What are the types of endogenous pigments?
What is melanin derived from?
Tyrosine
Where is oculocutaneous melanin found?
What are examples of hyperpigmentation disorders?
What characterizes vitiligo?
Loss of differentiated melanocytes leading to depigmentation foci.
What are lipopigments?
What happens during intravascular disintegration?
Hemoglobin converts to hemosiderin then to bilirubin.
What are the types of exogenous pigments?
What is hemosiderosis?
It is a consequence of repeated hemolysis, leading to hemosiderin accumulation in liver, spleen, and kidneys.
What is hemochromatosis?
Involves excessive iron absorption and accumulation in organs like pancreas and liver.
What organs are affected in congenital hemochromatosis?
What is jaundice?
The yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to increased serum bilirubin levels.
What causes hemolytic icterus?
Increased erythrocyte breakdown leading to elevated unconjugated bilirubin.
What is mechanical icterus caused by?
Obstruction of bile ducts, leading to accumulation of conjugated bilirubin.
What is skin pigmentation due to?
Tattooing, siderosis, metals ingestion, or bacterial pigments.
What is silicosis?
Occupational disease caused by inhaling silicon dioxide, leading to lung fibrosis.
What does asbestosis affect?
Primarily affects the lower lobes of lungs, causing respiratory complications.
What is aluminosis?
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis caused by inhalation of aluminum dust.
What are the types of endogenous pigments?
What are lipopigments?
What happens during intravascular disintegration?
Hemoglobin converts to hemosiderin then to bilirubin.
What are the types of exogenous pigments?
What is hemosiderosis?
It is a consequence of repeated hemolysis, leading to hemosiderin accumulation in liver, spleen, and kidneys.
What is hemochromatosis?
Involves excessive iron absorption and accumulation in organs like pancreas and liver.
What is jaundice?
The yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to increased serum bilirubin levels.
What causes hemolytic icterus?
Increased erythrocyte breakdown leading to elevated unconjugated bilirubin.
What is mechanical icterus caused by?
Obstruction of bile ducts, leading to accumulation of conjugated bilirubin.
What is silicosis?
Occupational disease caused by inhaling silicon dioxide, leading to lung fibrosis.
What does asbestosis affect?
Primarily affects the lower lobes of lungs, causing respiratory complications.
Pigments are categorized into two main types based on origin:
Melanin, derived from tyrosine, provides color variation: - Types of Melanin: - Oculocutaneous Melanin: Found in skin, hair, and eyes. - Neuromelanin: Located in brain regions like the substantia nigra.
Lipopigments include: - Ceroid: Found in lysosomes at fat breakdown sites. - Lipofuscin: Associated with aging, present in various tissues. - Lipochrome: Derived from carotenes, causes yellow adipose discoloration.
These result from hemoglobin metabolism: - Hemosiderin: Intracellular iron accumulation. - Hematoidin: Extracellular, identical to bilirubin.
Exogenous pigments enter from the external environment: - Skin and Mucosal Pigmentation: Through tattoos or metal ingestion (e.g., argyrosis). - Respiratory Tract Pigmentation: Conditions like anthracosis and silicosis caused by inhaled particles.
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