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7. Volcanos
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Flashcards in this deck (78)

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  • What is the density of magma compared to solid rock?

    Magma is less dense than solid rock, allowing it to rise toward the Earth's surface.

    geology magma

  • What affects magma density?

    Magma density depends on its composition, particularly silica content and iron, as well as temperature and pressure

    geology magma

  • What type of magma has low density?

    Mafic magmas (low SiO2 content) are less dense and rise more easily.

    geology magma

  • What is viscosity in magma?

    Viscosity is the resistance to flow; it determines how easily magma can move.

    geology magma

  • What is the effect of high viscosity in magma?

    High viscosity magma is more resistant to flow, leading to explosive eruptions.

    geology magma

  • What type of magma is associated with explosive eruptions?

    High viscosity magmas with more silica (e.g., rhyolitic magmas).

    geology eruptions

  • What type of magma leads to effusive eruptions?

    Low viscosity magmas (e.g., basaltic magmas) flow more easily.

    geology eruptions

  • How does gas content affect volcanic eruptions?

    Higher gas content increases explosivity of eruptions.

    geology eruptions

  • What is the silica content of mafic magmas?

    Mafic magmas have low silica content (45-52% SiO2).

    geology magma

  • What type of rock do mafic magmas form?

    Mafic magmas form dark-colored basalts.

    geology rocks

  • What is the silica content range for intermediate magmas?

    Intermediate magmas have moderate silica content (52-68% SiO2).

    geology magma

  • What type of volcano is associated with intermediate magmas?

    Stratovolcanoes are often formed from intermediate magmas (e.g., andesite).

    geology volcanoes

  • What is the silica content of felsic magmas?

    Felsic magmas have high silica content (>68% SiO2).

    geology magma

  • What type of eruptions do felsic magmas lead to?

    Felsic magmas lead to explosive eruptions due to their high viscosity.

    geology eruptions

  • What are pyroclastic materials?

    Pyroclastic materials include ash, lapilli, and volcanic bombs from explosive eruptions. Ejected during explosive eruptions: ash (<2 mm), lapilli (2-64 mm), blocks or bombs (> 64 mm).

    geology eruptions

  • What characterizes effusive eruptions?

    Effusive eruptions occur with low-viscosity magmas allowing gas to escape.

    geology eruptions

  • What is the texture of pahoehoe lava?

    Pahoehoe lava has a smooth, ropy texture and low viscosity.

    geology lavas

  • What distinguishes a'a lava from pahoehoe?

    A'a lava has a rough, jagged texture and higher viscosity than pahoehoe.

    geology lavas

  • What type of eruptions do phreatomagmatic eruptions involve?

    Phreatomagmatic eruptions occur when magma interacts with water, causing explosions.

    geology eruptions

  • What is the morphology of shield volcanoes?

    Shield volcanoes are broad, dome-shaped with low, wide slopes, and this is due to the slow flowing nature of the magma it expels, which slowly cools and layers around the volcano vent to its base, forming a softer sloped shape.

    geology volcanoes

  • What rock type is associated with shield volcanoes?

    Shield volcanoes are primarily composed of basalt (mafic).

    geology rocks

  • What is the eruption style of stratovolcanoes?

    Stratovolcanoes have alternating explosive and effusive eruptions.

    geology eruptions

  • What rock types are found in stratovolcanoes?

    Stratovolcanoes are composed of andesite to rhyolite (intermediate to felsic).

    geology rocks

  • What defines the morphology of cinder cones?

    Cinder cones are steep, conical hills built from volcanic debris.

    geology volcanoes

  • What type of rock is associated with pyroclastic debris?

    Basalt (mafic)

    geology rocktypes

  • What is the eruption style of basalt?

    Explosive, producing small pyroclasts

    geology eruptionstyles

  • What is the morphology of calderas?

    Large depressions formed by collapse after a massive eruption

    geology calderas

  • What type of rock is found in calderas?

    Rhyolite (felsic)

    geology rocktypes

  • What is the eruption style of rhyolite?

    Highly explosive

    geology eruptionstyles

  • What are lava flows?

    Fluid eruptions of lava that travel slowly down slopes

    geology lavaflows

  • What are fire fountains?

    Jets of lava ejected during eruptions, forming fountains

    geology firefountains

  • What are lava bombs?

    Masses of partially molten rock, larger than 64mm in diameter, ejected from volcanoes during highly explosive eruptions

    geology lavabombs

  • What is volcanic ash?

    Fine particles of fragmented volcanic rock

    geology volcanicash

  • What hazards do lava flows pose?

    Destroy infrastructure, slow-moving but affect large areas

    hazards lavaflows

  • What hazards do fire fountains and lava bombs pose?

    Can cause fires and damage infrastructure, whilst being a threat in injuring or killing local civilians through impact or severe burns, and can damage nearby vegetation.

    hazards firefountains lavabombs

  • What is the danger of ash fall?

    Can collapse roofs and damage infrastructure, harm lungs and cause respiratory issues, disrupt transport, affect climate

    hazards ashfall

  • What are pyroclastic flows?

    Fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter

    geology pyroclasticflows

  • What are lahars?

