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What is chemistry?
Define matter.
What are atoms?
What charge do protons have?
What is the mass of neutrons?
What is the charge of electrons?
What defines elements?
What are compounds?
What are molecules?
What are ionic compounds?
What are the two categories of changes in matter?
Define physical changes.
What are chemical changes?
What are pure substances?
What are mixtures?
What are homogeneous mixtures?
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
What surrounds the nucleus of an atom?
What is the atomic number (Z)?
What determines the identity of an atom?
What is the mass number (A)?
What is the unit for atomic mass?
What must be true for an atom to be electrically neutral?
What are isotopes?
What does mass spectrometry do?
What does Dalton’s atomic theory state about atoms?
What is the law of multiple proportions?
What do the vertical columns in the periodic table represent?
What are elements in a group known for?
What is the first period of the periodic table?
What do atomic weights in the periodic table represent?
Where are metals located on the periodic table?
What are the properties of non-metals?
What are metalloids also called?
What is the suffix for naming molecular compounds?
What is an ion?
What do ionic compounds consist of?
What is a cation?
What is a salt in chemistry?
How do representative metals form cations?
What does the group number indicate in relation to electrons?
How do you name a representative cation?
What charge does oxygen have as an anion?
What is the charge of nitrogen as an anion?
What is the charge of fluorine as an anion?
How do you name monatomic anions?
What are the charges for iron as a transition metal?
How do you name a transition metal cation that forms more than one cation?
What is the charge of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the Latin naming system?
What are polyatomic ions?
How are SO42- and SO32- differentiated in naming?
What must be true about the net charge in ionic compounds?
What happens when a metal gives away electrons in ionic compounds?
What is the formula of an ionic compound?
What must the total positive charge of cations equal?
What method is used to determine the ratio of charges when they aren't equal?
What is the first step in forming an ionic compound?
How do you criss-cross charges for Mg2+ and Cl−?
What should you do if subscripts can be reduced?
What is the final formula for Al3+ and S2−?
How do you name an ionic compound?
What must you avoid when naming ionic compounds?
When is it necessary to indicate the charge of a cation?
How do you determine the charge on the cation?
What is FeSO4 named?
What is the total charge contributed by three sulfate anions?
What charge does sulfate carry?
What is the charge of the iron cations in Fe2(SO4)3?
What is Fe2(SO4)3 commonly known as?
What is a hydrate?
What is an anhydrous salt?
What is a hygroscopic compound?
How do you name a hydrate?
What is a desiccant?
What is a common desiccant?
What is an electrolyte?
What is a nonelectrolyte?
What happens when ionic compounds dissolve in water?
What is stoichiometry?
What is a mole?
What is molar mass?
What is the difference between compounds and elements?
What is a homogeneous mixture?
Give an example of a homogeneous mixture.
What do protons and neutrons form in an atom?
What are heterogeneous mixtures characterized by?
What is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
How are electrons described in an atom?
What is the unified atomic mass unit based on?
What is the unit of measurement for atomic mass?
What happens when an electron is removed from an electrically neutral atom?
What is the function of the ionization sector in mass spectrometry?
What is the purpose of the acceleration sector in mass spectrometry?
What determines the mass of an atom or molecule?
What is the purpose of charged plates in mass spectrometry?
What happens to molecular ions in a magnetic field?
What happens if a molecular ion is too light or too heavy?
What is the charge on the molecular ion in mass spectrometry?
What is the relationship between mass/charge ratio and mass?
What are the different isotopes of hydrogen?
What are metalloids?
Do metalloids have a luster?
Are metalloids malleable and ductile?
How do metalloids conduct electricity?
What is another name for metalloids?
Which metalloid is most well-known for its use in semiconductors?
What is silicon commonly used for?
What are the two types of compounds?
What is a polyatomic ion?
Give an example of a polyatomic ion.
How are chemical names treated in writing?
What is the formula for Dinitrogen monoxide?
What is the common name for N₂O?
