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Flashcards in this deck (63)

๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์ค‘...

  • What is a transmembrane protein?

    A membrane protein that spans the entire lipid bilayer.

    membrane proteins

  • What is a glycoprotein used for?

    • Cell recognition
    • Signalling
    glycoprotein cellular

  • What functions does the extracellular matrix provide?

    • Support
    • Communication between cells
    extracellular matrix

  • What is the MHC complex?

    Cell surface proteins used by the immune system to recognise cells.

    mhc immunology

  • What do plasmodesmata do in plant cells?

    • Plasmodesmata connect plant cells and allow transport and communication.
    cell plant junctions

  • What is the function of a tight junction in animal tissues?

    • Tight junction seals adjacent animal cells together to prevent leakage.
    cell junctions animal

  • What is a glycolipid role in cell membranes?

    • Glycolipid is a lipid with an attached carbohydrate used in cell recognition in membranes.
    membrane glycolipid recognition

  • What does impermeable mean regarding membranes?

    • Impermeable means not allowing substances to pass through.
    membrane properties permeability

  • What is facilitated diffusion across a membrane?

    • Facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules across membranes via transport proteins.
    membrane transport diffusion

  • What property of transport proteins determines which molecules can pass through them?

    Specificity: transport proteins only allow certain molecules to pass.

    membrane transport

  • How does a conformational change in a protein relate to membrane transport?

    A shape (conformational) change in a protein allows transport across membranes.

    protein conformation

  • What is osmosis in terms of water movement?

    Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

    diffusion osmosis

  • What drives osmosis across a membrane?

    An osmotic gradient: a difference in solute concentration across a membrane drives osmosis.

    osmotic gradient

  • What is osmotic pressure?

    Osmotic pressure is the pressure caused by water moving across a membrane due to osmosis.

    osmotic pressure

  • What is crenation of an animal cell?

    Shrivelling of an animal cell due to water loss in a hypertonic solution.

    osmosis crenation cells

  • What is lysis in cells?

    Bursting of a cell due to excess water entering.

    osmotic cells lysis

  • What is turgor pressure in a plant cell?

    Pressure of water inside a plant cell pushing against the cell wall.

    plant cells turgor

  • What does it mean for a plant cell to be turgid?

    State of a plant cell when it is full of water and firm.

    plant cells turgid

  • What is plasmolysis in plant cells?

    When the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss.

    plant osmosis plasmolysis

  • What is the cytosol?

    • The fluid portion of the cytoplasm where many metabolic reactions occur.
    cytosol cytoplasm cellbiology

  • What is the primary function of a ribosome?

    • To synthesise proteins by translating mRNA.
    ribosome protein translation

  • List the cell organelles from the mnemonic provided.

    • Membrane
    • Ribosome
    • Smooth ER
    • Cytoplasm
    • Golgi apparatus
    • Rough ER
    • Endoplasmic reticulum
    • Nucleus
    cellbiology organelles mnemonic

  • What is a prokaryote?

    A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, e.g. bacteria.

    prokaryote cell

  • What is peptidoglycan?

    A strong polymer that forms the cell wall of bacteria.

    peptidoglycan bacteria

  • What is a plasmid?

    A small circular extra DNA molecule in bacteria that can replicate independently.

    plasmid dna

  • What are filopodia?

    Thin, finger-like cell projections used for sensing the environment and movement.

    filopodia cytoskeleton

  • What is compartmentalisation in a cell?

    The division of a cell into separate membrane-bound areas for specialised functions.

    cellbiology compartmentalisation

  • What are microvilli and their primary function?

    Tiny projections of the cell membrane that increase surface area for absorption.

    cellbiology membrane

  • What is a ribosome?

    Organelle responsible for protein synthesis.

    cellbiology ribosome

  • What is rRNA (ribosomal RNA)?

    RNA molecule that forms part of ribosomes and helps build proteins.

    cellbiology rrna

  • What is the nuclear membrane?

    A double membrane surrounding the nucleus that separates DNA from the cytoplasm.

    membrane nucleus

  • What is a nuclear pore?

    A protein channel in the nuclear membrane allowing transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus.

    nucleus transport

  • What is the nucleoplasm?

    The fluid inside the nucleus where chromatin and the nucleolus are found.

    nucleus structure

  • What is chromatin?

    DNA wrapped around proteins (histones) that contains genetic information.

    chromatin genetics

  • What is the nucleolus?

    A dense region in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced.

    ribosome nucleus

  • What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    A network of membranes that synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids.

    membrane er

  • What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

    Produces lipids and detoxifies chemicals.

    ser lipids

  • What characterizes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?

    Covered in ribosomes and synthesizes proteins for transport.

    protein rer

  • How do sER and rER differ in primary function?

    • sER: produces lipids and detoxifies chemicals
    • rER: synthesizes proteins for transport and is covered in ribosomes
    er comparison

  • What is a vesicle in a cell?

    Small membrane-bound sac used to transport materials within cells.

    cellbiology organelles vesicle

  • What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

    Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

    cellbiology organelles golgi

  • What is a peroxisome and its main role?

    Organelle that breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances.

    cellbiology organelles peroxisome

  • What is catalase in peroxisomes?

    Enzyme in peroxisomes that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

    peroxisome catalase enzyme

  • What is the cytoskeleton?

