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What is a transmembrane protein?
A membrane protein that spans the entire lipid bilayer.
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What is a glycoprotein used for?
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What functions does the extracellular matrix provide?
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What is the MHC complex?
Cell surface proteins used by the immune system to recognise cells.
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What do plasmodesmata do in plant cells?
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What is the function of a tight junction in animal tissues?
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What is a glycolipid role in cell membranes?
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What does impermeable mean regarding membranes?
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What is facilitated diffusion across a membrane?
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What property of transport proteins determines which molecules can pass through them?
Specificity: transport proteins only allow certain molecules to pass.
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How does a conformational change in a protein relate to membrane transport?
A shape (conformational) change in a protein allows transport across membranes.
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What is osmosis in terms of water movement?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
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What drives osmosis across a membrane?
An osmotic gradient: a difference in solute concentration across a membrane drives osmosis.
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What is osmotic pressure?
Osmotic pressure is the pressure caused by water moving across a membrane due to osmosis.
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What is crenation of an animal cell?
Shrivelling of an animal cell due to water loss in a hypertonic solution.
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What is lysis in cells?
Bursting of a cell due to excess water entering.
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What is turgor pressure in a plant cell?
Pressure of water inside a plant cell pushing against the cell wall.
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What does it mean for a plant cell to be turgid?
State of a plant cell when it is full of water and firm.
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What is plasmolysis in plant cells?
When the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss.
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What is the cytosol?
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What is the primary function of a ribosome?
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List the cell organelles from the mnemonic provided.
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What is a prokaryote?
A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, e.g. bacteria.
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What is peptidoglycan?
A strong polymer that forms the cell wall of bacteria.
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What is a plasmid?
A small circular extra DNA molecule in bacteria that can replicate independently.
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What are filopodia?
Thin, finger-like cell projections used for sensing the environment and movement.
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What is compartmentalisation in a cell?
The division of a cell into separate membrane-bound areas for specialised functions.
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What are microvilli and their primary function?
Tiny projections of the cell membrane that increase surface area for absorption.
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What is a ribosome?
Organelle responsible for protein synthesis.
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What is rRNA (ribosomal RNA)?
RNA molecule that forms part of ribosomes and helps build proteins.
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What is the nuclear membrane?
A double membrane surrounding the nucleus that separates DNA from the cytoplasm.
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What is a nuclear pore?
A protein channel in the nuclear membrane allowing transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus.
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What is the nucleoplasm?
The fluid inside the nucleus where chromatin and the nucleolus are found.
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What is chromatin?
DNA wrapped around proteins (histones) that contains genetic information.
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What is the nucleolus?
A dense region in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced.
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
A network of membranes that synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids.
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What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?
Produces lipids and detoxifies chemicals.
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What characterizes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?
Covered in ribosomes and synthesizes proteins for transport.
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How do sER and rER differ in primary function?
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What is a vesicle in a cell?
Small membrane-bound sac used to transport materials within cells.
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
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What is a peroxisome and its main role?
Organelle that breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances.
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What is catalase in peroxisomes?
Enzyme in peroxisomes that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
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What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of protein fibres that supports cell shape and movement.
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What are microtubules?
Hollow tubes in the cytoskeleton involved in cell shape, transport, and cell division.
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What is tubulin?
The protein that forms microtubules.
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What are intermediate filaments?
Cytoskeleton fibres that provide tensile strength to cells.
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What are microfilaments (actin filaments)?
Thin actin filaments involved in cell movement and shape.
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What is actin?
A protein that forms microfilaments.
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What is the function of a centriole?
A cylindrical structure that helps organise spindle fibres during cell division.
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What is chitin?
A structural polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons.
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What is cellulose?
A structural carbohydrate that forms plant cell walls.
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What is lignin?
A complex polymer that strengthens plant cell walls, especially in wood.
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Which protein forms the cell's microfilaments?
Actin forms the cell's microfilaments.
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What is chlorophyll?
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What are grana in chloroplasts?
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What is the stroma of a chloroplast?
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What is a vacuole in plant cells?
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What is the tonoplast?
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What is the endosymbiotic theory?
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living bacteria engulfed by early cells.
Kartlarına buradan göz at, veya sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a phospholipid and how does it contribute to membranes?
Kartlarına buradan göz at, veya sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is an integral protein?
