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Flashcards in this deck (53)

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  • What is decalcification?

    Removal of calcium ions or lime salts from organic extracellular matrix, calcified collagen, and surrounding tissues of bones.

    histopathology decalcification

  • Is decalcification a mandatory step in tissue processing?

    No, decalcification is not a mandatory step.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What must be achieved before decalcification?

    Adequate fixation must be achieved prior to decalcification.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the ideal thickness for decalcification?

    1-3 mm.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the ratio of fluid to tissue for decalcification?

    20:1.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What can speed up decalcification?

    Heat and constant agitation.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the optimal temperature for decalcification?

    Room temperature.

    histopathology decalcification

  • Can the Autotechnicon perform decalcification?

    No, decalcification must be done manually.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the electrolytic method of decalcification?

    Calcium ions are attracted to negatively charged electrodes, facilitating removal.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the duration for the electrolytic method?

    Most rapid method, duration depends on electric current supply.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What does the ion exchange resin method involve?

    Calcium is removed by formic acid solution, increasing tissue solubility.

    histopathology decalcification

  • How long does the ion exchange resin method take?

    1-14 days.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the role of EDTA in decalcification?

    EDTA is a potent anticoagulant but weak as a decalcifying agent.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the disadvantage of using EDTA?

    It can inactivate alkaline phosphatase activity.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the remedy for EDTA's disadvantage?

    Addition of Magnesium chloride.

    histopathology decalcification

  • How long does EDTA take for small specimens?

    1-3 weeks.

    histopathology decalcification

  • How long does EDTA take for dense tissues?

    6-8 weeks.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the most common method of decalcification?

    The use of acid.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the risk of using concentrated solutions in decalcification?

    It can be damaging to tissues.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the purpose of nitric acid in decalcification?

    Routine decalcification, typically for 24 hours.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is Formol nitric acid made of?

    Nitric acid + Formaldehyde.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is the duration for Formol nitric acid decalcification?

    1-3 days.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is Perenyi’s fluid composed of?

    Nitric acid + Chromic acid + Ethyl alcohol.

    histopathology decalcification

  • What is a common duration for decalcifying agents?

    2-7 days

    decalcification duration

  • What is the combination of Phloroglucin used for rapid decalcification?

    Phloroglucin + Nitric acid

    decalcification agents

  • Why is Hydrochloric acid (HCl) not commonly used?

    Weak and slow

    decalcification hcl

  • What is Von Ebner’s solution used for?

    Teeth & small pieces of bones

    decalcification von_ebner

  • What does Formic acid decalcify?

    Cartilage, research specimens, autopsy specimens, bone marrow

    decalcification formic_acid

  • What is TCA in terms of decalcifying agents?

    Weak & slow decalcifying agents

    decalcification tca

  • What is a disadvantage of Chromic acid?

    Environmental toxin, highly corrosive on skin

    decalcification chromic_acid

  • What does Citric acid contain as a preservative?

    Chloroform

    decalcification citric_acid

  • What is the most reliable method for testing decalcification?

    X-Ray / Radiologic method

    decalcification testing x-ray

  • What does an opaque appearance in X-ray films indicate?

    Inadequate decalcification

    decalcification x-ray

  • What is the chemical method for testing decalcification?

    Calcium oxalate test

    decalcification testing chemical

  • What indicates incomplete decalcification in the calcium oxalate test?

    Cloudiness after adding ammonium oxalate

    decalcification testing cloudiness

  • What is the bubble test used for?

    To check if decalcification is complete

    decalcification testing bubble_test

  • How are decalcified tissues neutralized?

    Immerse in lithium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate

    decalcification neutralization

  • What are some softeners for overly hard tissues?

    2% HCl in 70% alcohol, Perenyi’s fluid, Molliflex

    tissue_softeners decalcification

  • What is Lendrum’s method for?

    Softening hard tissues

    tissue_softeners lendrum's_method

  • What is the purpose of dehydration in tissue processing?

    Removal of water from tissues

    dehydration tissue_processing

  • What is the common agent used for dehydration?

    Alcohol

    dehydration agents alcohol

  • What concentration of alcohol is correct for routine dehydration?

    70-80%

    dehydration alcohol routine

  • What is the effect of 95% alcohol on tissues?

    Harden surface but not penetrate deeper

    dehydration alcohol 95%

  • What is the acceptable concentration for delicate tissues like embryos?

    30% alcohol

    dehydration delicate_tissues

  • What is Acetone used for in dehydration?

    Can fix & dehydrate tissue

    dehydration acetone

  • What is the risk associated with Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether?

    Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact

    dehydration ethylene_glycol

  • What does Triethyl phosphate cause during dehydration?

    Minimum shrinkage

    dehydration triethyl_phosphate

  • What is Tetrahydrofuran used for?

    Can dehydrate and clear tissues

    dehydration tetrahydrofuran

  • What is the function of 'rate'?

    • A dehydrating agent
    • A clearing agent
    chemistry agents

  • Is 'rate' toxic?

    Yes, toxic if ingested or inhaled

    safety toxicity

  • What symptoms can 'rate' vapors cause?

    • Nausea
    • Dizziness
    • Headache
    health symptoms

  • What should be done when using 'rate'?

    Room should be well ventilated

    safety ventilation

  • What is a notable characteristic of 'rate'?

    It has an offensive odor

    properties odor