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  • What is chemistry?

    The study of matter and changes it undergoes, including physical and chemical properties, pure substances, and mixtures.

    chemistry basics

  • Define matter.

    Anything that has mass and occupies space; includes visible and non-visible substances.

    matter definition

  • What are atoms?

    Basic building blocks of matter, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

    atoms structure

  • What charge do protons have?

    • charge and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (amu).
    protons charge

  • What is the mass of neutrons?

    1 atomic mass unit (amu) and they are electrically neutral.

    neutrons mass

  • What is the charge of electrons?

    Negative charge with a negligible mass.

    electrons charge

  • What defines elements?

    Composed of only one kind of atom.

    elements definition

  • What are compounds?

    Composed of more than one kind of atom in a fixed ratio by mass.

    compounds definition

  • What are molecules?

    Groups of atoms chemically bonded together into a discrete unit by covalent bonds.

    molecules chemistry

  • What are ionic compounds?

    Contain positively and negatively charged ions, not identifiable discrete units.

    ionic compounds

  • What are the two categories of changes in matter?

    Physical changes and chemical changes.

    changes matter

  • Define physical changes.

    Occur without changing the chemical makeup of the substance, e.g., melting ice into water.

    physical changes

  • What are chemical changes?

    Always result in the formation of chemically different substances, e.g., breaking down water.

    chemical changes

  • What are pure substances?

    Materials that cannot be physically separated into simpler components.

    pure substances

  • What are mixtures?

    Composed of two or more pure substances that can be resolved into simpler components through physical processes.

    mixtures definition

  • What are homogeneous mixtures?

    Uniform in chemical and physical properties throughout the sample.

    homogeneous mixtures

  • What is a heterogeneous mixture?

    A mixture with distinct phase boundaries where chemical and/or physical properties change.

    chemistry mixtures

  • What surrounds the nucleus of an atom?

    Electrons in a nebulous cloud described by quantum-mechanical rules.

    chemistry atomic_structure

  • What is the atomic number (Z)?

    The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

    chemistry atomic_number

  • What determines the identity of an atom?

    The atomic number (Z).

    chemistry atomic_identity

  • What is the mass number (A)?

    The sum of the atomic number and neutron number.

    chemistry mass_number

  • What is the unit for atomic mass?

    Atomic mass unit (amu).

    chemistry atomic_mass

  • What must be true for an atom to be electrically neutral?

    It must have an equal number of protons and electrons.

    chemistry electricity

  • What are isotopes?

    Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

    chemistry isotopes

  • What does mass spectrometry do?

    Determines the mass of an atom or molecule by vaporizing it and bombarding with electrons.

    chemistry mass_spectrometry

  • What does Dalton’s atomic theory state about atoms?

    Atoms are indivisible particles, and all atoms of an element are identical.

    chemistry dalton's_theory

  • What is the law of multiple proportions?

    Elements can combine to form multiple compounds with small whole number ratios.

    chemistry dalton's_theory

  • What do the vertical columns in the periodic table represent?

    Groups or families

    chemistry periodic_table

  • What are elements in a group known for?

    Similar chemical and physical properties

    chemistry groups

  • What is the first period of the periodic table?

    Contains hydrogen and helium

    chemistry periodic_table

  • What do atomic weights in the periodic table represent?

    Weighted averages of atomic masses of isotopes

    chemistry atomic_weights

  • Where are metals located on the periodic table?

    Left side

    chemistry metals

  • What are the properties of non-metals?

    Brittle, poor conductors, can be solids, liquids, or gases

    chemistry nonmetals

  • What are metalloids also called?

    Semiconductors

    chemistry metalloids

  • What is the suffix for naming molecular compounds?

    'ide' for the last element

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is an ion?

    An atom or group of atoms with a charge

    chemistry ions

  • What do ionic compounds consist of?

    Ions held together by ionic bonds

    chemistry ionic_compounds

  • What is a cation?

    A positively charged ion

    chemistry ions

  • What is a salt in chemistry?

    An ionic compound

    chemistry salts

  • How do representative metals form cations?

    By giving away electrons equal to their group number

    chemistry metals

  • What does the group number indicate in relation to electrons?

    It is equal to the number of electrons in the highest energy, partially filled electron shell.

    chemistry electrons

  • How do you name a representative cation?

    Name the element and add 'cation' or 'ion'.

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What charge does oxygen have as an anion?

    −2

    chemistry oxygen

  • What is the charge of nitrogen as an anion?

    −3

    chemistry nitrogen

  • What is the charge of fluorine as an anion?

    −1

    chemistry fluorine

  • How do you name monatomic anions?

    Add the suffix 'ide' to the stem name.

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What are the charges for iron as a transition metal?

    Fe2+ and Fe3+

    chemistry transitionmetals

  • How do you name a transition metal cation that forms more than one cation?

    Name the metal and indicate the charge with Roman numerals.

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is the charge of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the Latin naming system?

    Fe2+ is ferrous ion, Fe3+ is ferric ion.

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What are polyatomic ions?