    Volcanic mudflows formed by water mixing with ash

    geology lahars

  • What are volcanic domes?

    Mounds of highly viscous lava that build up over the vent

    geology volcanicdomes

  • What are sector collapses?

    Large portions of a volcanoโ€™s flank collapsing due to destabilization

    geology sectorcollapses

  • What are lateral blasts?

    Explosive eruptions that eject material sideways

    geology lateralblasts

  • What are toxic gases released by volcanoes?

    Gases like CO2, SO2, H2S that can suffocate and cause acid rain

    hazards toxicgases

  • What is the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?

    A scale from 0 to 8 measuring eruption explosiveness

    geology vei

  • What does VEI 0-1 indicate?

    Non-explosive eruptions, like lava flows

    geology vei

  • What does VEI 2-3 indicate?

    Mild eruptions with moderate explosions

    geology vei

  • What does VEI 4-5 indicate?

    Explosive eruptions with significant pyroclastic material

    geology vei

  • What does VEI 6-8 indicate?

    Catastrophic eruptions capable of ejecting massive amounts of pyroclastic material and having potential global impact. (e.g., Mount St. Helens VEI 5)

    geology vei

  • What is seismic monitoring used for?

    Detects ground vibrations, providing insight into magma movement to predict whether a volcanic eruption is going to occur or not,

    monitoring seismic

  • What do GPS and tiltmeters detect?

    GPS and tiltmeters are used to detect subtle changes in a volcano's surface, including ground deformation (bulging or swelling) and tilting, which can indicate magma movement beneath the surface and potentially an impending eruption.

    monitoring gps

  • What does gas monitoring (COSPEC) measure?

    Sulfur dioxide emissions

    monitoring gas

  • What does InSAR measure?

    Ground deformation over large areas using satellite radar

    monitoring insar

  • What does LIDAR measure?

    Surface elevation changes using lasers

    monitoring lidar

  • What does thermal imagery (FLIR) detect?

    Heat from lava flows or domes

    monitoring thermal

  • What is the purpose of volcanic hazard maps?

    Identify and quantify volcanic hazards in surrounding areas

    hazards mapping

  • What are the uses of volcanic hazard maps?

    Essential for planning, evacuation routes, and risk mitigation

    hazards planning

  • What does mapping volcanic hazards involve?

    Use geological data, eruption history, and monitoring data

    hazards mapping

  • What is involved in risk assessment for volcanic hazards?

    Evaluate risks based on proximity to active volcanoes

    hazards riskassessment

  • What are potential volcanic hazards in Vancouver and Lower Mainland?

    Pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and ash fall

    hazards vancouver

  • Where do 80% of active volcanoes occur?

    Along convergent plate boundaries (Ring of Fire)

    geology plate_tectonics

  • What are hotspot volcanoes?

    Hotspot volcanoes are volcanic features formed above unusually hot regions in the Earth's mantle, called mantle plumes, that are relatively stationary, and as tectonic plates move over them, they create chains of volcanoes.

    geology hotspots

  • Where do volcanoes commonly form in subduction zones?

    Along ocean-ocean and ocean-continent convergent boundaries

    geology subduction

  • Where do volcanoes form in divergent zones?

    At tectonic plates moving apart

    geology divergent

  • What do oceanic plates form?

    Chains like the Hawaiian Islands

    geology volcanoes

  • Where are subduction zones common?

    Along ocean-ocean and ocean-continent convergent boundaries

    geology plate_tectonics

  • Where do volcanoes form in divergent zones?

    Along mid-ocean ridges (e.g., Iceland)

    geology volcanoes

  • What type of eruptions occur at divergent boundaries?

    Effusive, Basaltic lava flows, forming shield volcanoes

    geology volcanoes

  • What types of volcanoes are found at convergent boundaries?

    Composite volcanoes with explosive eruptions

    geology volcanoes

  • What is an example of ocean-ocean convergent boundaries?

    Aleutians

    geology volcanoes

  • What is an example of ocean-continent convergent boundaries?

    Cascades

    geology volcanoes

  • What is rare at transform boundaries?

    Volcanism

    geology volcanoes

  • What type of volcanoes do oceanic hotspots form?

    Shield volcanoes (e.g., Hawaii)

    geology volcanoes

  • What type of lava do oceanic hotspots produce?

    Mafic lava

    geology volcanoes

  • What do continental hotspots form?

    Explosive calderas (e.g., Yellowstone)

    geology volcanoes

  • What type of lava do continental hotspots produce?

    Felsic lava

    geology volcanoes

  • What is the tectonic setting of British Columbia?

    Convergent margin (subduction of Juan de Fuca Plate)

    geology tectonics

  • What is the dominant volcano type in British Columbia?

    Composite volcanoes (e.g., Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier)

    geology volcanoes

  • What potential activity is associated with British Columbia's tectonic setting?

    Potential caldera activity (e.g., Yellowstone hotspot)

    geology volcanoes

  • What are all the main types of Volcanoes?

    The main types of volcanoes, based on their structure and eruptive style, are cinder cones, composite (or stratovolcanoes), shield volcanoes, and lava domes.