このデッキのフラッシュカード（44）

• What is a mechanism of disease that involves direct cellular damage?

  • Killing or interrupting cell function
  • Example: exotoxins
  disease mechanisms
• What is the first step for microorganisms causing an infection?

  Specific adhesion - Adhere and attach to host tissues
  infection microbiology
• What does specific adhesion allow microorganisms to do?

  Attach to the tissues and surfaces they want to infect
  adhesion microbiology
• What do exotoxins do?

  Cause direct damage by killing or disrupting cell function
  toxins disease
• What image illustrates a type of bacteria with hair-like appendages?

  
  bacteria microbiology
• What is the hierarchy of biological organization starting from cells?

  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  biology organization
• What triggers an immune response?

  The immune system trying to protect you.
  immunology immune_response
• What are common symptoms of an immune response?

  • Pan/tenderness
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Headache
  • Rash
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  symptoms immune_response
• What primarily causes signs and symptoms of infection?

  A combination of direct cellular damage and the immune response.
  infection symptoms
• What are adhesion factors in bacterial infection?

  • Fimbriae
  • Pili
  • Flagella
  • Capsules
  • Specific adhesion proteins
  bacteriology adhesion_factors
• What are spreading factors in bacterial infections?

  • Kinases
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Collagenase
  • Neuraminidase
  bacteriology spreading_factors
• What are some tissue digestive enzymes involved in infections?

  • Nucleases
  • Proteases
  • Lipases
  • Carbohydrate-active enzymes
  bacteriology tissue_digestive_enzymes
• What are adhesions in the context of pathogens?

  Molecules or virulence factors that provide adhesion.
  bacteriology adhesions
• What is an example of an adhesion protein?

  The Opa protein found on Neisseria gonorrhoeae binds to CD66 on human epithelial cells.
  bacteriology adhesion_proteins
• Where does Neisseria gonorrhoeae commonly infect?

  Epithelial cells in the urogenital tract or upper respiratory tract.
  bacteriology infection_sites
• What is extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) made of?

  • Polysaccharides
  • Proteins (sometimes)
  biology microbiology
• What causes tartar in the mouth?

  Streptococci bacteria
  dentistry bacteria
• What type of fermentation occurs in tartar biofilms?

  Homo-lactic fermentation
  microbiology fermentation
• What does lactic acid do to dental enamel?

  Degrades enamel and forms dental cavities
  dentistry dental_care
• What are spreading factors in bacteria?

  • Proteins
  • Often enzymes that invade deeper tissue
  microbiology bacteria
• What is the function of kinases in bacteria?

  Break down blood clots
  biology microbiology
• What is an example of a staphylokinase?

  Found in S. aureus
  bacteria pathogens
• What can streptokinase break down?

  Blood clots from Streptococcus pyogenes
  bacteria pathogens
• What do hyaluronidase and collagenase do?

  Degrade connective tissues
  biology microbiology
• What is gangrene?

  Infection of dead tissue on a living person.
  pathology infections
• What does necrosis refer to?

  Tissue death.
  pathology cell_biology
• What is neuraminidase?

  An enzyme that breaks down polysaccharide fibers in the extracellular matrix.
  biochemistry enzymes
• Where is neuraminidase found?

  Viruses and bacteria.
  microbiology viruses
• How does the influenza virus affect the body?

  It breaks down the extracellular matrix of the lower respiratory tract.
  virology respiratory
• What severe condition can Vibrio cholerae and Shigella dysenteriae cause?

  Severe diarrhea due to neuraminidase action on intestinal epithelium.
  microbiology gastroenteric
• What do bacteria secrete to degrade macromolecules?

  Tissue-digestive enzymes.
  bacteriology metabolism
• What do nucleases target?

  Nucleic acids.
  biochemistry enzymes
• What are proteases?

  Enzymes that break down proteins.
  biology enzymes
• What do lipases do?

  They break down lipids.
  biology enzymes
• What do carb-active enzymes break down?

  They break down carbohydrates.
  biology enzymes
• What are macromolecule hydrolases?

  Enzymes that aid in the digestion of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
  biology enzymes
• What does the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS) provide?

  It provides structural support and biochemical cues for cells.
  biology cellular_structure
• What is depicted in the diagram about tissue digestive enzymes?

  Illustrates the role of enzymes like nucleases, proteases, lipases, and carb-active enzymes.
  biology enzymes
• What do bacteria cause through direct damage?

  They damage cells via exotoxins.
  microbiology disease
• How do bacteria induce immune responses?

  By triggering inflammation, fever, and malaise.
  microbiology immunology
• What are adhesion factors in bacteria?

  • Fimbriae
  • Pili
  • Flagella
  • Adhesion proteins
  • Capsules
  microbiology infection
• What are spreading factors?

  Enzymes like kinases, hyaluronidase, collagenase, and neuraminidase.
  microbiology infection
• What are digestive exoenzymes secreted by bacteria?

  • Nucleases
  • Proteases
  • Lipases
  • Carbohydrate-active enzymes
  microbiology nutrition
• How do bacteria obtain nutrients from the host?

  By degrading the host's macromolecules using digestive exoenzymes.
  microbiology nutrition