Flashcards neste baralho (213)

• Name one type of pathogen listed under 'The Enemy...Pathogens'.

  • Bacteria
  pathogens bacteria
• Give one property of the bacteria listed in the notes.

  • Pathogenic
  bacteria properties
• How do the bacteria described obtain resources to reproduce?

  • Use you for E to make more bacteria
  bacteria reproduction
• If bacteria have unlimited food and reproduce every 20 minutes, how often do they reproduce?

  Every 20 minutes.
  bacteria reproduction
• What is the approximate number of bacteria after 24 hours with unlimited reproduction?

  • \(2.5\times10^{21}\)
  • 2,500,000,000,000,000,000,000
  bacteria exponential
• What is shown in the microscopic image below?

  

  A microscopic view of rod-shaped bacteria.
  bacteria microscopy
• Given unlimited food, how often can bacteria reproduce?

  • Every 20 minutes
  microbiology bacteria
• With unlimited food, how often can bacteria reproduce?

  Every 20 minutes.
  microbiology growth
• If provided unlimited food, how often can bacteria reproduce?

  • Every 20 minutes
  microbiology bacteria growth
• If provided unlimited food, how often can bacteria reproduce?

  Every 20 minutes.
  microbiology bacteria growth
• Which immune cell is shown as infected by HIV?

  • Helper T cell (WBC‑T‑Cell)
  immunology virology cells
• What viral structures are shown in the image alongside the infected T cell?

  • HIV particles
  virology virus particles
• Which type of pathogen is listed as causing malaria?

  Protists
  protists malaria pathogens
• What blood component do the protist pathogens attack?

  • Red blood cells (RBC)
  rbc protists pathology
• What disease is associated with trypanosomes in the notes?

  Sleeping Sickness
  trypanosomes sleepingsickness protists
• How do the trypanosoul protists interact with red blood cells according to the notes?

  • They live inside and consume RBC

  
  trypanosomes rbc infection
• Name a fungal infection listed under 'D. Fungi'.

  • ringworm
  pathogens fungi
• What other text appears under 'D. Fungi' besides 'ringworm'?

  • cutlurets food
  pathogens fungi ocr
• Which category of pathogens is labeled 'E' in the section heading?

  Animals
  pathogens animals
• Which specific bite is mentioned under animals?

  Chigger bites
  chigger bites
• According to the notes, what do chigger bites 'use'?

  blood
  chigger blood
• Which two single-word terms related to reproduction or life stage appear after 'use blood'?

  • female
  • egg
  life-cycle terms
• Name one type of skin-related response listed in the notes.

  allergic reaction
  reaction allergy
• What happens to bacteria that land on intact skin?

  Skin covers the bacteria so it flows off the surface.
  immunity skin innate
• What is a key structural feature of the outermost layer of skin relevant to defense?

  The outer layer is composed of dead cells that present to the outside world.
  skin barrier innate
• How does the skin remove microbes attached to its surface?

  Skin continually sheds dead cells, which helps remove microbes.
  skin defense innate
• Which image shows a cross-section of skin including dead outer cells?

  

  The image illustrates the skin cross-section with dead outer cells.
  skin image anatomy
• What does the microscopic view of skin pores demonstrate about bacteria on skin?

  

  It shows bacteria present on the skin surface where they can be shed or flow off.
  skin microbiology innate
• What are two physical barriers that form nonspecific defenses against infection?

  • Skin
  • Mucus
  immunity barriers
• What is a key cellular property of mucus membranes?

  Mucus membranes are composed of living cells that are exposed to the outside environment.
  mucus membranes
• How does mucus help prevent infection?

  Mucus is sticky, which traps bacteria and other particles to prevent them from reaching tissues.
  mucus function
• Name three common effects or consequences of mucus in the nasal/oral cavities.

  • Runny nose
  • Post-nasal drip
  • Sore throat

  
  symptoms mucus
• Name three physical barriers that act as nonspecific defenses.

  • Skin
  • Mucus
  • Tears
  immunity innate defenses
• What role do tears play in nonspecific immune defense of the eye?