What is the formula for water?
What is the common use of ammonia (NH₃)?
What is the formula for sodium chloride?
What is the common use of sodium bicarbonate?
What is the formula for sodium hydroxide?
What is the common use of magnesium sulfate?
What is the formula for silicon dioxide?
What is the formula for carbon tetrachloride?
What is a common use of propane (C₃H₈)?
What is the chemical formula for Epsom Salt?
What is the chemical formula for bleach?
What is the electronic configuration of a sodium atom?
What is the sodium cation symbol?
What are the common cations for iron?
What is the common name for HCO₃⁻?
What is the empirical formula of calcium oxide?
What does the criss-cross method help determine?
How do you name an ionic compound?
What is the formula for Potassium sulfate?
What is the formula for Sodium oxide?
What is the formula for Lithium carbonate?
What is the formula for Iron sulfate?
What is the formula for Iron(II) sulfate?
What is the importance of ionic charge balance in compounds?
What is the formula for Ferrous sulfate?
What is the formula for Ferric sulfate?
What is the first neutralization reaction?
What is the second neutralization reaction?
What is produced in the first neutralization reaction?
What is formed as a precipitate in the second reaction?
What is the role of KOH in the reactions?
Flashcards neste deck (145)
-
What is chemistry?
The study of matter and changes it undergoes, including physical and chemical properties, pure substances, and mixtures.
chemistry basics -
Define matter.
Anything that has mass and occupies space; includes visible and non-visible substances.
matter definition -
What are atoms?
Basic building blocks of matter, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
atoms structure -
What charge do protons have?
- charge and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (amu).
protons charge -
What is the mass of neutrons?
1 atomic mass unit (amu) and they are electrically neutral.
neutrons mass -
What is the charge of electrons?
Negative charge with a negligible mass.
electrons charge -
What defines elements?
Composed of only one kind of atom.
elements definition -
What are compounds?
Composed of more than one kind of atom in a fixed ratio by mass.
compounds definition -
What are molecules?
Groups of atoms chemically bonded together into a discrete unit by covalent bonds.
molecules chemistry -
What are ionic compounds?
Contain positively and negatively charged ions, not identifiable discrete units.
ionic compounds -
What are the two categories of changes in matter?
Physical changes and chemical changes.
changes matter -
Define physical changes.
Occur without changing the chemical makeup of the substance, e.g., melting ice into water.
physical changes -
What are chemical changes?
Always result in the formation of chemically different substances, e.g., breaking down water.
chemical changes -
What are pure substances?
Materials that cannot be physically separated into simpler components.
pure substances -
What are mixtures?
Composed of two or more pure substances that can be resolved into simpler components through physical processes.
mixtures definition -
What are homogeneous mixtures?
Uniform in chemical and physical properties throughout the sample.
homogeneous mixtures -
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
A mixture with distinct phase boundaries where chemical and/or physical properties change.
chemistry mixtures -
What surrounds the nucleus of an atom?
Electrons in a nebulous cloud described by quantum-mechanical rules.
chemistry atomic_structure -
What is the atomic number (Z)?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
chemistry atomic_number -
What determines the identity of an atom?
The atomic number (Z).
chemistry atomic_identity -
What is the mass number (A)?
The sum of the atomic number and neutron number.
chemistry mass_number -
What is the unit for atomic mass?
Atomic mass unit (amu).
chemistry atomic_mass -
What must be true for an atom to be electrically neutral?
It must have an equal number of protons and electrons.
chemistry electricity -
What are isotopes?
Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
chemistry isotopes -
What does mass spectrometry do?
Determines the mass of an atom or molecule by vaporizing it and bombarding with electrons.
chemistry mass_spectrometry -
What does Dalton’s atomic theory state about atoms?
Atoms are indivisible particles, and all atoms of an element are identical.
chemistry dalton's_theory -
What is the law of multiple proportions?
Elements can combine to form multiple compounds with small whole number ratios.
chemistry dalton's_theory -
What do the vertical columns in the periodic table represent?