A protein embedded within the membrane.
Kartlarına buradan göz at, veya sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a peripheral protein?
A protein attached to the membrane surface.
Kartlarına buradan göz at, veya sign up to study with spaced repetition.
What is a transmembrane protein?
A membrane protein that spans the entire lipid bilayer.
What is a glycoprotein used for?
What functions does the extracellular matrix provide?
What is the MHC complex?
Cell surface proteins used by the immune system to recognise cells.
What do plasmodesmata do in plant cells?
What is the function of a tight junction in animal tissues?
What is a glycolipid role in cell membranes?
What does impermeable mean regarding membranes?
What is facilitated diffusion across a membrane?
What property of transport proteins determines which molecules can pass through them?
Specificity: transport proteins only allow certain molecules to pass.
How does a conformational change in a protein relate to membrane transport?
A shape (conformational) change in a protein allows transport across membranes.
What is osmosis in terms of water movement?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What drives osmosis across a membrane?
An osmotic gradient: a difference in solute concentration across a membrane drives osmosis.
What is osmotic pressure?
Osmotic pressure is the pressure caused by water moving across a membrane due to osmosis.
What is crenation of an animal cell?
Shrivelling of an animal cell due to water loss in a hypertonic solution.
What is lysis in cells?
Bursting of a cell due to excess water entering.
What is turgor pressure in a plant cell?
Pressure of water inside a plant cell pushing against the cell wall.
What does it mean for a plant cell to be turgid?
State of a plant cell when it is full of water and firm.
What is plasmolysis in plant cells?
When the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss.
What is the cytosol?
What is the primary function of a ribosome?
List the cell organelles from the mnemonic provided.
What is a prokaryote?
A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, e.g. bacteria.
What is peptidoglycan?
A strong polymer that forms the cell wall of bacteria.
What is a plasmid?
A small circular extra DNA molecule in bacteria that can replicate independently.
What are filopodia?
Thin, finger-like cell projections used for sensing the environment and movement.
What is compartmentalisation in a cell?
The division of a cell into separate membrane-bound areas for specialised functions.
What are microvilli and their primary function?
Tiny projections of the cell membrane that increase surface area for absorption.
What is a ribosome?
Organelle responsible for protein synthesis.
What is rRNA (ribosomal RNA)?
RNA molecule that forms part of ribosomes and helps build proteins.
What is the nuclear membrane?
A double membrane surrounding the nucleus that separates DNA from the cytoplasm.
What is a nuclear pore?
A protein channel in the nuclear membrane allowing transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus.
What is the nucleoplasm?
The fluid inside the nucleus where chromatin and the nucleolus are found.
What is chromatin?
DNA wrapped around proteins (histones) that contains genetic information.
What is the nucleolus?
A dense region in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
A network of membranes that synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids.
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?
Produces lipids and detoxifies chemicals.
What characterizes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?
Covered in ribosomes and synthesizes proteins for transport.
How do sER and rER differ in primary function?
What is a vesicle in a cell?
Small membrane-bound sac used to transport materials within cells.
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
What is a peroxisome and its main role?
Organelle that breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances.
What is catalase in peroxisomes?
Enzyme in peroxisomes that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of protein fibres that supports cell shape and movement.
What are microtubules?
Hollow tubes in the cytoskeleton involved in cell shape, transport, and cell division.
What is tubulin?
The protein that forms microtubules.
What are intermediate filaments?
Cytoskeleton fibres that provide tensile strength to cells.
What are microfilaments (actin filaments)?
Thin actin filaments involved in cell movement and shape.
What is actin?
A protein that forms microfilaments.
What is the function of a centriole?
A cylindrical structure that helps organise spindle fibres during cell division.
What is chitin?
A structural polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons.
What is cellulose?
A structural carbohydrate that forms plant cell walls.
What is lignin?
A complex polymer that strengthens plant cell walls, especially in wood.
Which protein forms the cell's microfilaments?
Actin forms the cell's microfilaments.
What is chlorophyll?
What are grana in chloroplasts?
What is the stroma of a chloroplast?
What is a vacuole in plant cells?
What is the tonoplast?
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living bacteria engulfed by early cells.
What is a phospholipid and how does it contribute to membranes?
What is an integral protein?
A protein embedded within the membrane.
What is a peripheral protein?
A protein attached to the membrane surface.
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