Intrinsic muscles of the posterior spine are innervated by the _______ of spinal nerves.

Intrinsic muscles of the posterior spine are innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

The capitis muscle inserts onto the _______ and the _______.

The capitis muscle inserts onto the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the superior nuchal line.

The surfaces of the cervicis muscles insert into the _______ of _______ and sometimes _______.

The surfaces of the cervicis muscles insert into the transverse processes of C1 to C3 and sometimes C4.

Unilateral contraction of these muscles results in _______ of the neck and rotation of the head to the _______ side.

Unilateral contraction of these muscles results in lateral flexion of the neck and rotation of the head to the ipsilateral side.

Bilateral contraction of these muscles acts to _______ both the head and the neck.

Bilateral contraction of these muscles acts to extend both the head and the neck.

The splenius capitis and cervicis muscles are innervated by the _______ of spinal nerves.

The splenius capitis and cervicis muscles are innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

The erector spinae are composed of three muscles: - _______ - _______ - _______

The erector spinae are composed of three muscles: - iliocostalis - longissimus - spinalis

The muscles of the erector spinae group have a common origin from the broad tendon attached to the posterior part of the _______ and _______.

The muscles of the erector spinae group have a common origin from the broad tendon attached to the posterior part of the iliac crest and sacrum.

Within the erector spinae group, the _______ is the most medial muscle, the _______ is intermediate, and the _______ is the most lateral.

Within the erector spinae group, the spinalis is the most medial muscle, the longissimus is intermediate, and the iliocostalis is the most lateral.

The iliocostalis has three portions: the _______, _______, and _______ portions.

The iliocostalis has three portions: the cervicis, thoracic, and lumborum portions.

The portions of the iliocostalis insert at the angles of the _______ and the _______.

The portions of the iliocostalis insert at the angles of the lower ribs and the cervical transverse processes.

The longissimus has _______, _______, and _______ portions.

The longissimus has thoracic, cervicis, and capitis portions.

The portions of the spinalis muscle include: - _______ - _______ - _______

The portions of the spinalis muscle include: - thoracis - cervicis - capitis

The chief extensors of the vertebral column are the _______.

The chief extensors of the vertebral column are the erector spinae.

When the erector spinae muscles act unilaterally, they cause _______ to the _______ side.

When the erector spinae muscles act unilaterally, they cause side bending to the ipsilateral side.

The erector spinae muscles are innervated by the _______ of spinal nerves.

The erector spinae muscles are innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

The deep layer of intrinsic posterior spine muscles can be split into the _______ and _______ deep layers.

The deep layer of intrinsic posterior spine muscles can be split into the major and minor deep layers.

The major deep muscles of the back, located deep to the erector spinae, are known as the _______ group.

The major deep muscles of the back, located deep to the erector spinae, are known as the transversal spinalis group.

The transversal spinalis group is so named because the fibers originate from _______ and attach to the _______ above them.

The transversal spinalis group is so named because the fibers originate from transverse processes and attach to the spinous processes above them.

The three muscles that make up the transversal spinalis group are the:

• _______
• _______
• _______

The three muscles that make up the transversal spinalis group are the:

• semispinalis
• multifidus
• rotatores

The semispinalis muscle group originates at the transverse processes of the _______ vertebrae.

The semispinalis muscle group originates at the transverse processes of the C5 to T12 vertebrae.

The three regional subdivisions of the semispinalis muscle are:

• _______
• _______
• _______

The three regional subdivisions of the semispinalis muscle are:

• semispinalis thoracis
• semispinalis capitis
• semispinalis cervicis

The fibers of the semispinalis group generally span about _______ vertebral segments.

The fibers of the semispinalis group generally span about four to six vertebral segments.

The semispinalis capitis fibers attach superiorly to the _______.

The semispinalis capitis fibers attach superiorly to the occipital bone.

The action of the semispinalis group is to _______ the head, thoracic, and cervical regions and to _______ in a contralateral direction.

The action of the semispinalis group is to extend the head, thoracic, and cervical regions and to rotate in a contralateral direction.

The multifidus muscle functions to _______ the vertebra during local movements of the spinal column.

The multifidus muscle functions to stabilize the vertebra during local movements of the spinal column.

Rotatores muscles originate from the _______ of the vertebra.

Rotatores muscles originate from the transverse processes of the vertebra.

In the rotatores muscles, fibers that attach one level above are called _______ fibers, while those attaching two levels above are called _______ fibers.

In the rotatores muscles, fibers that attach one level above are called brevis fibers, while those attaching two levels above are called longus fibers.

The rotatores muscles assist in local _______ and _______ movements.

The rotatores muscles assist in local extension and rotation movements.

The transverospinalis muscle group is innervated by the _______ of spinal nerves.

The transverospinalis muscle group is innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

The minor deep layer of muscles consists of: - _______ - _______ - _______

The minor deep layer of muscles consists of: - interspinales - intertransversarii - levator costarum

The _______ muscles are located between the spinous processes, and their primary function is to _______ the spinal column.

The interspinales muscles are located between the spinous processes, and their primary function is to extend the spinal column.

The _______ muscles are innervated by the _______ of spinal nerves.

The interspinales muscles are innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

The _______ muscles travel between the _______.

The intertransversarii muscles travel between the transverse processes.

The primary function of the _______ muscles is to perform _______ of the spinal column.

The primary function of the intertransversarii muscles is to perform lateral flexion of the spinal column.

When acting bilaterally, the _______ muscles help to _______ the spinal column.

When acting bilaterally, the intertransversarii muscles help to stabilize the spinal column.

The _______ muscles are innervated by both the _______ and _______ ramus of spinal nerves.

The intertransversarii muscles are innervated by both the dorsal and ventral ramus of spinal nerves.

The _______ muscles originate from the tips of the transverse processes of _______ through _______, and they insert onto the _______.

The levator costarum muscles originate from the tips of the transverse processes of C7 through T11, and they insert onto the ribs.

The posterior spinal muscles are innervated by the _______ of spinal nerves _______.

The posterior spinal muscles are innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves C 8 to T 11.

Deep or intrinsic muscles of the back are enclosed by a _______.

Deep or intrinsic muscles of the back are enclosed by a deep fascia.

The thoracolumbar fascia serves to surround the deep _______ of the back and the trunk.

The thoracolumbar fascia serves to surround the deep muscles of the back and the trunk.

Besides separating muscles into compartments, the thoracolumbar fascia serves as a site for _______.

Besides separating muscles into compartments, the thoracolumbar fascia serves as a site for muscle attachment.