
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What do metatarsal bones form?
They form the bones of the instep, articulating with the tarsus.
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How many phalanges are in each toe?
Similar to fingers, forming the bones of the toes.
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What is the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
How many bones are in the skull?
The skull consists of 22 bones, except for the lower jaw which is movable.
What forms the anterior portion of the skull?
The frontal bone forms the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes.
What bones are located behind the frontal bone?
The parietal bones are located on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone.
What forms the back of the skull?
The occipital bone forms the back of the skull and the base of the cranium.
What do the temporal bones form?
The temporal bones form parts of the sides and base of the cranium.
What is the function of the sphenoid bone?
The sphenoid bone has a central part and two winglike structures extending laterally.
Where is the ethmoid bone located?
The ethmoid bone is located in front of the sphenoid bones.
What does the facial skeleton consist of?
The facial skeleton consists of 13 immovable bones and 1 movable lower jaw.
What forms the upper jaw?
The maxillary bones form the upper jaw.
What do palatine bones serve as?
Palatine bones serve as the posterior section of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity.
What are zygomatic bones responsible for?
Zygomatic bones are responsible for the prominence of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes.
Where are lacrimal bones located?
Lacrimal bones are located in the medial wall of each orbit between the ethmoid bone and the maxilla.
What do nasal bones form?
Nasal bones lie side by side and form the bridge of the nose.
What is the vomer bone?
The vomer bone is a thin, flat bone located along the midline within the nasal cavity.
What are inferior nasal conchae?
Inferior nasal conchae are fragile, scroll-shaped bones attached to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
What is the mandible?
The mandible is the lower jaw, consisting of a horizontal body with a flat ramus projecting upward.
Where is the hyoid located?
The hyoid is located in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx.
What does the vertebral column consist of?
The vertebral column consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs.
What are cervical vertebrae?
Cervical vertebrae comprise the bony axis of the neck, with the first vertebra supporting the head.
What is unique about the atlas?
The atlas has no body or spine and appears as a bony ring with two transverse processes.
What is the function of thoracic vertebrae?
Thoracic vertebrae contain facets that articulate with the ribs.
What do lumbar vertebrae support?
Lumbar vertebrae are adapted to support more weight than the vertebrae above them.
What is the sacrum?
The sacrum is a triangular structure at the base of the vertebral column, composed of 5 fused vertebrae.
What is the coccyx?
The coccyx, or tailbone, is the lowest part of the vertebral column, usually composed of 4 fused vertebrae.
What does the thoracic cage include?
The thoracic cage includes the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and coastal cartilages.
What are true ribs?
True ribs are the first seven rib pairs that join the sternum directly by their coastal cartilages.
What are false ribs?
False ribs are the remaining 5 pairs (8-12) whose cartilages do not reach the sternum directly.
What is the sternum?
The sternum, or breastbone, is located along the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.
What is the pectoral girdle?
The pectoral girdle supports the arm and serves as an attachment for muscles that move the arm.
What is the clavicle?
The clavicle, or collarbone, is a slender, rodlike bone that helps hold the shoulders in place.
What is the scapula?
The scapula is a broad, triangular bone located on either side of the upper back.
What does the upper limb framework consist of?
The upper limb framework includes the arm, wrist, palm, and fingers.
What is the humerus?
A heavy bone extending from the scapula to the elbow.
Where is the radius located?
On the thumb side of the lower arm, shorter than the ulna.
What does the ulna do?
Longer than the radius, overlaps the end of the humerus posteriorly.
What are carpal bones?
They form the skeleton of the wrist.
What do metacarpals form?
They form the framework of the palm.
How many phalanges are in each finger?
Three: proximal, middle, and distal phalanx; two in the thumb.
What is the pelvic girdle?
Consists of two coxal bones, articulating with each other and the sacrum.
What does the pelvis support?
It supports the trunk of the body and provides attachment for the legs.
What is the femur?
The longest bone in the body, extending from the hip to the knee.
What is the patella?
A flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon over the knee.
What is the tibia?
The largest of the two lower leg bones, located on the medial side.
Where is the fibula located?
On the lateral side of the tibia, it is long and slender.
What do tarsal bones form?
They form the bones of the ankle.
What is the largest tarsal bone?
The calcaneus, or heelbone.
What do metatarsal bones form?
They form the bones of the instep, articulating with the tarsus.
How many phalanges are in each toe?
Similar to fingers, forming the bones of the toes.
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