Groups or families
chemistry periodic_table -
What are elements in a group known for?
Similar chemical and physical properties
chemistry groups -
What is the first period of the periodic table?
Contains hydrogen and helium
chemistry periodic_table -
What do atomic weights in the periodic table represent?
Weighted averages of atomic masses of isotopes
chemistry atomic_weights -
Where are metals located on the periodic table?
Left side
chemistry metals -
What are the properties of non-metals?
Brittle, poor conductors, can be solids, liquids, or gases
chemistry nonmetals -
What are metalloids also called?
Semiconductors
chemistry metalloids -
What is the suffix for naming molecular compounds?
'ide' for the last element
chemistry nomenclature -
What is an ion?
An atom or group of atoms with a charge
chemistry ions -
What do ionic compounds consist of?
Ions held together by ionic bonds
chemistry ionic_compounds -
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion
chemistry ions -
What is a salt in chemistry?
An ionic compound
chemistry salts -
How do representative metals form cations?
By giving away electrons equal to their group number
chemistry metals -
What does the group number indicate in relation to electrons?
It is equal to the number of electrons in the highest energy, partially filled electron shell.
chemistry electrons -
How do you name a representative cation?
Name the element and add 'cation' or 'ion'.
chemistry nomenclature -
What charge does oxygen have as an anion?
−2
chemistry oxygen -
What is the charge of nitrogen as an anion?
−3
chemistry nitrogen -
What is the charge of fluorine as an anion?
−1
chemistry fluorine -
How do you name monatomic anions?
Add the suffix 'ide' to the stem name.
chemistry nomenclature -
What are the charges for iron as a transition metal?
Fe2+ and Fe3+
chemistry transitionmetals -
How do you name a transition metal cation that forms more than one cation?
Name the metal and indicate the charge with Roman numerals.
chemistry nomenclature -
What is the charge of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the Latin naming system?
Fe2+ is ferrous ion, Fe3+ is ferric ion.
chemistry nomenclature -
What are polyatomic ions?
Ions formed by 2 or more nonmetal atoms bonded together with a net charge.
chemistry polyatomicions -
How are SO42- and SO32- differentiated in naming?
Larger number of oxygen gets 'ate', smaller gets 'ite'.
chemistry nomenclature -
What must be true about the net charge in ionic compounds?
Atoms must be electrically neutral; net charge must be zero.
chemistry ioniccompounds -
What happens when a metal gives away electrons in ionic compounds?
Another chemical (usually a non-metal) must accept them.
chemistry ioniccompounds -
What is the formula of an ionic compound?
An empirical formula listing the simplest ratio of cations to anions for electrical neutrality.
chemistry ionic -
What must the total positive charge of cations equal?
It must equal and oppose the total negative charge of anions.
chemistry charges -
What method is used to determine the ratio of charges when they aren't equal?
The 'criss-cross' method.
chemistry methods -
What is the first step in forming an ionic compound?
Identify the cation and anion, and write their symbols with charges.
chemistry ionic -
How do you criss-cross charges for Mg2+ and Cl−?
Mg gets a subscript of 1, Cl gets a subscript of 2 → MgCl₂.
chemistry ionic -
What should you do if subscripts can be reduced?
Simplify them to the smallest whole-number ratio.
chemistry simplification -
What is the final formula for Al3+ and S2−?
Al₂S₃.
chemistry ionic -
How do you name an ionic compound?
Name the cation first, then the anion.
chemistry naming -
What must you avoid when naming ionic compounds?
Do not include prefix multipliers (di, tri, etc.).
chemistry naming -
When is it necessary to indicate the charge of a cation?
When the cation is a transition metal.
chemistry naming -
How do you determine the charge on the cation?
Assign a charge to achieve electrical neutrality based on anion charges.
chemistry charges -
What is FeSO4 named?
Iron(II) sulfate.
chemistry naming -
What is the total charge contributed by three sulfate anions?
