temper sb's expectation
| Make expectations more moderate/realistic; reduce intensity. 1) We tried to temper investors’ expectations after the quarterly numbers came in.بعد از اعلام ارقام فصلی، سعی کردیم انتظارهای سرمایهگذاران را تعدیل کنیم. Temper your expectations—this update fixes a few bugs, but it’s not a complete redesign. >انتظارت را تعدیل کن—این بهروزرسانی چند باگ را رفع میکند، اما بازطراحی کامل نیست. The coach tempered the team’s expectations by reminding them how strong the opposition is.<br><span مربی با یادآوریِ قدرتِ حریف، انتظارهای تیم را تعدیل کرد. |
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saturate public discourse
Fill/dominate public discussion so thoroughly it’s hard to avoid.
) The scandal saturated public discourse for weeks, pushing policy debates off the front pages.
این رسوایی هفتهها گفتمان عمومی را اشباع کرد و بحثهای سیاستی را از صفحهٔ اول کنار زد
AI tools have already saturated public discourse, but the rules around them are still unclear.
The campaign tried to saturate public discourse with simple slogans that could be repeated quickly
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prelude
An introduction/early event that comes before and prepares for something bigger.
1) The leaked report was a prelude to months of investigations.
2) The warm-up speeches were a prelude to the main keynote
3) In the album’s opening prelude, the melody hints at what’s coming.
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conspicuous absence
A very noticeable absence because someone/something was expected to be present. غیبتِ چشمگیر؛ بهطور چشمگیری غایب
) Her conspicuous absence from the meeting raised questions.
) The report’s conspicuous absence of layoff data undermines its credibility.<
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rhetorical groundwork
زمینهسازیِ گفتمانی/خطابی؛ مقدمهچینیِ تبلیغاتی
1) Officials spent weeks laying the rhetorical groundwork for a tough budget.
مقامات هفتهها وقت گذاشتند تا برای بودجهای سخت زمینهسازیِ گفتمانی کنند
Before announcing layoffs, management laid the rhetorical groundwork by emphasizing “efficiency” and “restructuring.”پیش از اعلام تعدیل نیرو، مدیریت با تأکید بر «بهرهوری» و «بازسازمانی» زمینهسازیِ گفتمانی کرد.
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candor
The quality of being open, honest, and sincere; frankness صراحت؛ رکگویی.
) I appreciate your candor—it’s better to hear the truth now.
2) Her candor about the project’s risks helped the team plan realistically
صراحتِ او دربارهٔ ریسکهای پروژه کمک کرد تیم واقعبینانه برنامهریزی کند
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justificatory drumbeat
A steady, repetitive stream of messages/arguments meant to justify an action (often controversial,
طبلِ توجیهگر؛ موجِ توجیهیِ پیدرپی
1) In the weeks before the vote, a justificatory drumbeat ran through every press briefing
در هفتههای قبل از رأیگیری، موجی توجیهیِ پیدرپی در تمام نشستهای خبری تکرار میشد
2) The justificatory drumbeat focused on security, while avoiding the economic costs.
طبلِ توجیهگر روی امنیت تمرکز داشت، اما از هزینههای اقتصادی حرفی نمیزد
3) When criticism grew, the party turned up the justificatory drumbeat on social media..
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monopolize media oxygen
Take up most of the media’s attention so other topics/voices get little coverage.
1) The celebrity’s divorce news monopolized media oxygen for days
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steal the limelight
Get more attention than anyone/anything else in a situation.
1) The rookie stole the limelight with a stunning last‑minute goal.
2) Her joke was meant to lighten the mood, not to steal the limelight
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political bandwidth
| The time/attention/capacity political leaders/institutions have to focus on an issue. |
1) After the earthquake, the government had little political bandwidth for tax reform.
2) The scandal consumed political bandwidth that could have been used to negotiate
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acclimate sb to
Help someone adapt to a new climate/environment/situation/routine.
1) New employees need time to acclimate to the company’s culture.
زمان نیاز دارند تا به فرهنگ شرکت خو بگیرند.
2) The trainer acclimated the athletes to the altitude before the tournament.
3)) She moved slowly, trying to acclimate her son to the new school.
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sloppy
یدقت
1) The report was sloppy—missing dates, sources, and even page numbers.
2) A sloppy handover caused mistakes in the next shift.
3) He showed up in a sloppy T‑shirt, which looked out of place at the event.
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half-measured
Halfhearted/insufficient; not forceful enough to solve a problem
نیمبند؛ نصفهنیمه؛ نیمهکاره
1) The company issued a half-measured apology that avoided responsibility.<
2) Half-measured reforms often disappoint both supporters and critics.
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psychology
psychology
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psychological
The scientific study of how the human mind works and how it influences behavior
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take a toll on sb
Cause gradual harm/damage/exhaustion, especially over time.