  Tears are a complex fluid containing antibiotic-type molecules that constantly wash pathogens off the eyes.
  immunity eye tears
• Name two anatomical structures of the lacrimal system involved in tear drainage.

  • Lacrimal sac
  • Nasolacrimal duct
  anatomy lacrimal eye
• Where do tears drain via the nasolacrimal duct according to the notes?

  Tears are sent through the nasolacrimal duct to flush into the stomach.
  lacrimal drainage eye
• What phrase in the notes describes the continuous action of the lacrimal system?

  A 'sheet of tears always works' to flush the eye.
  lacrimal function eye
• What are common nonspecific physical barriers that help prevent infection?

  • Skin
  • Mucus
  • Tears
  • Stomach acid
  immunity barriers innate
• What effect does stomach acid have on pathogens?

  • Stomach acid deactivates pathogens
  • Many pathogens cannot survive in stomach acid

  
  stomach immunity innate
• What happens to post-nasal drip and other swallowed material in relation to stomach acid?

  • All swallowed post-nasal drip is exposed to stomach HCl
  digestion immunity innate
• What are examples of nonspecific physical barriers to infection?

  • Skin
  • Mucus
  • Tears
  • Stomach acid
  • Ear wax
  immunity innate barriers
• Describe two properties of ear wax mentioned in the notes.

  • Non-living substance
  • Falls out as flakes
  ear wax barriers
• Give a brief property of mucus listed in the notes.

  • Mucus is sticky
  mucus innate barriers
• Name major external and middle ear structures listed in the diagram.

  • Pinna
  • External Auditory Canal
  • Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)
  • Malleus
  • Semicircular Canals
  • Cochlea
  • Eustachian Tube

  
  ear anatomy diagram
• What is the primary function of phagocytic (cell-eating) white blood cells?

  To consume bacteria.
  immunity phagocytosis cells
• Which kinds of organisms do phagocytic white blood cells eat?

  They eat any pathogens.
  immunity pathogens
• Into which body conduits or sites are phagocytic cells funneled?

  They are funneled into lymphatic vessels & nodes and blood.
  lymphatic circulation
• Give one observable action of phagocytic white blood cells during an immune response.

  They engulf bacteria.
  immunity visual
• How does a phagocytic white blood cell ingest bacteria?

  They take bacteria into their own cell inside a vesicle (phagosome).
  immunity phagocyte cells
• What do phagocytic white blood cells secrete into the vesicle to digest ingested material?

  They secrete digestive enzymes into the vesicle.
  immunity enzymes phagocyte
• What happens to material after a phagocytic white blood cell digests it?

  The breakdown products are used as a food source by the cell.
  immunity metabolism phagocyte
• Illustration of a phagocytic white blood cell engulfing bacteria (image as supplementary on answer side).

  

  • This image shows a white blood cell surrounding bacteria in a vesicle.
  immunity image phagocyte
• What substance do damaged cells release that makes blood vessels leaky during inflammation?

  Histamine
  inflammation histamine
• What is one primary purpose of the inflammatory response?

  Fight off infection
  inflammation function
• Which cells and material move into the injured area during inflammation?

  Phagocytes and fluid
  inflammation phagocytes
• Why does tissue swelling occur during inflammation?

  Vessels become leaky, allowing fluid to move into the area
  inflammation swelling
• What commonly accumulates as pus at an inflamed site?

  White blood cells (WBCs)
  inflammation pus
• What do damaged cells release to signal and recruit immune activity?

  Chemical signals
  inflammation signals
• Give an example of an antihistamine mentioned in the notes.

  Benadryl
  antihistamine medication
• Name an environmental trigger mentioned that can cause an inflammatory/allergic response without bacteria.

  Pollen
  allergy triggers
• Which diagram illustrates phagocytes and fluid moving into an inflamed area? (see answer for image)

  Phagocytes and fluid move into the area during inflammation.
  inflammation diagram
• What is the role of interferons in viral infection?

