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Biochemistry Flashcards

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1 / 64 Q&A

What metabolic defect causes Refsumm disease?

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2 / 64 Q&A

Which fatty acids yield the most ATP?

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3 / 64 Q&A

Zellweger syndrome is due to what defect?

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4 / 64 Q&A

What toxin in unripe ackee fruit inhibits ẞ-oxidation?

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5 / 64 Q&A

What enzyme is defective in Andersen disease (Type IV)?

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6 / 64 Q&A

Pompe disease (Type II) results from deficiency of what enzyme?

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7 / 64 Q&A

McArdle disease (Type V) presents with what biochemical finding?

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8 / 64 Q&A

How is glycogenolysis triggered before hormones act?

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9 / 64 Q&A

What is the role of LCAT?

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10 / 64 Q&A

How do statins lower LDL?

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11 / 64 Q&A

How do fibrates reduce triglycerides?

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12 / 64 Q&A

What happens in Apo C-II deficiency?

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13 / 64 Q&A

Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy dissolves gallstones how?

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14 / 64 Q&A

What happens to glycerol released by lipoprotein lipase?

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15 / 64 Q&A

Why do COX-2 inhibitors increase clot risk?

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16 / 64 Q&A

Why does aspirin cause bronchospasm in asthmatics?

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17 / 64 Q&A

Indomethacin toxicity results from what mechanism?

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18 / 64 Q&A

What is aspirin's mechanism of action?

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19 / 64 Q&A

How does cortisol inhibit inflammation?

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20 / 64 Q&A

Which mediator causes bronchoconstriction in asthma?

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21 / 64 Q&A

What pH favors bile salt activity?

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22 / 64 Q&A

Deficiency of cholesteryl ester hydrolase leads to what?

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23 / 64 Q&A

What is the mechanism of orlistat?

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24 / 64 Q&A

21-hydroxylase deficiency causes what hormonal changes?

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25 / 64 Q&A

11ẞ-hydroxylase deficiency leads to what?

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26 / 64 Q&A

What enzyme converts cholesterol → pregnenolone?

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27 / 64 Q&A

What is the brain's main fuel after prolonged starvation?

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28 / 64 Q&A

Which vitamin is a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase?

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29 / 64 Q&A

Vitamin B12 deficiency causes accumulation of what?

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30 / 64 Q&A

G6PD deficiency causes hemolysis due to lack of what?

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31 / 64 Q&A

What triggers hemolysis in favism?

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32 / 64 Q&A

What is NADPH used for?

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33 / 64 Q&A

How does acetaminophen cause liver toxicity?

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34 / 64 Q&A

What enzyme is deficient in Hurler syndrome?

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35 / 64 Q&A

What enzyme is deficient in Hunter syndrome?

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36 / 64 Q&A

What defect causes I-cell disease?

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37 / 64 Q&A

How does CPS I deficiency present?

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38 / 64 Q&A

What do elevated AST and ALT indicate?

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39 / 64 Q&A

What happens to VLDL synthesis in the fed state?

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40 / 64 Q&A

What triggers glycogen synthesis in muscle?

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41 / 64 Q&A

What is the brain's primary energy source after prolonged fasting?

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42 / 64 Q&A

What causes the fruity odor in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

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43 / 64 Q&A

What provides NADPH for fatty acid synthesis?

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44 / 64 Q&A

How does AMPK regulate fatty acid synthesis?

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45 / 64 Q&A

How does epinephrine activate lipolysis?

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46 / 64 Q&A

What accumulates due to defective peroxisomal a-oxidation?

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47 / 64 Q&A

What does defective peroxisome biogenesis lead to?

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48 / 64 Q&A

What inhibits carnitine-palmitoyl transferase I?

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49 / 64 Q&A

What is affected by a deficiency in lysosomal a-1,4-glucosidase?

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50 / 64 Q&A

What is the result of muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency?

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51 / 64 Q&A

What activates phosphorylase kinase?

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52 / 64 Q&A

What is catalyzed by the enzyme responsible for cholesterol esterification?

