Esses flashcards ainda não foram salvos — eles desaparecerão quando você sair. Crie uma conta gratuita para mantê‑los e desbloquear tudo abaixo.
Why does the newborn depend on its fuel reserves immediately after birth?
Because the supply of nutrients from the mother stops at birth and the infant must rely on readily mobilisable fuel reserves until adequate suckling is established.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the main fuel reserves for the neonate?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do hepatic glycogen concentrations change around birth?
Hepatic glycogen concentrations increase before birth, are rapidly mobilised after birth, and are depleted around 12 hours post-delivery.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What fuel source do infants primarily use after hepatic glycogen is depleted and before enteral feeding?
Infants begin to break down fat until enteral feeding is established.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do glycogen levels change in the weeks after birth?
Glycogen levels slowly rise to adult levels over the next few weeks after birth.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How does muscle glycogen change before and after birth compared to hepatic glycogen?
Muscle glycogen increases before birth and decreases rapidly thereafter, but the post-birth decrease is less rapid than that of hepatic glycogen.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Which gluconeogenic enzymes increase before birth as described in the text?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do hepatic and renal activities of glucose-6-phosphatase at birth compare with late gestation or adult levels?
At birth, hepatic and renal activity of glucose-6-phosphatase can reach levels higher than those found in late gestation or in adult animals.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Which endocrine changes around birth activate gluconeogenic enzymes?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
In fetal sheep, what hormonal surge is required for ontogenic increases in tissue G6P and PEPCK activities?
The prepartum cortisol surge is required for the ontogenic increments in tissue G6P and PEPCK activities.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the effect of fetal adrenalectomy on hepatic and renal G6P and PEPCK increases close to term in sheep?
Fetal adrenalectomy prevents the increases in hepatic and renal G6P and PEPCK seen close to term.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the effect of exogenous cortisol infusion earlier in gestation on gluconeogenic enzymes in fetal sheep?
An exogenous infusion of cortisol earlier in gestation stimulates the increases in gluconeogenic enzymes prematurely.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How does fetal thyroidectomy (hypothyroidism) affect hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzymes near term?
Hypothyroidism induced by fetal thyroidectomy is associated with a reduction in hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzymes near term.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to tissue G6P and PEPCK when the prepartum rise in plasma T3 is prevented by thyroidectomy in sheep?
The increments in tissue G6P and PEPCK normally seen towards term are abolished when the prepartum rise in plasma T3 is prevented by thyroidectomy.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the effect of premature elevation of plasma T3 concentration on tissue gluconeogenic enzyme activities?
Premature elevation of plasma T3 alone causes significant increases in tissue gluconeogenic enzyme activities.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What role does T3 play in regulating tissue gluconeogenic enzyme activity close to term?
T3 is a physiological regulator of tissue gluconeogenic enzyme activity close to term and mediates, at least in part, the maturational effects of fetal plasma cortisol.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Why are synthetic glucocorticoids like dexamethasone given to pregnant women threatened with pre-term delivery?
They are given to improve the viability of their infants.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What effect does maternal dexamethasone treatment have in ovine pregnancy?
Maternal dexamethasone treatment increases the glucogenic capacity of both the mother and fetus, affecting glucose availability before and after birth.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are the main nutrient sources for the infant immediately after birth and for how long in most species?
Glycogen and fat are the main nutrient sources immediately after birth for up to 24 hours in most species.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
After the initial 24 hours post-birth, where do most calories come from for the infant?
Thereafter, calories come from the milk and remaining fuel reserves.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How does milk composition vary between species and what is it related to?
Milk fat and protein content varies widely between species and is related to the rate of growth and the need for insulation.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How are the mammary glands classified anatomically?
They are classified as compound tubule-alveolar glands.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the lobular structure of the breast and ductal drainage?
The breast has 15 to 20 lobes of glandular tissue separated by adipose and collagenous connective tissue; each lobe is drained by its own lactiferous duct leading to the nipple with a lactiferous sinus.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What cells line alveoli and what is their function in lactation?
Alveoli are lined with cuboidal epithelial cells that are responsible for milk synthesis and secretion during lactation.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Which cells surround the epithelial cells in alveoli?