  They act as a warning signal to other cells of viral attack.
  immunity interferons innate
• How do interferons affect killer cells and infected self cells?

  They activate killer cells which then cover and kill self cells affected.
  immunity interferons killercells
• What is the function of the complement system against pathogens?

  It cuts holes in pathogens' cell membranes.
  immunity complement innate
• Illustration: which antimicrobial molecule inserts into a foreign cell membrane to create a hole?

  The complement molecule inserts into a foreign cell membrane to create a hole.
  immunity complement diagram
• Illustration: which molecule is shown being released by a virus as a warning signal?

  Interferons are shown being released by a virus as a warning signal.
  immunity interferons diagram
• What body temperature defines fever in Fahrenheit and Celsius?

  • > 100°F
  • > 38°C

  
  immunity fever definition
• How does fever affect healing and the immune response?

  • Speeds healing
  • Improves immune response
  immunity fever function
• What effect can fever have on some pathogens?

  • Can inhibit some pathogens, such as some bacteria
  immunity fever pathogens
• What are 'specific defenses' in the immune system?

  Defenses that provide recognition and defense against specific pathogens.
  immunity adaptive
• How do the immune system identify viruses and other pathogens?

  By molecules exposed on the pathogen's surface that are used to identify the pathogen.
  antigen recognition
• Name two requirements for effective specific (adaptive) immunity.

  • 'Self vs non-self' recognition
  • 'Immunity memory' (the body remembers pathogens for a rapid response).
  adaptive memory
• How does vaccination relate to immune memory?

  Vaccination creates immune memory so the body can mount a rapid response to pathogens it has previously encountered.

  
  vaccination memory
• What term names the molecules targeted by specific immune defenses?

  Antigens
  immunity antigens
• Specific immune defenses require what kind of recognition?

  Self vs non-self recognition
  immunity recognition
• Specific immune defenses require what type of memory?

  Immunity memory
  immunity memory
• Name the marked protein-related term listed under specific defenses.

  Stuck proteins
  immunity proteins
• Which bacterial structures are associated with these antigen types?

  • Flagellum: H antigens
  • Cell wall: O antigens
  • Pili: F antigens
  • Capsule: K antigens
  bacteria antigens
• What allows immune recognition of a pathogen?

  • Antigens
  • Antibodies
  immunity recognition
• What is an antigen?

  An antigen is a chemical specific to the surface of a pathogen.
  antigen immunity
• What is an antibody?

  An antibody is a chemical that binds to a specific antigen.
  antibody immunity
• What do antibodies do to antigenic molecules?

  Antibodies stick to antigenic molecules (they bind to specific antigens).

  
  antibody binding
• What is neutralization by antibodies?

  • Antibodies stick to antigens
  • Antigen cannot land on receptor
  • Prevents pathogen from entering human cell
  immunity neutralization
• How do antibodies prevent SARS-CoV-2 from infecting a human cell (illustrated)?

  Antibodies bind to viral antigens so the antigen cannot bind receptors on the human cell, preventing entry.
  immunity sars-cov-2 antibodies
• Visual: where can you see antibodies blocking viral binding?

  
  immunity image
• What is the primary function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

  They filter body fluids and destroy pathogens.
  lymphatic immunity
• What happens to lymph fluid after it is filtered by lymph nodes?

  It is returned to circulation (plasma returned into the bloodstream).
  lymphatic circulation
• What type of fluid do lymph nodes filter?

  They filter interstitial fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into lymphatic ducts.
  lymphatic fluids
• Which cell type in lymph nodes consumes and kills pathogens?

  Macrophages consume and kill pathogens.
  cells macrophage
• Why do lymph nodes often become swollen when a person is sick?

  Because white blood cells and immune activity increase as pathogens are filtered and destroyed.
  symptom lymphnode
• How can the lymphatic system contribute to pathogen spread within tissues?

  Interstitial fluid can distribute pathogens through lymphatic routes.
  pathogen spread
• View an illustrative cross-section of a lymph node showing fluid flow. What does this image help explain about lymph node function?