    Ions formed by 2 or more nonmetal atoms bonded together with a net charge.

    chemistry polyatomicions

  • How are SO42- and SO32- differentiated in naming?

    Larger number of oxygen gets 'ate', smaller gets 'ite'.

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What must be true about the net charge in ionic compounds?

    Atoms must be electrically neutral; net charge must be zero.

    chemistry ioniccompounds

  • What happens when a metal gives away electrons in ionic compounds?

    Another chemical (usually a non-metal) must accept them.

    chemistry ioniccompounds

  • What is the formula of an ionic compound?

    An empirical formula listing the simplest ratio of cations to anions for electrical neutrality.

    chemistry ionic

  • What must the total positive charge of cations equal?

    It must equal and oppose the total negative charge of anions.

    chemistry charges

  • What method is used to determine the ratio of charges when they aren't equal?

    The 'criss-cross' method.

    chemistry methods

  • What is the first step in forming an ionic compound?

    Identify the cation and anion, and write their symbols with charges.

    chemistry ionic

  • How do you criss-cross charges for Mg2+ and Cl−?

    Mg gets a subscript of 1, Cl gets a subscript of 2 → MgCl₂.

    chemistry ionic

  • What should you do if subscripts can be reduced?

    Simplify them to the smallest whole-number ratio.

    chemistry simplification

  • What is the final formula for Al3+ and S2−?

    Al₂S₃.

    chemistry ionic

  • How do you name an ionic compound?

    Name the cation first, then the anion.

    chemistry naming

  • What must you avoid when naming ionic compounds?

    Do not include prefix multipliers (di, tri, etc.).

    chemistry naming

  • When is it necessary to indicate the charge of a cation?

    When the cation is a transition metal.

    chemistry naming

  • How do you determine the charge on the cation?

    Assign a charge to achieve electrical neutrality based on anion charges.

    chemistry charges

  • What is FeSO4 named?

    Iron(II) sulfate.

    chemistry naming

  • What is the total charge contributed by three sulfate anions?

    −6 total charge.

    chemistry charges

  • What charge does sulfate carry?

    • −2 charge
    • Contributes six negative charges
    chemistry ions

  • What is the charge of the iron cations in Fe2(SO4)3?

    • +3 charge
    chemistry ions

  • What is Fe2(SO4)3 commonly known as?

    • Iron(III) sulfate
    chemistry compounds

  • What is a hydrate?

    • Compound with water molecules in its formula
    chemistry hydrates

  • What is an anhydrous salt?

    • Salt obtained by removal of water from a hydrate
    chemistry hydrates

  • What is a hygroscopic compound?

    • Compound that has a strong tendency to absorb water
    chemistry hydrates

  • How do you name a hydrate?

    • Name the ions and add 'hydrate' with a multiplier
    chemistry naming

  • What is a desiccant?

    • Substance that scavenges water from a system
    chemistry desiccants

  • What is a common desiccant?

    • Silica gel (SiO2)
    chemistry desiccants

  • What is an electrolyte?

    • Substance that dissolves in water to conduct electricity
    chemistry electrolytes

  • What is a nonelectrolyte?

    • Substance that dissolves in water but does not conduct electricity
    chemistry electrolytes

  • What happens when ionic compounds dissolve in water?

    • They separate into free-moving ions
    chemistry electrolytes

  • What is stoichiometry?

    • Calculations relating the amount of reactants and products
    chemistry stoichiometry

  • What is a mole?

    • Quantity containing 6.02 x 10^23 particles
    chemistry moles

  • What is molar mass?

    • Mass of an element in g/mol, equal to atomic mass (amu)
    chemistry molar_mass

  • What is the difference between compounds and elements?

    Compounds can be chemically separated into elements; elements cannot.

    chemistry compounds elements

  • What is a homogeneous mixture?

    Uniform in chemical and physical properties throughout the sample.

    chemistry mixtures

  • Give an example of a homogeneous mixture.

    Normal saline or air.

    chemistry examples

  • What do protons and neutrons form in an atom?

    They form the nucleus, bound by the strong nuclear force.

    chemistry atomic_structure

  • What are heterogeneous mixtures characterized by?

    Distinct phase boundaries between components.

    chemistry mixtures

  • What is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?

    Emesis.

    chemistry mixtures

  • How are electrons described in an atom?

    Surround the nucleus in a nebulous cloud described by quantum-mechanical rules.

    chemistry atoms

  • What is the unified atomic mass unit based on?

    The mass of a carbon-12 atom.

    chemistry mass

  • What is the unit of measurement for atomic mass?

    Unified Atomic Mass Unit (amu).

    chemistry mass

  • What happens when an electron is removed from an electrically neutral atom?

    It becomes positively charged, forming a molecular ion A‘.

    chemistry ions

  • What is the function of the ionization sector in mass spectrometry?

    Bombards the sample with high-energy electrons to create charged particles.

    chemistry mass_spectrometry

  • What is the purpose of the acceleration sector in mass spectrometry?

    To manipulate charged particles using electric fields.

    chemistry mass_spectrometry

  • What determines the mass of an atom or molecule?