The epithelial cells are surrounded by myoepithelial cells.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
From birth to puberty, what is the predominant structure of the mammary gland?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What effect do oestrogens have on the mammary gland during puberty?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What hormonal changes after ovulation shape the mature breast structure?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How do steroids contribute to mammary gland morphology?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What triggers side-branching in the adult mammary gland?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How does growth hormone (GH) promote mammary ductal development?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Which hormones initiate lobule and terminal ductule development in early pregnancy?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What happens to alveolar epithelial cells during late pregnancy?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is the role of growth hormone (GH) in lactation?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What hormonal change at or after parturition is critical for initiation of lactation?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How is milk stored and how is galactopoiesis maintained?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Which neurons tonically inhibit prolactin secretion?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How does suckling affect prolactin secretion?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What are prolactin releasing factors (PRFs) role mentioned in the text?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How are oxytocin and vasopressin stored in the neurohypophysis?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What neural pathway triggers oxytocin release during nursing?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How does early-life intestinal microbiota relate to immune development?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How can maternal/neonatal microbiota affect offspring health?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Which factors altering infant bacterial communities can influence disease risk?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What diseases can be influenced by early alterations in infant microbiota according to the text?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What role does oxytocin play in lactation?
Oxytocin initiates the milk ejection reflex by inducing contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and the mammary ducts, initiating milk let-down.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is colostrum?
Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother, differing from later milk in composition.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How does colostrum differ from milk produced later in lactation?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Which long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are present in human milk but not in cow's milk or most formulas?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What hypothesis is suggested about breastfeeding and IQ in relation to DHA?
It has been suggested that the relationship between breastfeeding and IQ may be moderated by DHA or a genetic variant in FADS2.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Why do human neonates need immunological support from their mother?
Human neonates are born with an immature and naïve acquired immune system and need maternal support for immediate protection and long-term immune development.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What prenatal immunological protection does the fetus receive?
The fetus is supported by transplacental IgG antibodies.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Name major protective immune components present in human milk.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is 'nesting' in the context of parental behaviour?
Nesting refers to maternal behaviours like nest-site selection, nest building, and nest defence, and in humans may appear as cleaning and organising urges.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What function may nesting behaviours serve according to anthropological data?
Nesting behaviours may serve a protective function at a critical period of development by helping mothers control the birthing environment.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What did Harlow's primate studies demonstrate about early attachment?
Harlow's work showed that comfort, companionship, and love are important for healthy development and attachment, beyond the provision of food.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How did variations in maternal care affect rat offspring in Meany's study?
Offspring with high-quality maternal care (licking, grooming, nursing) showed increased HPA axis sensitivity to glucocorticoid negative feedback and a damped anxiety/stress response versus low-care offspring.
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What symptom cluster do most mothers experience in the first weeks after birth commonly called 'baby blues'?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What hormonal change is thought to cause the 'baby blues' after childbirth?
A sudden post-partum decrease in progesterone levels
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Which hormone has been shown to promote the induction of maternal care in mammals such as rodents and sheep?
Oestradiol (an oestrogen) stimulates the onset of maternal behaviour soon after birth
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What evidence supports a role for prolactin in maternal care behaviors like nursing and grooming?
Genetic manipulations of the prolactin gene and prolactin receptor gene validate prolactin's role in maternal care
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Which hypothalamic and brain areas are acted on by prepartum increases in oestradiol and prolactin to induce maternal behaviours?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What distinct neuroendocrine pattern linked to paternal behaviour was reported in mice by Stagkourakis et al.?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
How did the neuroendocrine profile related to paternal behaviour differ between mice and rats in the study?
Rats exhibited inverse profiles to mice for the reported parameters (dopamine release, prolactin levels, activation of MPOA galanin neurons)
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What experimental manipulations changed paternal behaviour and serum prolactin in the rodent studies?
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What general mechanism do the findings suggest determines species-specific parental strategies?
Distinct coupling schemes in a hypothalamic network producing different membrane potential oscillation frequencies set the hormonal axis tone and determine species-specific parental strategies
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What conclusion do the combined findings provide about prolactin's role in parental behaviour?
Prolactin and its actions on the hypothalamus can act as a driver of parental behaviour
Navegue pelos seus cards aqui, ou sign up to study with spaced repetition.
Why does the newborn depend on its fuel reserves immediately after birth?