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53 / 64 Q&A

What does inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase cause?

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54 / 64 Q&A

What condition is caused by decreased lipoprotein lipase activity?

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55 / 64 Q&A

What happens to arachidonic acid metabolism when shunted to the leukotriene pathway?

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56 / 64 Q&A

What prevents Arachidonic acid formation?

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57 / 64 Q&A

What is a consequence of alkaline pH in the digestive system?

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58 / 64 Q&A

What does the inhibition of pancreatic lipase lead to?

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59 / 64 Q&A

How does desmolase affect steroid synthesis?

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60 / 64 Q&A

What is the role of Vitamin B6 in metabolism?

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61 / 64 Q&A

What condition arises from G6PD deficiency?

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62 / 64 Q&A

What is a key characteristic of IDE deficiency?

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63 / 64 Q&A

What activates glycogenin and glycogen synthase?

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64 / 64 Q&A

What does AMPK phosphorylate?

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Flashcards in this deck (64)

검색 중...

What metabolic defect causes Refsumm disease?

Defect in phytanic acid degrading.

biochemistry metabolism
Which fatty acids yield the most ATP?

Long-chain fatty acids yield more ATP than shorter ones.

biochemistry energy
Zellweger syndrome is due to what defect?

Peroxisome biogenesis defect.

genetics metabolism
What toxin in unripe ackee fruit inhibits ẞ-oxidation?

Hypoglycin A inhibits ẞ-oxidation.

toxicology metabolism
What enzyme is defective in Andersen disease (Type IV)?

Glycogen branching enzyme.

genetics metabolism
Pompe disease (Type II) results from deficiency of what enzyme?

Acid alpha-glucosidase.

genetics disease
McArdle disease (Type V) presents with what biochemical finding?

Myophosphorylase deficiency causes exercise intolerance.

biochemistry metabolism
How is glycogenolysis triggered before hormones act?

By intracellular calcium increase.

metabolism biochemistry
What is the role of LCAT?

Converts cholesterol to cholesteryl esters.

lipids biochemistry
How do statins lower LDL?

Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase.

pharmacology cholesterol
How do fibrates reduce triglycerides?

Activate lipoprotein lipase.

pharmacology lipids
What happens in Apo C-II deficiency?

Reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.

genetics lipids
Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy dissolves gallstones how?

By reducing cholesterol content in bile.

medicine treatment
What happens to glycerol released by lipoprotein lipase?

Transported to the liver for gluconeogenesis.

metabolism biochemistry
Why do COX-2 inhibitors increase clot risk?

Reduced synthesis of prostaglandins that inhibit platelet aggregation.

pharmacology cardiology
Why does aspirin cause bronchospasm in asthmatics?

Inhibits COX, diverting to leukotriene production.

pharmacology asthma
Indomethacin toxicity results from what mechanism?

Inhibition of COX leads to gastrointestinal bleeding.

pharmacology toxicity
What is aspirin's mechanism of action?

Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2.

pharmacology mechanism
How does cortisol inhibit inflammation?

By suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

physiology pharmacology
Which mediator causes bronchoconstriction in asthma?

Histamine triggers bronchoconstriction.

asthma mediators
What pH favors bile salt activity?

A pH of around 7.5-8.

digestive biochemistry
Deficiency of cholesteryl ester hydrolase leads to what?

Accumulation of cholesteryl esters.

metabolism biochemistry
What is the mechanism of orlistat?

Inhibits pancreatic lipase.

pharmacology weight_loss
21-hydroxylase deficiency causes what hormonal changes?

Increased androgens and decreased cortisol.

endocrinology disease
11ẞ-hydroxylase deficiency leads to what?

Increased aldosterone with hypertension.

endocrinology disease
What enzyme converts cholesterol → pregnenolone?

Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1).

biochemistry steroids
What is the brain's main fuel after prolonged starvation?

Ketone bodies are the main fuel source.

metabolism starvation
Which vitamin is a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase?

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine).

nutrition biochemistry
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes accumulation of what?

