What is social class?
A category of people who share a similar socioeconomic position in society.
Define social cohesion.
A sense of connectedness among different social groups and social classes.
What is social stratification?
A system of ranking people into a hierarchy based on unequal distribution of resources, power, and prestige.
What influences socioeconomic status?
Characteristics of the upper class?
Great wealth and larger influence on political and economic systems.
Features of the middle class?
Describe the lower class.
Lower incomes and greatly reduced sociopolitical power.
What is the socioeconomic gradient?
Proportional improvement in healthcare as one moves up the socioeconomic status.
Define prestige in society.
The amount of positive regard society has for a given person or idea.
What is power?
The ability to affect others.
How does power affect societal inequalities?
Power creates worldwide social inequalities.
What is class consciousness?
Awareness of one's own social standing needing collective political action.
Define false consciousness.
Misinterpretation of one's actual position within society.
What is anomie?
Lack of widely accepted social norms and breakdown of bonds.
Explain strain theory.
Focuses on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance.
What is social solidarity?
Sense of community and social cohesion.
Define social capital.
Investment people make in society for economic or collective rewards.
How does social integration occur?
Movement of new populations into a culture while maintaining ethnic identities.
What are the two types of social inequality created by social networks?
Define privilege in the context of social inequality.
Inequality in opportunity that advantages certain groups over others.
What is meant by cultural capital?
Benefits from knowledge, abilities, and skills one possesses.
What are strong ties in social networks?
Peer groups and kinship contacts; small but powerful connections.
Define weak ties in social networks.
Superficial social connections that are numerous and provide broader access.
What does intersectionality refer to in social inequality?
Disadvantage faced by individuals in underserved groups.
What is social mobility?
Movement between social positions reflecting changes in status, wealth, or power.
What is intragenerational mobility?
Changes in social status occurring within a person's lifetime.
Define intergenerational mobility.
Changes in social status from parents to children.
What is a meritocracy?
Social structure where intellectual talent and achievement enable advancement.
What characterizes vertical mobility?
Movement between different social classes.
What is upward mobility?
Positive change in a person's social status.
Define downward mobility.
Negative change in a person's social status.
What is horizontal mobility?
Change in occupation or lifestyle within the same social class.
What is social reproduction?
Reproduction of social inequality, like poverty, across generations.
Define structural poverty.
Concept that societal structures and 'holes' in society cause poverty.
What is absolute poverty?
A state where individuals lack sufficient money or resources to maintain a quality of life including shelter, food, clothing, and water.
Define relative poverty.
A condition where individuals have less income and wealth compared to the larger population they live in.
What does social exclusion mean?
The feeling of segregation and isolation from society experienced by poor or disadvantaged individuals.
What is spatial inequality?
An analysis of social inequality focused on different territories and their populations.
What is suburbanization?
The migration pattern of middle-class groups to suburban communities.
Define urban decay.
The deterioration of a previously functional part of the city over time.
What is involved in urban renewal?
The reclamation and renovation of city land for public or private use.
What is gentrification?
The process where upper and middle-class populations purchase and renovate deteriorated neighborhoods.
Describe the World System Theory.
It categorizes countries based on the inequalities in the division of labor at a global level.
What are core nations?
Countries focusing on higher skills and higher paying production within the world system.
Define peripheral nations.
Countries that focus on lower-skilled productions in the global economic system.
What are semi-peripheral nations?
Nations that are between core and peripheral, working to become core but retaining traits of peripheral nations.
What is social epidemiology?
A branch of epidemiology that studies health correlations with social advantages and disadvantages.
Define incidence in epidemiology.
The number of new cases of an illness per population at risk within a specified time.
What is prevalence in epidemiology?
The total number of illness cases (new or chronic) per population in a specified time.
What does incidence refer to in health studies?
It is relative to the population at risk, not the total population.
Define morbidity.
It is the burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease.
What is meant by mortality?
It refers to deaths caused by a given disease.
What is a welfare state?
It is a system of government that protects health and well-being.
What is second sickness?
It is the worsening of health outcomes due to social injustice.
Who suffers worse health outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality?
Low income groups, especially racially and ethnically underrepresented individuals.
Which gender generally has better health profiles?
Women have better health profiles than men.
What are the mortality rates for men compared to women?
Higher for heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.
In which types of incidents are men more likely to die?
What conditions do more women than men suffer from?
Why are men considered to be at bigger risk for injuries?
They are more likely to take risks.
What does Medicare cover?
Patients over 65, those with end stage renal disease, and those with ALS.
Who does Medicaid cover?
Patients in significant financial need.
What is social stratification?
A system of ranking people into a hierarchy based on unequal distribution of resources, power, and prestige.
Characteristics of the upper class?
Great wealth and larger influence on political and economic systems.
Features of the middle class?
What is the socioeconomic gradient?
Proportional improvement in healthcare as one moves up the socioeconomic status.
What is class consciousness?
Awareness of one's own social standing needing collective political action.
How does social integration occur?
Movement of new populations into a culture while maintaining ethnic identities.
What are the two types of social inequality created by social networks?
Define privilege in the context of social inequality.
Inequality in opportunity that advantages certain groups over others.
What are strong ties in social networks?
Peer groups and kinship contacts; small but powerful connections.
Define weak ties in social networks.
Superficial social connections that are numerous and provide broader access.
What does intersectionality refer to in social inequality?
Disadvantage faced by individuals in underserved groups.
What is social mobility?
Movement between social positions reflecting changes in status, wealth, or power.
What is a meritocracy?
Social structure where intellectual talent and achievement enable advancement.
What is absolute poverty?
A state where individuals lack sufficient money or resources to maintain a quality of life including shelter, food, clothing, and water.
Define relative poverty.
A condition where individuals have less income and wealth compared to the larger population they live in.
What does social exclusion mean?
The feeling of segregation and isolation from society experienced by poor or disadvantaged individuals.
What is spatial inequality?
An analysis of social inequality focused on different territories and their populations.
What is involved in urban renewal?
The reclamation and renovation of city land for public or private use.
What is gentrification?
The process where upper and middle-class populations purchase and renovate deteriorated neighborhoods.
Describe the World System Theory.
It categorizes countries based on the inequalities in the division of labor at a global level.
What are core nations?
Countries focusing on higher skills and higher paying production within the world system.
Define peripheral nations.
Countries that focus on lower-skilled productions in the global economic system.
What are semi-peripheral nations?
Nations that are between core and peripheral, working to become core but retaining traits of peripheral nations.
What is social epidemiology?
A branch of epidemiology that studies health correlations with social advantages and disadvantages.
Define incidence in epidemiology.
The number of new cases of an illness per population at risk within a specified time.
What is prevalence in epidemiology?
The total number of illness cases (new or chronic) per population in a specified time.
What does incidence refer to in health studies?
It is relative to the population at risk, not the total population.
Who suffers worse health outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality?
Low income groups, especially racially and ethnically underrepresented individuals.
What are the mortality rates for men compared to women?
Higher for heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.
What conditions do more women than men suffer from?
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