روی کسی/چیزی اثر منفی گذاشتن؛ کسی را فرسوده کردن؛ آسیب وارد کردن
1) Years of night shifts took a toll on his health.
سالها شیفت شب روی سلامتیاش اثر منفی گذاشت و او را فرسوده کرد
2) The long negotiation took a toll on morale
مذاکرهٔ طولانی روحیه را فرسوده
کرد
3) Caring for a sick relative can take a toll on caregiver.
پرستاری از یک خویشاوند بیمار میتواند مراقبان را فرسوده کند
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punctured
Pierced with a small hole; figuratively, suddenly reduced/deflated (e.g., punctured optimism).
1) A punctured tire forced us to pull over.
لاستیکِ سوراخشده مجبورمان کرد کنار بزنیم
2) Her confidence was punctured by the harsh feedback.
اعتمادبهنفسش با بازخوردِ تند ترک برداشت و فروکش کرد
3) The headline punctured the earlier optimism about the deal.
آن تیتر خوشبینیِ قبلی دربارهٔ توافق را از بین برد.
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fragmented
Broken into many small parts; scattered and not unified (often negatively).
1) The opposition is fragmented, so it struggles to agree on a strategy.
اپوزیسیون پراکنده است، برای همین برای توافق بر سرِ یک راهبرد مشکل دارد
2) Our data is fragmented across five systems.
دادههای ما بین پنج سیستم تکهتکه و پراکنده است
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rapt attention
Very focused interest; complete attention.
1) The audience listened with rapt attention as she described the rescue.
2) He watched the demonstration with rapt attention, taking notes the whole time
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word of the day: tail
1) The dog wagged its tail when it saw him
2) Some lizards can drop their tail to escape predators
3) The plane’s tail was damaged in the storm
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temper sb's expectation
| Make expectations more moderate/realistic; reduce intensity. 1) We tried to temper investors’ expectations after the quarterly numbers came in.بعد از اعلام ارقام فصلی، سعی کردیم انتظارهای سرمایهگذاران را تعدیل کنیم. Temper your expectations—this update fixes a few bugs, but it’s not a complete redesign. >انتظارت را تعدیل کن—این بهروزرسانی چند باگ را رفع میکند، اما بازطراحی کامل نیست. The coach tempered the team’s expectations by reminding them how strong the opposition is.<br><span مربی با یادآوریِ قدرتِ حریف، انتظارهای تیم را تعدیل کرد. |
saturate public discourse
Fill/dominate public discussion so thoroughly it’s hard to avoid.
) The scandal saturated public discourse for weeks, pushing policy debates off the front pages.
این رسوایی هفتهها گفتمان عمومی را اشباع کرد و بحثهای سیاستی را از صفحهٔ اول کنار زد
AI tools have already saturated public discourse, but the rules around them are still unclear.
The campaign tried to saturate public discourse with simple slogans that could be repeated quickly
prelude
An introduction/early event that comes before and prepares for something bigger.
1) The leaked report was a prelude to months of investigations.
2) The warm-up speeches were a prelude to the main keynote
3) In the album’s opening prelude, the melody hints at what’s coming.
conspicuous absence
A very noticeable absence because someone/something was expected to be present. غیبتِ چشمگیر؛ بهطور چشمگیری غایب
) Her conspicuous absence from the meeting raised questions.
) The report’s conspicuous absence of layoff data undermines its credibility.<
rhetorical groundwork
زمینهسازیِ گفتمانی/خطابی؛ مقدمهچینیِ تبلیغاتی
1) Officials spent weeks laying the rhetorical groundwork for a tough budget.
مقامات هفتهها وقت گذاشتند تا برای بودجهای سخت زمینهسازیِ گفتمانی کنند
Before announcing layoffs, management laid the rhetorical groundwork by emphasizing “efficiency” and “restructuring.”پیش از اعلام تعدیل نیرو، مدیریت با تأکید بر «بهرهوری» و «بازسازمانی» زمینهسازیِ گفتمانی کرد.
candor
The quality of being open, honest, and sincere; frankness صراحت؛ رکگویی.
) I appreciate your candor—it’s better to hear the truth now.
2) Her candor about the project’s risks helped the team plan realistically
صراحتِ او دربارهٔ ریسکهای پروژه کمک کرد تیم واقعبینانه برنامهریزی کند
justificatory drumbeat
A steady, repetitive stream of messages/arguments meant to justify an action (often controversial,
طبلِ توجیهگر؛ موجِ توجیهیِ پیدرپی
1) In the weeks before the vote, a justificatory drumbeat ran through every press briefing
در هفتههای قبل از رأیگیری، موجی توجیهیِ پیدرپی در تمام نشستهای خبری تکرار میشد
2) The justificatory drumbeat focused on security, while avoiding the economic costs.
