Flashcard in questo mazzo (45)

• What are the symptoms of esophageal disorders?

  • Heartburn
  • Regurgitation
  • Dysphagia
  • Odynophagia
  • Chest pain
  gastroenterology symptoms
• What is Endoscopy (EGD) used for?

  • Work-up for esophageal dysphagia and odynophagia
  • GERD diagnosis
  • Diagnosis and follow up of Barrett’s esophagus
  gastroenterology diagnosis
• What does Esophageal Manometry assess?

  • pH probe placement
  • Peristaltic function prior to fundoplication
  • Diagnosis of motility disorders
  • Suspected GERD when PPI not effective
  gastroenterology diagnosis
• What is the purpose of pH recording?

  • Prior to anti-reflux surgery in nonerosive GERD
  • Evaluate treatment resistant non-erosive GERD
  • Evaluate extra esophageal symptoms of GERD
  gastroenterology diagnosis
• What does Video fluoroscopy diagnose?

  • Oropharyngeal dysphagia
  gastroenterology diagnosis
• What characterizes oropharyngeal dysphagia?

  • Difficulty swallowing immediately after initiation
  • Can include nasal regurgitation, choking, aspiration, coughing
  gastroenterology dysphagia
• What are common causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia?

  • Stroke
  • ALS
  • Myasthenia
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Parkinson’s
  gastroenterology causes
• What can high esophageal lesions like Zenker’s diverticulum cause?

  • Oropharyngeal dysphagia
  • Halitosis
  • Mass in the neck
  • Regurgitation of food
  gastroenterology conditions
• What is the treatment for symptomatic Zenker’s diverticulum?

  • Surgical intervention if symptomatic or > 1cm
  gastroenterology treatment
• What is esophageal dysphagia characterized by?

  Food 'sticking' a few seconds after initiating swallow
  gastroenterology dysphagia
• What are some causes of esophageal dysphagia?

  • Esophageal mucosal disorders
  • Mediastinal disorders
  • Esophageal smooth muscle disorders
  gastroenterology causes
• What is a common esophageal mucosal disorder causing dysphagia?

  • Peptic stricture
  • Esophageal rings
  • Tumors
  gastroenterology mucosal_disorders
• What indicates a motility disorder in dysphagia?

  Dysphagia to liquids and solids
  gastroenterology motility
• What does dysphagia to solids progressing to liquids suggest?

  A stricture, which can be benign or malignant
  gastroenterology stricture
• What is the main investigation for patients with esophageal dysphagia?

  EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
  gastroenterology investigation
• What is odynophagia?

  Painful swallowing
  gastroenterology odynophagia
• What are common causes of odynophagia?

  • Pill esophagitis
  • Infectious esophagitis
  • GERD/severe PUD
  gastroenterology causes
• What medications commonly cause pill esophagitis?

  • Potassium chloride
  • Bisphosphonates
  • Doxycycline
  gastroenterology pill_esophagitis
• What is the chief symptom of infectious esophagitis?

  Odynophagia (painful swallow)
  gastroenterology infectious_esophagitis
• What is the treatment for candida esophagitis?

  Systemic fluconazole therapy (200 mg on day 1, 100 mg/day for 14 days)
  gastroenterology treatment
• What is the treatment for HSV esophagitis?

  • Acyclovir
  • Foscarnet
  gastroenterology treatment hsv
• What is the treatment for CMV esophagitis?

  • Ganciclovir
  • Foscarnet
  • Cidofovir
  gastroenterology treatment cmv
• What defines Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?

  • Reflux of stomach contents causing troublesome symptoms
  • Mucosal injury or abnormal acid exposure
  gastroenterology gerd definition
• What are the classic symptoms of GERD?

  • Heartburn
  • Regurgitation
  • Chest pain
  gastroenterology gerd symptoms
• What are some extraesophageal symptoms of GERD?

  • Hoarseness
  • Chronic cough
  • Asthma
  • Dental erosions
  gastroenterology gerd symptoms
• What is the initial treatment for frequent heartburn without alarm symptoms?

  • PPI for 8 weeks
  • Taken once daily 30-60 minutes before meals
  gastroenterology gerd treatment
• What should be done if symptoms return after stopping PPI?

  • EGD after 2-4 weeks without PPI
  gastroenterology gerd diagnosis
• What is the next step if EGD shows normal results or grade A erosive esophagitis?

  • Reflux monitoring (pH monitoring)
  gastroenterology gerd diagnosis
• What is the first step for patients with dysphagia or alarm symptoms?

  • EGD is the first step
  gastroenterology gerd diagnosis
• What lifestyle change is recommended for overweight or obese GERD patients?

  • Weight loss
  gastroenterology gerd management
• What is recommended for the last meal before bedtime?

  2-3 hours before bedtime
  nutrition lifestyle
• What is the recommended position for the head of bed for nighttime GERD symptoms?

  Elevation of head of bed
  gerd lifestyle
• Which medication is better for erosive esophagitis?

  PPI is better than H2B
  medication gerd
• What should be attempted for GERD without erosive esophagitis when symptoms resolve with PPI?

  Attempt to stop PPI or use on-demand PPI
  gerd treatment
• What is the maintenance recommendation for GERD with erosive esophagitis LA grade C or D?

  Long-term PPI or antireflux surgery
  gerd treatment
• When should prokinetic agents be used for GERD?

  Only if there is gastroparesis
  medication gerd
• What should be done if patients do not respond to one PPI?

  Switch to another PPI (e.g., rabeprazole)
  medication gerd
• What is a controversial area regarding PPI treatment?

  Whether to stop abruptly or taper
  gerd treatment
• What can be used for nocturnal symptoms despite PPI?

  H2B can be used as needed
  gerd treatment
• What is the first line treatment for GERD in pregnancy?

  Lifestyle changes; if not relieved, antacids or sucralfate
  gerd pregnancy
• What is the first step for managing refractory GERD?

  Optimize PPI
  gerd management
• What should be done if symptoms are not relieved after optimizing PPI?

  Next step: EGD after 2-4 weeks PPI holiday
  gerd management
• What should be done for extraesophageal symptoms with typical GERD symptoms?

  BID PPI trial for 12 weeks
  gerd extraesophageal
• If extraesophageal symptoms improve with PPI, what should be done?

  Treat as GERD
  gerd extraesophageal
• What is the first step for extraesophageal symptoms without typical GERD symptoms?

  Reflux monitoring is the first step
  gerd extraesophageal