  It illustrates how lymph flows through nodes for filtering; macrophages and WBCs encounter pathogens during that flow.
  visual lymphnode
• What is the primary role of lymph vessels and lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

  They carry lymphatic fluid to structures such as lymph nodes.
  lymphatic anatomy
• What is the main function of macrophages?

  Macrophages are phagocytic cells that ingest and remove pathogens and debris.
  macrophage innate
• What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

  Lymphocytes make antibodies as part of adaptive immunity.
  lymphocyte adaptive
• How is a lymphocyte commonly depicted microscopically?

  • Microscopic view of a lymphocyte often shows a single, round cell among red blood cells

  
  lymphocyte image
• What is another name for T-lymphocytes?

  T cells
  lymphocytes immunology
• What is another name for B-lymphocytes?

  B cells
  lymphocytes immunology
• Name a type of T cell mentioned in the notes.

  helper T
  tcells immunology
• According to the notes, how many 'Y proteins' are encoded by genes?

  7
  antibodies genetics
• What do antibodies bind to?

  Antigen
  antibodies immunology
• List the labelled components of an antibody molecule shown in the diagram.

  • Heavy chain
  • Light chain
  • Variable portion
  • Constant portion
  • Disulphide bond
  • Antigen-binding sites

  
  antibodies structure
• What does the note state about antibody variation between cells?

  Each cell = a different antibody
  antibodies bcells
• What is the primary immune response?

  The immune response that occurs the first time a pathogen is encountered.
  immunity primary
• What recognition is required for the primary immune response to occur?

  Recognition of self/non-self.
  immunity recognition
• Which respiratory action produces the greatest number of droplets?

  • Sneezing produces the greatest number of droplets (~40,000).

  
  droplets respiratory
• What key requirement does the primary immune response need to occur?

  Recognition of self versus non-self.
  immunity recognition
• Give an example of an event that can expose a person to pathogens.

  • Someone sneezes

  
  exposure pathogens sneeze
• What question is posed at the top of the slide?

  Wear a mask?
  masks publichealth
• What three respiratory actions are compared in the droplet-spread grid?

  • Speaking
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  droplets transmission
• Which mask types are shown in the droplet-spread comparison?

  • No Mask
  • 1 Layer Cloth Covering
  • 2 Layer Cloth Covering
  • Surgical Mask
  masks comparison
• What is the media file URL that illustrates the droplet-spread comparison?

  
  media image
• During a sneezing event, what does the expelled cloud predominantly contain?

  • Turbulent gas cloud predominantly with aerosols
  • Large droplets
  aerosols sneezing
• During a coughing event, what does the expelled cloud predominantly contain?

  • Turbulent gas cloud predominantly with aerosols
  • Large droplets
  aerosols coughing
• During exhaling, what does the exhaled air predominantly contain?

  • Exhaled air predominantly with aerosols
  • Large droplets
  aerosols exhaling
• What particle types are present at 1 m from an infected person without any mask?

  • Aerosols
  • Large droplets

  
  masks aerosols
• What does the acronym APC stand for in immunology?

  Antigen-presenting cell
  immunology apc
• What is one primary function of a macrophage?

  To engulf pathogens
  immunology macrophage
• How does a macrophage present antigens?

  It presents antigens on its cell surface
  immunology antigens
• List the main steps a macrophage uses to remove a pathogen.

  • Put out pseudopodia
  • Surround and engulf in a vesicle
  • Digest the pathogen
  immunology phagocytosis
• What cellular structure does a macrophage form to contain an engulfed pathogen?

  A vesicle
  immunology macrophage
• How do macrophages activate helper T-cells?

  • By presenting surface antigen
  • By secreting Interleukin-1
  immunology macrophage helpert
• Which cytokine do macrophages secrete to activate helper T-cells?

  Interleukin-1
  immunology cytokine il-1
• What actions do helper T-cells perform after activation by macrophages?

  • Prime the immune response
  • Talk to other cells
  • Communicate identity to other parts of the immune system

  
  immunology helpert functions
• What role does antigen presentation by macrophages serve in helper T-cell activation?