−6 total charge.
chemistry charges -
What charge does sulfate carry?
- −2 charge
- Contributes six negative charges
chemistry ions -
What is the charge of the iron cations in Fe2(SO4)3?
- +3 charge
chemistry ions -
What is Fe2(SO4)3 commonly known as?
- Iron(III) sulfate
chemistry compounds -
What is a hydrate?
- Compound with water molecules in its formula
chemistry hydrates -
What is an anhydrous salt?
- Salt obtained by removal of water from a hydrate
chemistry hydrates -
What is a hygroscopic compound?
- Compound that has a strong tendency to absorb water
chemistry hydrates -
How do you name a hydrate?
- Name the ions and add 'hydrate' with a multiplier
chemistry naming -
What is a desiccant?
- Substance that scavenges water from a system
chemistry desiccants -
What is a common desiccant?
- Silica gel (SiO2)
chemistry desiccants -
What is an electrolyte?
- Substance that dissolves in water to conduct electricity
chemistry electrolytes -
What is a nonelectrolyte?
- Substance that dissolves in water but does not conduct electricity
chemistry electrolytes -
What happens when ionic compounds dissolve in water?
- They separate into free-moving ions
chemistry electrolytes -
What is stoichiometry?
- Calculations relating the amount of reactants and products
chemistry stoichiometry -
What is a mole?
- Quantity containing 6.02 x 10^23 particles
chemistry moles -
What is molar mass?
- Mass of an element in g/mol, equal to atomic mass (amu)
chemistry molar_mass -
What is the difference between compounds and elements?
Compounds can be chemically separated into elements; elements cannot.
chemistry compounds elements -
What is a homogeneous mixture?
Uniform in chemical and physical properties throughout the sample.
chemistry mixtures -
Give an example of a homogeneous mixture.
Normal saline or air.
chemistry examples -
What do protons and neutrons form in an atom?
They form the nucleus, bound by the strong nuclear force.
chemistry atomic_structure -
What are heterogeneous mixtures characterized by?
Distinct phase boundaries between components.
chemistry mixtures -
What is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
Emesis.
chemistry mixtures -
How are electrons described in an atom?
Surround the nucleus in a nebulous cloud described by quantum-mechanical rules.
chemistry atoms -
What is the unified atomic mass unit based on?
The mass of a carbon-12 atom.
chemistry mass -
What is the unit of measurement for atomic mass?
Unified Atomic Mass Unit (amu).
chemistry mass -
What happens when an electron is removed from an electrically neutral atom?
It becomes positively charged, forming a molecular ion A‘.
chemistry ions -
What is the function of the ionization sector in mass spectrometry?
Bombards the sample with high-energy electrons to create charged particles.
chemistry mass_spectrometry -
What is the purpose of the acceleration sector in mass spectrometry?
To manipulate charged particles using electric fields.
chemistry mass_spectrometry -
What determines the mass of an atom or molecule?
The mass is determined by the mass-to-charge ratio of the molecular ion.
chemistry mass -
What is the purpose of charged plates in mass spectrometry?
They accelerate the molecular ion towards the magnetic sector.
chemistry mass_spectrometry -
What happens to molecular ions in a magnetic field?
They follow a curved path depending on their mass.
chemistry magnetism -
What happens if a molecular ion is too light or too heavy?
It is deflected too much or too little and crashes into the wall.
chemistry mass_spectrometry -
What is the charge on the molecular ion in mass spectrometry?
The charge is almost certain to be +1.
chemistry mass_spectrometry -
What is the relationship between mass/charge ratio and mass?
Mass/charge ratio is equal to mass/1, numerically equal to the mass of the particle.
chemistry mass_spectrometry -
What are the different isotopes of hydrogen?
- Hydrogen-1 (mass number: 1)
- Hydrogen-2 (deuterium, mass number: 2)
- Hydrogen-3 (tritium, mass number: 3)
chemistry isotopes -
What are metalloids?
Elements with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.
chemistry metalloids -
Do metalloids have a luster?