    A network of protein fibres that supports cell shape and movement.

    cytoskeleton

  • What are microtubules?

    Hollow tubes in the cytoskeleton involved in cell shape, transport, and cell division.

    microtubules

  • What is tubulin?

    The protein that forms microtubules.

    tubulin

  • What are intermediate filaments?

    Cytoskeleton fibres that provide tensile strength to cells.

    intermediate_filaments

  • What are microfilaments (actin filaments)?

    Thin actin filaments involved in cell movement and shape.

    microfilaments

  • What is actin?

    A protein that forms microfilaments.

    cytoskeleton

  • What is the function of a centriole?

    A cylindrical structure that helps organise spindle fibres during cell division.

    organelle

  • What is chitin?

    A structural polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons.

    polysaccharide

  • What is cellulose?

    A structural carbohydrate that forms plant cell walls.

    plant

  • What is lignin?

    A complex polymer that strengthens plant cell walls, especially in wood.

    polymer

  • Which protein forms the cell's microfilaments?

    Actin forms the cell's microfilaments.

    cytoskeleton

  • What is chlorophyll?

    • Green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
    plant chlorophyll

  • What are grana in chloroplasts?

    • Stacks of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts where light reactions occur.
    chloroplast grana

  • What is the stroma of a chloroplast?

    • Fluid in chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle occurs.
    chloroplast stroma

  • What is a vacuole in plant cells?

    • Membrane-bound sac for storage of water, nutrients, or waste.
    plant vacuole

  • What is the tonoplast?

    • Membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells.
    plant tonoplast

  • What is the endosymbiotic theory?

    The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living bacteria engulfed by early cells.

    biology evolution endosymbiosis

  • What is a phospholipid and how does it contribute to membranes?

    • A molecule with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
    • It forms cell membranes
    membrane biology phospholipid

  • What is an integral protein?

    A protein embedded within the membrane.

    protein membrane biology

  • What is a peripheral protein?

    A protein attached to the membrane surface.

    protein membrane biology
ํ•™์Šต ๋…ธํŠธ

Membrane structure and key components

  • Lipid bilayer: amphipathic lipids form a selective barrier controlling passage of molecules.
  • Transmembrane protein: spans the entire bilayer and functions as channels, carriers, or receptors.
  • Glycoprotein: protein with attached carbohydrate chains used for cell recognition and signaling.
  • Glycolipid: lipid with a carbohydrate used in membrane recognition and cell identity.
  • Extracellular matrix (ECM): network of proteins outside cells that provides structural support and mediates communication.
  • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): cell-surface proteins used by the immune system to recognize self and non-self.

Cell junctions and intercellular connections

  • Plasmodesmata (plants): cytoplasmic channels between plant cells that allow transport and signaling molecules to pass directly.
  • Tight junctions (animals): seals between adjacent cells that prevent leakage of molecules through the intercellular space.

Membrane transport mechanisms

  • Passive diffusion: spontaneous movement of small nonpolar molecules down their concentration gradient through the lipid bilayer.
  • Facilitated diffusion: passive movement of polar or charged molecules across membranes via transport proteins (channels or carriers).
  • Specificity of transport proteins: many transporters only permit certain solutes to pass, ensuring selective permeability.
  • Conformational change: carrier proteins change shape to bind, transport, and release specific molecules across the membrane.

Osmosis, osmotic gradient, and osmotic pressure

  • Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward higher solute concentration.
  • Osmotic gradient: difference in solute concentration across a membrane that drives net water movement.
  • Osmotic pressure: the effective pressure generated by water movement across a membrane due to osmosis.

Tonicity and effects on cell volume

  • Hypertonic solution: external solution with higher solute concentration than the cell; water leaves the cell.
  • Crenation: shrinking of an animal cell from water loss in a hypertonic environment.
  • Hypotonic solution: external solution with lower solute concentration; water enters the cell.
  • Lysis: bursting of an animal cell if excess water enters and the membrane cannot withstand the pressure.
  • Plant-cell specific responses:
  • Turgor pressure: internal water pressure that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.
  • Turgid: state when a plant cell is full of water and firm; ideal for structural support.
  • Plasmolysis: membrane pulls away from the cell wall when a plant cell loses water in a hypertonic solution.

Key relationships and study tips

  • Transport proteins determine what can cross the membrane and often work by changing shape; this explains facilitated diffusion specificity.
  • Osmosis is driven by solute differences, not "water wanting"โ€”think in terms of concentration gradients and resulting pressure.
  • Plant cells tolerate hypotonic environments better than animal cells because the cell wall prevents lysis and builds turgor.
  • Memorize comparisons: crenation vs lysis (animal cells), plasmolysis vs turgid (plant cells).

Quick definitions (flashcard style)

  • Transmembrane protein: spans the bilayer, often a channel or receptor.
  • Glycoprotein/glycolipid: macromolecules with carbohydrates for recognition.
  • Plasmodesmata: plant cell channels for transport.
  • Tight junction: waterproof seal between animal cells.
  • Osmosis: water diffusion across a membrane.
  • Osmotic pressure: pressure due to osmotic water movement.
  • Crenation: cell shrinkage; Lysis: cell bursting; Plasmolysis: membrane separation from cell wall; Turgid: plant cell full and firm.