  It communicates pathogen identity to helper T-cells via a surface antigen
  immunology antigen macrophage
• What cytokine do helper T-cells secrete to stimulate B-cells to make antibodies?

  Interleukin-2
  immunology tcells cytokines
• Name two primary actions of helper T-cells.

  • Stimulate B-cells to make antibodies by secreting interleukin-2
  • Activate killer T-cells (cytotoxic T cells)
  immunology tcells functions
• What is another name for killer T-cells as given in the notes?

  Cytotoxic T cells

  Illustration:
  immunology tcells cytotoxic
• What is the primary role of killer (cytotoxic) T-cells?

  Destroy infected 'self' cells.
  immunology tcell cytotoxic
• How do cytotoxic T-cells act on infected target cells according to the notes?

  They bind to infected target cells and kill the infected cells by releasing perforin.
  mechanism perforin immune
• Name a molecule released by cytotoxic T-cells that is associated with killing infected cells.

  • Perforin

  
  perforin visual tcell
• What is the primary function of killer (cytotoxic) T-cells?

  Destroy infected 'self' cells.
  immunology tcell cytotoxic
• Which protein do cytotoxic T-cells release to create pores in an infected target cell's membrane?

  Perforin
  immunology perforin mechanism
• How do perforin molecules contribute to killing an infected cell?

  They form pores in the target cell membrane, leading to the infected cell's death.

  
  immunology perforin diagram
• What is the primary function of suppressor T-cells?

  Inhibit the activity of T-cells and B-cells once infection is under control
  immunology tcells adaptive
• When do suppressor T-cells inhibit T and B cell activity?

  Once infection is under control
  immunology regulation
• According to the notes, what happens to antibody levels if suppressor T-cells are killed?

  Not a lot of antibodies
  immunology antibodies
• What is clonal selection in B-cell immunity?

  Selection of B cells that bind a specific antigen (many different B-cell kinds) leading those antigen-binding cells to become activated.
  immunology clonal_selection bcells
• Where is a variety of B cells located as described?

  • Lymph node
  anatomy bcells lymph
• What role do helper T cells play in B-cell activation?

  They activate B cells and stimulate them using interleukin.
  immunology thcells cytokines
• What happens to B cells that bind an antigen during the primary immune response?

  They become activated and can differentiate into plasma B cells that produce antibodies.
  immunology primary_response plasmacells
• How is antibody mRNA processed before translation?

  The mRNA uses only part of the gene through post-transcriptional processing.
  molecular_biology antibodies mrna
• Do all B cells express the same antibody genes?

  No — some B cells with certain genetic makeup do not express some genes in the same way.
  genetics bcells expression
• What interactions are illustrated in the lymph node diagram?

  

  B cells interact with antigen presented by APCs and are influenced/activated by helper T cells (helper T stimulates B cells with interleukin).
  diagram bcells thcells
• In clonal selection, what occurs when B-cells encounter antigens?

  • One type of B-cell binds the antigen
  immunology bcells clonalselection
• What do B-cells respond to?

  • Specific antigens
  immunology bcells adaptive
• What happens when a B-cell is activated by its antigen?

  • The B-cell divides into many copies

  
  immunology bcells clonalselection
• During clonal selection, what happens to the activated B-cell?

  The activated B-cell divides
  immunology clonalselection bcells
• What term describes the cell division shown for B-cells in the diagram?

  Mitosis
  cellbiology mitosis
• What is the primary target of B-cells in the immune system?

  B-cells respond to specific antigens.
  immunology bcells adaptive
• In clonal selection, what do antigen-recognizing B-cells become?

  They become antibody-making plasma B cells.
  immunology clonalselection plasmacells
• What is the role of B-cells in the adaptive immune response?

  B-cells respond to a specific antigen by producing antigen-specific antibodies.
  immunology bcells adaptive
• What does 'clonal selection' lead to in B-cell activation?

  Clonal selection leads to production of large numbers of antibodies specific to the antigen.
  immunology clonal_selection bcells
• What do plasma B cells produce in large quantities?