طبلِ توجیهگر روی امنیت تمرکز داشت، اما از هزینههای اقتصادی حرفی نمیزد
3) When criticism grew, the party turned up the justificatory drumbeat on social media..
monopolize media oxygen
Take up most of the media’s attention so other topics/voices get little coverage.
1) The celebrity’s divorce news monopolized media oxygen for days
steal the limelight
Get more attention than anyone/anything else in a situation.
1) The rookie stole the limelight with a stunning last‑minute goal.
2) Her joke was meant to lighten the mood, not to steal the limelight
political bandwidth
| The time/attention/capacity political leaders/institutions have to focus on an issue. |
1) After the earthquake, the government had little political bandwidth for tax reform.
2) The scandal consumed political bandwidth that could have been used to negotiate
acclimate sb to
Help someone adapt to a new climate/environment/situation/routine.
1) New employees need time to acclimate to the company’s culture.
زمان نیاز دارند تا به فرهنگ شرکت خو بگیرند.
2) The trainer acclimated the athletes to the altitude before the tournament.
3)) She moved slowly, trying to acclimate her son to the new school.
sloppy
یدقت
1) The report was sloppy—missing dates, sources, and even page numbers.
2) A sloppy handover caused mistakes in the next shift.
3) He showed up in a sloppy T‑shirt, which looked out of place at the event.
half-measured
Halfhearted/insufficient; not forceful enough to solve a problem
نیمبند؛ نصفهنیمه؛ نیمهکاره
1) The company issued a half-measured apology that avoided responsibility.<
2) Half-measured reforms often disappoint both supporters and critics.
psychology
psychology
psychological
The scientific study of how the human mind works and how it influences behavior
take a toll on sb
Cause gradual harm/damage/exhaustion, especially over time.
روی کسی/چیزی اثر منفی گذاشتن؛ کسی را فرسوده کردن؛ آسیب وارد کردن
1) Years of night shifts took a toll on his health.
سالها شیفت شب روی سلامتیاش اثر منفی گذاشت و او را فرسوده کرد
2) The long negotiation took a toll on morale
مذاکرهٔ طولانی روحیه را فرسوده
کرد
3) Caring for a sick relative can take a toll on caregiver.
پرستاری از یک خویشاوند بیمار میتواند مراقبان را فرسوده کند
punctured
Pierced with a small hole; figuratively, suddenly reduced/deflated (e.g., punctured optimism).
1) A punctured tire forced us to pull over.
لاستیکِ سوراخشده مجبورمان کرد کنار بزنیم
2) Her confidence was punctured by the harsh feedback.
اعتمادبهنفسش با بازخوردِ تند ترک برداشت و فروکش کرد
3) The headline punctured the earlier optimism about the deal.
آن تیتر خوشبینیِ قبلی دربارهٔ توافق را از بین برد.
fragmented
Broken into many small parts; scattered and not unified (often negatively).
1) The opposition is fragmented, so it struggles to agree on a strategy.
اپوزیسیون پراکنده است، برای همین برای توافق بر سرِ یک راهبرد مشکل دارد
2) Our data is fragmented across five systems.
دادههای ما بین پنج سیستم تکهتکه و پراکنده است
rapt attention
Very focused interest; complete attention.
1) The audience listened with rapt attention as she described the rescue.
2) He watched the demonstration with rapt attention, taking notes the whole time
word of the day: tail
1) The dog wagged its tail when it saw him
2) Some lizards can drop their tail to escape predators
3) The plane’s tail was damaged in the storm
Concise definitions and usage notes for common English phrases and words found in media, politics and psychology contexts. Focused examples, register notes, and collocations to help remember and use each item correctly.
Example: The report will temper investors’ expectations about growth.
saturate public discourse
Example: The scandal saturated public discourse for weeks.
prelude
Example: The early protests were a prelude to larger demonstrations.
conspicuous absence
Example: His conspicuous absence from the meeting raised questions.
rhetorical groundwork
Example: The speech laid the rhetorical groundwork for the policy.
justificatory drumbeat
Example: There was a justificatory drumbeat in the press defending the decision.
monopolize media oxygen
Example: The celebrity’s scandal monopolized media oxygen all month.
steal the limelight
Example: The young actor stole the limelight at the premiere.
political bandwidth
Example: The crisis consumed the administration’s political bandwidth.
acclimate someone to...
Example: I appreciated her candor about the risks.
psychology / psychological
Examples: She studied psychology in college. / The decision had psychological effects.
rapt attention
Example: The audience listened with rapt attention.
take a toll on someone
Example: His sloppy notes made studying harder.
half-measured
Example: The proposal was half-measured and faced criticism.
punctured
Example: The report punctured the campaign's claims.
fragmented
steal the limelight (no preposition)
Tone and register:
Words like "candor," "sloppy," and "rapt attention" are neutral and appear in both spoken and written English.
Metaphors:
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