Because the supply of nutrients from the mother stops at birth and the infant must rely on readily mobilisable fuel reserves until adequate suckling is established.
What are the main fuel reserves for the neonate?
How do hepatic glycogen concentrations change around birth?
Hepatic glycogen concentrations increase before birth, are rapidly mobilised after birth, and are depleted around 12 hours post-delivery.
What fuel source do infants primarily use after hepatic glycogen is depleted and before enteral feeding?
Infants begin to break down fat until enteral feeding is established.
How do glycogen levels change in the weeks after birth?
Glycogen levels slowly rise to adult levels over the next few weeks after birth.
How does muscle glycogen change before and after birth compared to hepatic glycogen?
Muscle glycogen increases before birth and decreases rapidly thereafter, but the post-birth decrease is less rapid than that of hepatic glycogen.
Which gluconeogenic enzymes increase before birth as described in the text?
How do hepatic and renal activities of glucose-6-phosphatase at birth compare with late gestation or adult levels?
At birth, hepatic and renal activity of glucose-6-phosphatase can reach levels higher than those found in late gestation or in adult animals.
Which endocrine changes around birth activate gluconeogenic enzymes?
In fetal sheep, what hormonal surge is required for ontogenic increases in tissue G6P and PEPCK activities?
The prepartum cortisol surge is required for the ontogenic increments in tissue G6P and PEPCK activities.
What is the effect of fetal adrenalectomy on hepatic and renal G6P and PEPCK increases close to term in sheep?
Fetal adrenalectomy prevents the increases in hepatic and renal G6P and PEPCK seen close to term.
What is the effect of exogenous cortisol infusion earlier in gestation on gluconeogenic enzymes in fetal sheep?
An exogenous infusion of cortisol earlier in gestation stimulates the increases in gluconeogenic enzymes prematurely.
How does fetal thyroidectomy (hypothyroidism) affect hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzymes near term?
Hypothyroidism induced by fetal thyroidectomy is associated with a reduction in hepatic and renal gluconeogenic enzymes near term.
What happens to tissue G6P and PEPCK when the prepartum rise in plasma T3 is prevented by thyroidectomy in sheep?
The increments in tissue G6P and PEPCK normally seen towards term are abolished when the prepartum rise in plasma T3 is prevented by thyroidectomy.
What is the effect of premature elevation of plasma T3 concentration on tissue gluconeogenic enzyme activities?
Premature elevation of plasma T3 alone causes significant increases in tissue gluconeogenic enzyme activities.
What role does T3 play in regulating tissue gluconeogenic enzyme activity close to term?
T3 is a physiological regulator of tissue gluconeogenic enzyme activity close to term and mediates, at least in part, the maturational effects of fetal plasma cortisol.
Why are synthetic glucocorticoids like dexamethasone given to pregnant women threatened with pre-term delivery?
They are given to improve the viability of their infants.
What effect does maternal dexamethasone treatment have in ovine pregnancy?
Maternal dexamethasone treatment increases the glucogenic capacity of both the mother and fetus, affecting glucose availability before and after birth.
What are the main nutrient sources for the infant immediately after birth and for how long in most species?
Glycogen and fat are the main nutrient sources immediately after birth for up to 24 hours in most species.
After the initial 24 hours post-birth, where do most calories come from for the infant?
Thereafter, calories come from the milk and remaining fuel reserves.
How does milk composition vary between species and what is it related to?
Milk fat and protein content varies widely between species and is related to the rate of growth and the need for insulation.
How are the mammary glands classified anatomically?
They are classified as compound tubule-alveolar glands.
What is the lobular structure of the breast and ductal drainage?
The breast has 15 to 20 lobes of glandular tissue separated by adipose and collagenous connective tissue; each lobe is drained by its own lactiferous duct leading to the nipple with a lactiferous sinus.
What cells line alveoli and what is their function in lactation?
Alveoli are lined with cuboidal epithelial cells that are responsible for milk synthesis and secretion during lactation.
Which cells surround the epithelial cells in alveoli?
The epithelial cells are surrounded by myoepithelial cells.
From birth to puberty, what is the predominant structure of the mammary gland?
What effect do oestrogens have on the mammary gland during puberty?
What hormonal changes after ovulation shape the mature breast structure?
How do steroids contribute to mammary gland morphology?
What triggers side-branching in the adult mammary gland?