  • Millions of antibody molecules
  bcells plasmacell antibodies
• What is a primary function of antibodies produced by B-cells?

  Antibodies help destroy pathogens.
  antibodies pathogens immunology
• What is the primary function of plasma B-cells?

  • Make antibodies to specific antigens
  immunology bcells antibodies
• What is the typical lifespan of plasma B-cells?

  • 4–5 days
  immunology bcells lifespan
• How do neutralizing antibodies affect SARS-CoV-2 entry into human cells?

  • They block the viral spike protein from binding the ACE2 receptor, preventing the virus from sticking to the cell.

  
  antibodies neutralization virology
• Give an example of an image that illustrates an antibody effect mentioned in the notes.

  • SARS-CoV-2 virus particle

  
  images sarscov2 antibodies
• What is the primary function of plasma B-cells?

  • Make antibodies to specific antigens
  immunology bcell antibodies
• What is the typical lifespan of plasma B-cells?

  • 4–5 days
  immunology bcell lifespan
• What is agglutination as an effect of antibodies?

  • Sticking (clumping) of pathogens together, forming piles of pathogens
  immunology antibodies agglutination
• How do antibodies reduce bacterial infection according to the notes?

  • Prevent bacteria from entering or infecting cells and keep them in the fluid so macrophages can remove agglutinated bacteria

  
  immunology antibodies macrophage
• How long do plasma B-cells typically live?

  • 4-5 days
  immunology lifespan bcells
• What effect do antibodies have on free-floating antigens? (see diagram)

  • Bind to free-floating antigens

  
  antibodies antigen mechanism
• What does precipitation by antibodies cause to happen to antigen molecules?

  • Antigen molecules fall out of solution (precipitate)
  antibodies precipitation antigen
• After antibodies cause antigen precipitation, how are the antigen complexes cleared?

  • Cleared by macrophages
  clearance macrophages immunity
• Name one effect of the antibodies produced by plasma B-cells.

  • Attract macrophage

  
  immunology antibodies macrophage
• One effect of antibodies on pathogens is to attract which immune component?

  They attract the complement system.
  antibodies complement
• What happens to a bacterial cell when complement molecules form a pore in its membrane?

  A pore causes cytoplasm to leak out and external fluids to leak in.
  complement membrane pathogen
• What do memory B-cells store?

  • Genetic information for the correct antibody
  immunology memory
• How long do memory B-cells store antigen information?

  • Long-term
  immunology memory
• Compared to plasma B cells, how long do memory B-cells live?

  • Memory B-cells live longer than Plasma B cells
  immunology cells
• What is the typical immunity duration for measles and the reported percentage with memory B-cells?

  • Measles: lifetime immunity; (96%) already have memory B Cells
  immunity measles
• What is the reported duration of immunity for polio and its percentage?

  • Polio: > 18 years; (99%)
  immunity polio
• What is the reported duration of immunity for mumps and its percentage?

  • Mumps: > 10 years; (90%)
  immunity mumps
• What is the reported duration of immunity for tetanus and its percentage?

  • Tetanus: > 13 years; (96%)
  immunity tetanus
• What is the reported duration of immunity for hepatitis B?

  • Hepatitis B: > 20 years
  immunity hepatitisb
• What is the reported duration of immunity for rubella and its percentage?

  • Rubella: > 15-20 years; (>90%)
  immunity rubella
• What is the reported duration of immunity for papilloma virus and note about its data?

  • Papilloma virus: > 8 years; recently introduced
  immunity hpv
• What is the reported duration of immunity for cholera and its percentage?

  • Cholera: 3-6 months; (80%)
  immunity cholera
• What is the primary feature of the secondary immune response on re-exposure to the same antigen?

  The secondary immune response allows a quick response when the antigen is encountered again.
  immunity secondary_response
• How do memory B cells respond upon re-exposure to their specific antigen?

  Memory B-cells respond by making many plasma B cells specific to that antigen.
  bcells memory
• Compared with the primary response, how does antibody concentration change during the secondary immune response?

