What is the definition of reproduction?
The process of creating a new individual or offspring from their parent(s), resulting in continuity of life from generation to generation.
What are the two main ways organisms reproduce?
Define genetic variation.
Differences in DNA sequences among individuals of a population, leading to unique traits and characteristics.
Define genetic diversity.
The variety of genes within a population, providing a range of traits that enhance a species' ability to adapt to environmental changes.
What is asexual reproduction?
Production of offspring from a single parent using mitosis, producing genetically identical clones unless mutations occur.
Give two advantages of asexual reproduction.
Give one disadvantage of asexual reproduction mentioned in the text.
Lack of genetic variation can cause problems when mutations occur or environments change.
What is binary fission and where does it occur?
A single parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells; occurs in bacteria and is faster in prokaryotes due to less DNA and no organelles.
What is budding in asexual reproduction?
A small bud grows off a parent organism using its nutrients and later detaches to become a whole new organism; occurs in fungi and other organisms.
What are fragmentation and regeneration examples?
What are mitospores and where are they produced?
Spores produced asexually by mitosis (1n) in fungi that can develop into an adult without fusion with another cell.
What is vegetative reproduction in plants?
Growth of specialised plant tissue that can grow into a new plant if separated from the parent, allowing rapid increase in plant numbers.
What is parthenogenesis?
A form of asexual reproduction where unfertilised eggs develop into offspring, occurring mostly in animals and invertebrates (e.g., male honeybee drones).
What is sexual reproduction?
Union of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to produce a genetically unique zygote that grows into a new individual.
What is alternation of generations?
Alternation between haploid stages (gametes in animals; gametophytes in plants, 1n) and diploid stages (somatic cells in animals; sporophyte in plants, 2n).
Summarise the sequence from fertilisation to prenatal stages mentioned.
Fertilisation → Zygote → Embryo → Fetus
What is pollination in flowering plants (angiosperms)?
Transfer of pollen from the anther (male) to the stigma (female) of a flower.
How does pollination occur in conifers?
Pollen is transferred from male to female cones.
What is cross-pollination?
Transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another plant's flower, causing variation among flowers.
What is self-pollination?
Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant (same flower or different flower on same plant).
What is the function of the thick pollen grain wall?
Prevents dehydration of pollen contents during delivery to the stigma, helping reproduction in dry external environments.
Define fertilisation.
The fusion of two haploid gametes (egg and sperm) to form a single diploid zygote cell.
What happens during the acrosome reaction in fertilisation?
What is the purpose of the cortical reaction after a sperm fuses with an egg?
List the main sequential steps of fertilisation described in the text.
Which male structure produces sperm and performs spermatogenesis?
What is the role of interstitial cells in the male reproductive system?
Name three male glands that produce secretions to activate and energise sperm.
What is the function of the epididymis?
Where does implantation occur and what forms to support fetal development?
Describe the role of the ovaries and when ovulation begins.
Where does fertilisation usually occur in the female reproductive tract?
What are fimbriae and their function at the end of the fallopian tube?
Give key facts about the cervix described in the text.
What are the functions of the vagina listed in the text?
What evolutionary/fun fact about mammalian uteruses is mentioned?
What is the definition of reproduction?
The process of creating a new individual or offspring from their parent(s), resulting in continuity of life from generation to generation.
Define genetic variation.
Differences in DNA sequences among individuals of a population, leading to unique traits and characteristics.
Define genetic diversity.
The variety of genes within a population, providing a range of traits that enhance a species' ability to adapt to environmental changes.
What is asexual reproduction?
Production of offspring from a single parent using mitosis, producing genetically identical clones unless mutations occur.
Give two advantages of asexual reproduction.
Give one disadvantage of asexual reproduction mentioned in the text.
Lack of genetic variation can cause problems when mutations occur or environments change.
What is binary fission and where does it occur?
A single parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells; occurs in bacteria and is faster in prokaryotes due to less DNA and no organelles.
What is budding in asexual reproduction?
A small bud grows off a parent organism using its nutrients and later detaches to become a whole new organism; occurs in fungi and other organisms.
What are fragmentation and regeneration examples?
What are mitospores and where are they produced?
Spores produced asexually by mitosis (1n) in fungi that can develop into an adult without fusion with another cell.
What is vegetative reproduction in plants?
Growth of specialised plant tissue that can grow into a new plant if separated from the parent, allowing rapid increase in plant numbers.
What is parthenogenesis?
A form of asexual reproduction where unfertilised eggs develop into offspring, occurring mostly in animals and invertebrates (e.g., male honeybee drones).
What is sexual reproduction?
Union of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to produce a genetically unique zygote that grows into a new individual.
What is alternation of generations?
Alternation between haploid stages (gametes in animals; gametophytes in plants, 1n) and diploid stages (somatic cells in animals; sporophyte in plants, 2n).
Summarise the sequence from fertilisation to prenatal stages mentioned.
Fertilisation → Zygote → Embryo → Fetus
What is pollination in flowering plants (angiosperms)?
Transfer of pollen from the anther (male) to the stigma (female) of a flower.
What is cross-pollination?
Transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another plant's flower, causing variation among flowers.
What is self-pollination?
Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant (same flower or different flower on same plant).
What is the function of the thick pollen grain wall?
Prevents dehydration of pollen contents during delivery to the stigma, helping reproduction in dry external environments.
Define fertilisation.
The fusion of two haploid gametes (egg and sperm) to form a single diploid zygote cell.
What happens during the acrosome reaction in fertilisation?
What is the purpose of the cortical reaction after a sperm fuses with an egg?
List the main sequential steps of fertilisation described in the text.
Name three male glands that produce secretions to activate and energise sperm.
Where does implantation occur and what forms to support fetal development?
Describe the role of the ovaries and when ovulation begins.
Where does fertilisation usually occur in the female reproductive tract?
What are fimbriae and their function at the end of the fallopian tube?
Give key facts about the cervix described in the text.
What are the functions of the vagina listed in the text?
What evolutionary/fun fact about mammalian uteruses is mentioned?
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