Methylmalonic acid and homocysteine.

nutrition deficiency
G6PD deficiency causes hemolysis due to lack of what?

NADPH for antioxidant defense.

genetics hemolysis
What triggers hemolysis in favism?

Consumption of fava beans.

nutrition genetics
What is NADPH used for?

Synthesis of fatty acids and nucleotides.

biochemistry metabolism
How does acetaminophen cause liver toxicity?

Depletion of glutathione leads to formation of toxic metabolites.

pharmacology toxicity
What enzyme is deficient in Hurler syndrome?

Alpha-L-iduronidase.

genetics disease
What enzyme is deficient in Hunter syndrome?

Iduronate-2-sulfatase.

genetics disease
What defect causes I-cell disease?

Defect in phosphotransferase.

genetics disease
How does CPS I deficiency present?

Hyperammonemia and respiratory alkalosis.

biochemistry disease
What do elevated AST and ALT indicate?

Liver cell damage.

clinical biochemistry
What happens to VLDL synthesis in the fed state?

Increased VLDL synthesis to transport dietary fats.

metabolism lipids
What triggers glycogen synthesis in muscle?

Increased glucose availability post-exercise.

metabolism biochemistry
What is the brain's primary energy source after prolonged fasting?

Ketone bodies during fasting state.

metabolism starvation
What causes the fruity odor in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Presence of acetone.

diabetes metabolism
What provides NADPH for fatty acid synthesis?

Hexose monophosphate shunt supplies NADPH.

biochemistry metabolism
How does AMPK regulate fatty acid synthesis?

By inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

metabolism biochemistry
How does epinephrine activate lipolysis?

By activating hormone-sensitive lipase.

pharmacology metabolism
What accumulates due to defective peroxisomal a-oxidation?

Phytanic acid (branched-chain fatty acid)

biochemistry metabolism
What does defective peroxisome biogenesis lead to?
- Accumulation of VLCFAs
- ↓ plasmalogens
- Abnormal bile acid intermediates
biochemistry metabolism
What inhibits carnitine-palmitoyl transferase I?

Hypoglycin A

biochemistry metabolism
What is affected by a deficiency in lysosomal a-1,4-glucosidase?

Glycogen accumulation in heart and liver

biochemistry glycogen
What is the result of muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency?

No lactate rise after exercise

biochemistry glycogen
What activates phosphorylase kinase?

Ca2+ binds calmodulin

biochemistry calcium
What is catalyzed by the enzyme responsible for cholesterol esterification?

Cholesterol esterification in HDL enables reverse cholesterol transport

biochemistry cholesterol
What does inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase cause?

Upregulation of hepatic LDL receptors

biochemistry cholesterol
What condition is caused by decreased lipoprotein lipase activity?

Hypertriglyceridemia

biochemistry lipids
What happens to arachidonic acid metabolism when shunted to the leukotriene pathway?

↓ prostaglandins → ulcers; ↓ thromboxanes → bleeding

biochemistry eicosanoids
What prevents Arachidonic acid formation?

Inhibition of phospholipase A2

biochemistry eicosanoids
What is a consequence of alkaline pH in the digestive system?

Enhances emulsification

biochemistry digestion
What does the inhibition of pancreatic lipase lead to?

↓ fat absorption → ↓ fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

biochemistry nutrition
How does desmolase affect steroid synthesis?

Catalyzes the conversion in mitochondrial cytochrome P450

biochemistry steroids
What is the role of Vitamin B6 in metabolism?

Necessary for various enzyme functions, including those related to amino acids

biochemistry vitaiminb6
What condition arises from G6PD deficiency?

Inability to regenerate reduced glutathione

biochemistry deficiency
What is a key characteristic of IDE deficiency?

Hyperammonemia without orotic aciduria

biochemistry disorders
What activates glycogenin and glycogen synthase?

Insulin

biochemistry hormones
What does AMPK phosphorylate?

Inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase → ↓ fatty acid synthesis

biochemistry energy

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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Flashcards in this deck (64)