  Antibody concentration rises faster and to higher levels during the secondary immune response.
  antibodies kinetics
• What clinical advantage does a faster secondary immune response provide?

  A faster secondary response can neutralize the antigen before the person feels sick.
  clinical protection
• Use the graph to illustrate the difference between primary and secondary antibody responses.

  Primary response: slower rise after first exposure; Secondary response: rapid, larger rise after re-exposure.
  graph visual
• What is the activity status of the fetal immune system?

  • Inactive in the fetus
  immune fetus
• How does the fetus receive maternal antibodies?

  • Through the placenta
  antibodies placenta
• How does an infant receive antibodies after birth?

  • Through breast milk

  
  antibodies breastmilk
• What is active immunity in an infant?

  • Active immunity is when an infant begins to make their own antibodies.

  
  immunity active infant
• What does a vaccine expose the immune system to?

  Dead or weakened pathogen
  vaccines immunology
• What type of immune cells are produced after vaccination to provide long-term protection?

  Memory B cells
  immunology memory
• Which virus causes smallpox?

  Variola virus
  smallpox virology
• How many people did smallpox kill between 1877 and 1977 (approx.)?

  More than 500 million people
  smallpox history
• What was the approximate duration and percent effectiveness of smallpox immunity noted?

  4–5 years at about 95% effectiveness
  smallpox immunity
• When was smallpox eradicated in the United States and worldwide?

  • United States: 1972
  • Worldwide: 1977
  smallpox eradication
• What visible skin finding can occur in smallpox?

  • Severe skin lesions

  
  smallpox symptoms image
• What is a monoclonal antibody (MAb) as described in the notes?

  A monoclonal antibody is an antibody artificially produced and mass-produced for a particular antigen.
  immunology antibodies
• What is a primary therapeutic purpose of labeled monoclonal antibodies?

  To deliver a chemical label to a particular cell type to target and kill cancer cells.
  therapy cancer
• Name the three main categories of monoclonal antibody approaches listed.

  • 1. Naked MAb
  • 2. Immunoconjugates
  • 3. Multistep Targeting
  classification antibodies
• Give examples of mechanisms or agents associated with 'Naked MAb' from the notes.

  • ADCC
  • CDC
  • Radionuclide
  • Radioimmunoconjugate
  • Cytokine / Immunocytokine
  nakedmab mechanisms
• List examples of immunoconjugate approaches mentioned in the notes.

  • Biotinylated radioactive ligand
  • Streptavidin
  • Bispecific MAb (links killer cell)
  • Immunotoxin, Immunoliposome, scFv-enzyme (ADEPT), Prodrug/Drug
  immunoconjugates therapies
• What illustration is provided as an example of antibody targeting in the media?

  Diagram of monoclonal antibodies attacking a tumor cell:
  media diagram
• What scan image is included showing an organ with antibody uptake?

  A scan identifying the thyroid with uptake:
  imaging thyroid
• Name two types of immunofluorescence.

  • Primary immunofluorescence
  • Secondary immunofluorescence
  immunofluorescence microscopy
• In secondary immunofluorescence, which antibody typically carries the fluorophore?

  The secondary antibody typically carries the fluorophore.

  
  immunofluorescence antibodies
• What cellular feature does immunofluorescence allow us to see?

  The internal structure of cells.
  immunofluorescence cellbiology
• Give one example of an antibody type used as a reagent in immunofluorescence.

  Monoclonal antibodies.
  reagents antibodies
• What does F.I.S.H stand for?

  Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (F.I.S.H).
  fish hybridization
• What microscopy technique is named in section 3?

  Immunofluorescence
  immunofluorescence technique microscopy
• What does the micrograph depict in the provided image?

  • Fluorescently labeled neurons and glial cells

  
  microscopy neurons glia
• Which phrase in the input refers to labeling different cell types for visualization?

  • Stain cell types
  histology stain
• Which phrase in the input describes the spatial arrangement of cells in three dimensions?

  • 3D relationships between cells
  cells spatial