How does growth hormone (GH) promote mammary ductal development?
Which hormones initiate lobule and terminal ductule development in early pregnancy?
What happens to alveolar epithelial cells during late pregnancy?
What is the role of growth hormone (GH) in lactation?
What hormonal change at or after parturition is critical for initiation of lactation?
How is milk stored and how is galactopoiesis maintained?
Which neurons tonically inhibit prolactin secretion?
How does suckling affect prolactin secretion?
What are prolactin releasing factors (PRFs) role mentioned in the text?
How are oxytocin and vasopressin stored in the neurohypophysis?
What neural pathway triggers oxytocin release during nursing?
How does early-life intestinal microbiota relate to immune development?
How can maternal/neonatal microbiota affect offspring health?
Which factors altering infant bacterial communities can influence disease risk?
What diseases can be influenced by early alterations in infant microbiota according to the text?
What role does oxytocin play in lactation?
Oxytocin initiates the milk ejection reflex by inducing contractions of the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and the mammary ducts, initiating milk let-down.
What is colostrum?
Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mother, differing from later milk in composition.
How does colostrum differ from milk produced later in lactation?
Which long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are present in human milk but not in cow's milk or most formulas?
What hypothesis is suggested about breastfeeding and IQ in relation to DHA?
It has been suggested that the relationship between breastfeeding and IQ may be moderated by DHA or a genetic variant in FADS2.
Why do human neonates need immunological support from their mother?
Human neonates are born with an immature and naïve acquired immune system and need maternal support for immediate protection and long-term immune development.
What prenatal immunological protection does the fetus receive?
The fetus is supported by transplacental IgG antibodies.
Name major protective immune components present in human milk.
What is 'nesting' in the context of parental behaviour?
Nesting refers to maternal behaviours like nest-site selection, nest building, and nest defence, and in humans may appear as cleaning and organising urges.
What function may nesting behaviours serve according to anthropological data?
Nesting behaviours may serve a protective function at a critical period of development by helping mothers control the birthing environment.
What did Harlow's primate studies demonstrate about early attachment?
Harlow's work showed that comfort, companionship, and love are important for healthy development and attachment, beyond the provision of food.
How did variations in maternal care affect rat offspring in Meany's study?
Offspring with high-quality maternal care (licking, grooming, nursing) showed increased HPA axis sensitivity to glucocorticoid negative feedback and a damped anxiety/stress response versus low-care offspring.
What symptom cluster do most mothers experience in the first weeks after birth commonly called 'baby blues'?
What hormonal change is thought to cause the 'baby blues' after childbirth?
A sudden post-partum decrease in progesterone levels
Which hormone has been shown to promote the induction of maternal care in mammals such as rodents and sheep?
Oestradiol (an oestrogen) stimulates the onset of maternal behaviour soon after birth
What evidence supports a role for prolactin in maternal care behaviors like nursing and grooming?
Genetic manipulations of the prolactin gene and prolactin receptor gene validate prolactin's role in maternal care
Which hypothalamic and brain areas are acted on by prepartum increases in oestradiol and prolactin to induce maternal behaviours?
What distinct neuroendocrine pattern linked to paternal behaviour was reported in mice by Stagkourakis et al.?
How did the neuroendocrine profile related to paternal behaviour differ between mice and rats in the study?
Rats exhibited inverse profiles to mice for the reported parameters (dopamine release, prolactin levels, activation of MPOA galanin neurons)
What experimental manipulations changed paternal behaviour and serum prolactin in the rodent studies?
What general mechanism do the findings suggest determines species-specific parental strategies?
Distinct coupling schemes in a hypothalamic network producing different membrane potential oscillation frequencies set the hormonal axis tone and determine species-specific parental strategies
What conclusion do the combined findings provide about prolactin's role in parental behaviour?
Prolactin and its actions on the hypothalamus can act as a driver of parental behaviour
Concise summary of neonatal physiology covered: energy substrates and their regulation at birth, mammary gland development and lactation control, milk composition and passive immunity, early-life microbiome and health outcomes, and neuroendocrine control of parental behaviour.
Tem certeza de que deseja excluir 0 flashcard(s)? Isso não pode ser desfeito.
Selecione as tags para remover de 0 flashcard(s) selecionado(s):
Carregando tags...