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What does the term 'sensation' refer to?
It refers to the process that supplies the data used for perceiving experiences.
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What is the visible spectrum range for humans?
Approximately 400-700 nm.
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What property of light affects the perception of brightness?
Amplitude (height) of the light wave.
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What property of light primarily influences color (hue) perception?
Wavelength (distance between peaks).
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What does purity of light refer to?
How varied the mix of wavelengths is, affecting saturation perception.
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What part of the brain acts as the main 'relay hub' for sensory information?
The Thalamus.
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Which nucleus in the thalamus is the relay for vision?
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN).
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Which nucleus in the thalamus is the relay for audition?
The Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN).
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What is the main visual pathway?
Retina → Optic nerve → LGN (thalamus) → primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe.
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What is the purpose of the superior colliculus in the visual pathway?
To help coordinate visual input with other senses.
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What does the ventral stream process?
Form and color; it projects to the temporal lobe.
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What does the dorsal stream process?
Motion and depth; it projects to the parietal lobe.
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Which eye structure provides the most focusing power?
The Cornea.
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What is accommodation in the context of vision?
The process where the lens adjusts its curvature to fine-focus an image.
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What is Myopia?
Near-sightedness where the focal point is in front of the retina; fixed with diverging (concave) lenses.
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What is Hyperopia?
Far-sightedness where the focal point is behind the retina; fixed with converging (convex) lenses.
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What is Astigmatism?
Irregular cornea/lens curvature causes multiple focal points; fixed with toric lenses.
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What is a cataract?
A clouded lens.
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What is the optic disk also known as?
The blind spot because it has no receptors.
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Where are cones primarily concentrated?
In the fovea.
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What type of vision do rods support?
Scotopic (low-light) vision; they are monochrome and have poor acuity.
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In dark adaptation, which adapts quickly?
Cones adapt quickly in the first few minutes.
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Which cells in the retina pass signals to ganglion cells?
Bipolar cells.
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What is transduction in vision?
Photons cause isomerization of photopigment → hyperpolarization of the receptor → graded signals to bipolar cells → action potentials in ganglion cells.
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What is a receptive field?
The retinal area that affects the firing of a specific visual cell when stimulated.
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What are feature detectors?
Neurons that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli (e.g., lines, edges).
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What do simple cells respond best to?
Lines of a specific width and orientation in their receptive field.
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What is meant by 20/40 vision?
It indicates a person's visual acuity; they see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 40 feet.
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What does the Trichromatic Theory propose?
Holds that the eye has three types of cones (S, M, L) with differing sensitivities to light wavelengths (roughly red, green, blue).
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What are the three pairs in Opponent Process Theory?
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What is inattentional blindness?
The failure to see fully visible objects or events because attention is focused elsewhere.
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What is a perceptual set?
A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way, created by expectations.
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What do binocular cues refer to?
Clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes.
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What is retinal disparity?
The fact that objects project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas.
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What is the closure principle in Gestalt?
People often complete figures that have gaps in them to yield complete forms.
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What is the purpose of Ishihara plates?
To test color-vision deficiencies.
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The Opponent Process Theory explains [[c1::complementary colors]] and [[c2::afterimages]].
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Gestalt Principle - Figure and Ground: Dividing displays into a [[c1::figure]] (the thing being looked at) and a [[c2::ground]] (the background).
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What is top-down processing?
A progression from the whole (using context) to the elements.
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What does monocular cues refer to?
Clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone.
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Monocular Cue: Linear perspective - Parallel lines that seem to get [[c1::closer together]] as they run away from the viewer.
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The Müller-Lyer illusion consists of two vertical lines of equal length that appear different in length due to arrow-like markings at their ends.
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Who are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion?
People from {{c1::Western cultures}} ('carpentered worlds') are more susceptible than those from {{c2::non-Western cultures}}.
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What is the main property of sound waves discussed?
{{c1::Amplitude}}.
Bekijk hier je kaarten, of sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What does the term 'sensation' refer to?
It refers to the process that supplies the data used for perceiving experiences.
What is the visible spectrum range for humans?
Approximately 400-700 nm.
What property of light affects the perception of brightness?
Amplitude (height) of the light wave.
What property of light primarily influences color (hue) perception?
Wavelength (distance between peaks).
What does purity of light refer to?
How varied the mix of wavelengths is, affecting saturation perception.
What part of the brain acts as the main 'relay hub' for sensory information?
The Thalamus.
Which nucleus in the thalamus is the relay for vision?
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN).
Which nucleus in the thalamus is the relay for audition?
The Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN).
What is the main visual pathway?
Retina → Optic nerve → LGN (thalamus) → primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe.
What is the purpose of the superior colliculus in the visual pathway?
To help coordinate visual input with other senses.
What does the ventral stream process?
Form and color; it projects to the temporal lobe.
What does the dorsal stream process?
Motion and depth; it projects to the parietal lobe.
Which eye structure provides the most focusing power?
The Cornea.
What is accommodation in the context of vision?
The process where the lens adjusts its curvature to fine-focus an image.
What is Myopia?
Near-sightedness where the focal point is in front of the retina; fixed with diverging (concave) lenses.
What is Hyperopia?
Far-sightedness where the focal point is behind the retina; fixed with converging (convex) lenses.
What is Astigmatism?
Irregular cornea/lens curvature causes multiple focal points; fixed with toric lenses.
What is a cataract?
A clouded lens.
What is the optic disk also known as?
The blind spot because it has no receptors.
Where are cones primarily concentrated?
In the fovea.
What type of vision do rods support?
Scotopic (low-light) vision; they are monochrome and have poor acuity.
In dark adaptation, which adapts quickly?
Cones adapt quickly in the first few minutes.
Which cells in the retina pass signals to ganglion cells?
Bipolar cells.
What is transduction in vision?
Photons cause isomerization of photopigment → hyperpolarization of the receptor → graded signals to bipolar cells → action potentials in ganglion cells.
What is a receptive field?
The retinal area that affects the firing of a specific visual cell when stimulated.
What are feature detectors?
Neurons that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli (e.g., lines, edges).
What do simple cells respond best to?
Lines of a specific width and orientation in their receptive field.
What is meant by 20/40 vision?
It indicates a person's visual acuity; they see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 40 feet.
What does the Trichromatic Theory propose?
Holds that the eye has three types of cones (S, M, L) with differing sensitivities to light wavelengths (roughly red, green, blue).
What are the three pairs in Opponent Process Theory?
What is inattentional blindness?
The failure to see fully visible objects or events because attention is focused elsewhere.
What is a perceptual set?
A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way, created by expectations.
What do binocular cues refer to?
Clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes.
What is retinal disparity?
The fact that objects project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas.
What is the closure principle in Gestalt?
People often complete figures that have gaps in them to yield complete forms.
What is the purpose of Ishihara plates?
To test color-vision deficiencies.
The Opponent Process Theory explains [[c1::complementary colors]] and [[c2::afterimages]].
Gestalt Principle - Figure and Ground: Dividing displays into a [[c1::figure]] (the thing being looked at) and a [[c2::ground]] (the background).
What is top-down processing?
A progression from the whole (using context) to the elements.
What does monocular cues refer to?
Clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone.
Monocular Cue: Linear perspective - Parallel lines that seem to get [[c1::closer together]] as they run away from the viewer.
The Müller-Lyer illusion consists of two vertical lines of equal length that appear different in length due to arrow-like markings at their ends.
Who are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion?
People from {{c1::Western cultures}} ('carpentered worlds') are more susceptible than those from {{c2::non-Western cultures}}.
What is the main property of sound waves discussed?
{{c1::Amplitude}}.
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