Yes, they have a shiny luster.
chemistry metalloids -
Are metalloids malleable and ductile?
Less malleable and ductile than metals.
chemistry metalloids -
How do metalloids conduct electricity?
They conduct electricity but not as well as metals.
chemistry conductivity -
What is another name for metalloids?
Also called semiconductors.
chemistry semiconductors -
Which metalloid is most well-known for its use in semiconductors?
Silicon.
chemistry silicon -
What is silicon commonly used for?
Constructing computer chips.
technology silicon -
What are the two types of compounds?
- Molecular compounds: Comprised only of nonmetals
- Ionic compounds: Comprised of a metal and a nonmetal
chemistry compounds -
What is a polyatomic ion?
An ion composed of two or more atoms that are covalently bonded and that functions as a single ion.
chemistry ions -
Give an example of a polyatomic ion.
- Hydroxide: OH⁻
- Sulfate: SO₄²⁻
- Phosphate: PO₄³⁻
chemistry ions -
How are chemical names treated in writing?
They are not proper nouns and should not be capitalized.
chemistry nomenclature -
What is the formula for Dinitrogen monoxide?
N₂O
chemistry nomenclature -
What is the common name for N₂O?
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
chemistry nomenclature -
What is the formula for water?
H₂O
chemistry nomenclature -
What is the common use of ammonia (NH₃)?
Fertilizer; window cleaner
chemistry uses -
What is the formula for sodium chloride?
NaCl
chemistry nomenclature -
What is the common use of sodium bicarbonate?
Baking soda
chemistry uses -
What is the formula for sodium hydroxide?
NaOH
chemistry nomenclature -
What is the common use of magnesium sulfate?
Epsom salt
chemistry uses -
What is the formula for silicon dioxide?
SiO₂
chemistry nomenclature -
What is the formula for carbon tetrachloride?
CCl₄
chemistry nomenclature -
What is a common use of propane (C₃H₈)?
LPG fuel gas used in rural areas
chemistry uses -
What is the chemical formula for Epsom Salt?
MgSO₄
chemistry compounds -
What is the chemical formula for bleach?
NaOCl
chemistry compounds -
What is the electronic configuration of a sodium atom?
2,8,1
chemistry electrons -
What is the sodium cation symbol?
Na⁺
chemistry ions -
What are the common cations for iron?
- Fe²⁺ (ferrous)
- Fe³⁺ (ferric)
chemistry cations -
What is the common name for HCO₃⁻?
Bicarbonate
chemistry ions -
What is the empirical formula of calcium oxide?
CaO
chemistry ionic_compounds -
What does the criss-cross method help determine?
The ratio of cations to anions in ionic compounds.
chemistry ionic_compounds -
How do you name an ionic compound?
Name the cation first, then the anion.
chemistry nomenclature -
What is the formula for Potassium sulfate?
K2SO4
chemistry ionic_compounds -
What is the formula for Sodium oxide?
Na2O
chemistry ionic_compounds -
What is the formula for Lithium carbonate?
Li2CO3
chemistry ionic_compounds -
What is the formula for Iron sulfate?
FeSO4
chemistry ionic_compounds -
What is the formula for Iron(II) sulfate?
Fe(SO4)2
chemistry ionic_compounds -
What is the importance of ionic charge balance in compounds?
Total positive charge must equal total negative charge.
chemistry ionic_compounds -
What is the formula for Ferrous sulfate?
FeSO4
chemistry compounds -
What is the formula for Ferric sulfate?
Fe2(SO4)3
chemistry compounds -
What is the first neutralization reaction?
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
chemistry reactions -
What is the second neutralization reaction?
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + 2 NaOH
chemistry reactions -
What is produced in the first neutralization reaction?
H2CO3
chemistry reactions -
What is formed as a precipitate in the second reaction?
CaCO3
chemistry reactions -
What is the role of KOH in the reactions?
Participates like NaOH
chemistry reactions -