    The mass is determined by the mass-to-charge ratio of the molecular ion.

    chemistry mass

  • What is the purpose of charged plates in mass spectrometry?

    They accelerate the molecular ion towards the magnetic sector.

    chemistry mass_spectrometry

  • What happens to molecular ions in a magnetic field?

    They follow a curved path depending on their mass.

    chemistry magnetism

  • What happens if a molecular ion is too light or too heavy?

    It is deflected too much or too little and crashes into the wall.

    chemistry mass_spectrometry

  • What is the charge on the molecular ion in mass spectrometry?

    The charge is almost certain to be +1.

    chemistry mass_spectrometry

  • What is the relationship between mass/charge ratio and mass?

    Mass/charge ratio is equal to mass/1, numerically equal to the mass of the particle.

    chemistry mass_spectrometry

  • What are the different isotopes of hydrogen?

    • Hydrogen-1 (mass number: 1)
    • Hydrogen-2 (deuterium, mass number: 2)
    • Hydrogen-3 (tritium, mass number: 3)
    chemistry isotopes

  • What are metalloids?

    Elements with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.

    chemistry metalloids

  • Do metalloids have a luster?

    Yes, they have a shiny luster.

    chemistry metalloids

  • Are metalloids malleable and ductile?

    Less malleable and ductile than metals.

    chemistry metalloids

  • How do metalloids conduct electricity?

    They conduct electricity but not as well as metals.

    chemistry conductivity

  • What is another name for metalloids?

    Also called semiconductors.

    chemistry semiconductors

  • Which metalloid is most well-known for its use in semiconductors?

    Silicon.

    chemistry silicon

  • What is silicon commonly used for?

    Constructing computer chips.

    technology silicon

  • What are the two types of compounds?

    • Molecular compounds: Comprised only of nonmetals
    • Ionic compounds: Comprised of a metal and a nonmetal
    chemistry compounds

  • What is a polyatomic ion?

    An ion composed of two or more atoms that are covalently bonded and that functions as a single ion.

    chemistry ions

  • Give an example of a polyatomic ion.

    • Hydroxide: OH⁻
    • Sulfate: SO₄²⁻
    • Phosphate: PO₄³⁻
    chemistry ions

  • How are chemical names treated in writing?

    They are not proper nouns and should not be capitalized.

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is the formula for Dinitrogen monoxide?

    N₂O

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is the common name for N₂O?

    Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is the formula for water?

    H₂O

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is the common use of ammonia (NH₃)?

    Fertilizer; window cleaner

    chemistry uses

  • What is the formula for sodium chloride?

    NaCl

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is the common use of sodium bicarbonate?

    Baking soda

    chemistry uses

  • What is the formula for sodium hydroxide?

    NaOH

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is the common use of magnesium sulfate?

    Epsom salt

    chemistry uses

  • What is the formula for silicon dioxide?

    SiO₂

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is the formula for carbon tetrachloride?

    CCl₄

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is a common use of propane (C₃H₈)?

    LPG fuel gas used in rural areas

    chemistry uses

  • What is the chemical formula for Epsom Salt?

    MgSO₄

    chemistry compounds

  • What is the chemical formula for bleach?

    NaOCl

    chemistry compounds

  • What is the electronic configuration of a sodium atom?

    2,8,1

    chemistry electrons

  • What is the sodium cation symbol?

    Na⁺

    chemistry ions

  • What are the common cations for iron?

    • Fe²⁺ (ferrous)
    • Fe³⁺ (ferric)
    chemistry cations

  • What is the common name for HCO₃⁻?

    Bicarbonate

    chemistry ions

  • What is the empirical formula of calcium oxide?

    CaO

    chemistry ionic_compounds

  • What does the criss-cross method help determine?

    The ratio of cations to anions in ionic compounds.

    chemistry ionic_compounds

  • How do you name an ionic compound?

    Name the cation first, then the anion.

    chemistry nomenclature

  • What is the formula for Potassium sulfate?

    K2SO4

    chemistry ionic_compounds

  • What is the formula for Sodium oxide?

    Na2O

    chemistry ionic_compounds

  • What is the formula for Lithium carbonate?

    Li2CO3

    chemistry ionic_compounds

  • What is the formula for Iron sulfate?

    FeSO4

    chemistry ionic_compounds

  • What is the formula for Iron(II) sulfate?

    Fe(SO4)2

    chemistry ionic_compounds

  • What is the importance of ionic charge balance in compounds?

    Total positive charge must equal total negative charge.

    chemistry ionic_compounds

  • What is the formula for Ferrous sulfate?

    FeSO4

    chemistry compounds

  • What is the formula for Ferric sulfate?

    Fe2(SO4)3

    chemistry compounds

  • What is the first neutralization reaction?

    CO2 + H2O → H2CO3

    chemistry reactions

  • What is the second neutralization reaction?

    Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + 2 NaOH

    chemistry reactions

  • What is produced in the first neutralization reaction?

    H2CO3

    chemistry reactions

  • What is formed as a precipitate in the second reaction?

    CaCO3

    chemistry reactions

  • What is the role of KOH in the reactions?

    Participates like NaOH

    chemistry reactions
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