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  • What was the first governing document of the U.S.?

    Articles of Confederation

    history documents

  • What did the Articles of Confederation create?

    A weak national government with no power to tax, regulate commerce, or enforce laws

    history documents

  • What crisis exposed the need for a stronger Constitution?

    Shays' Rebellion

    history documents

  • What did the U.S. Constitution establish?

    A stronger national government with federalism and checks and balances

    history documents

  • What is the Supremacy Clause?

    Federal law is the highest law of the land

    government clauses

  • What does Federalist No. 10 warn about?

    The dangers of factions

    politics federalist

  • What is advocated in Federalist No. 51?

    Separation of powers and checks and balances

    politics federalist

  • What did Brutus No. 1 argue against?

    A large republic, fearing central tyranny

    politics anti-federalist

  • What principle involves the division of power between national and state governments?

    Federalism

    government principles

  • What prevents the concentration of power in one branch of government?

    Separation of Powers

    government principles

  • What are checks and balances?

    Each branch limits the power of the others

    government principles

  • What does popular sovereignty mean?

    Government derives power from the people

    government principles

  • What is republicanism?

    Citizens elect representatives to govern

    government principles

  • What does the Necessary and Proper Clause provide?

    Implied powers for Congress to carry out enumerated powers

    government clauses

  • What power does the Commerce Clause grant Congress?

    To regulate interstate trade

    government clauses

  • How was the Commerce Clause limited in U.S. v. Lopez?

    It was limited when applied to school zones

    government clauses

  • What does the Full Faith and Credit Clause require?

    States must honor the laws and judicial decisions of other states (e.g., marriage licenses).

    law constitution

  • What does the Establishment Clause prohibit?

    It prohibits the government from establishing a religion.

    law constitution

  • What was the ruling in Engel v. Vitale?

    Banned school prayer, reinforcing the Establishment Clause.

    law landmark_cases

  • What did the McCulloch v. Maryland decision establish?

    Congress can create a bank (Necessary & Proper Clause) and states cannot tax it.

    law landmark_cases

  • What was the outcome of U.S. v. Lopez?

    Struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act, limiting Congress's Commerce Clause authority.

    law landmark_cases

  • What is Participatory Democracy?

    Broad public involvement in decision-making (e.g., ballot initiatives).

    democracy politics

  • What characterizes Pluralist Democracy?

    Power is distributed among many groups, such as interest groups like the NRA.

    democracy politics

  • What defines Elite Democracy?

    Wealthy or educated elites dominate decision-making, influencing campaigns.

    democracy politics

  • What was the Great Compromise?

    Established a bicameral legislature (House by population, Senate equal representation).

    law constitution

  • What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?

    Counted enslaved people as 3/5 for representation and taxation purposes.

    law constitution

  • What is the purpose of the Electoral College?

    An indirect system for electing the president.

    law politics

  • What was the Bill of Rights Compromise?

    Added to satisfy Anti-Federalists and protect individual liberties.

    law constitution

  • What are Categorical Grants?

    Federal money for specific purposes with conditions (e.g., drinking age tied to highways).

    federalism grants

  • What are Block Grants?

    Federal money with broad purposes, allowing states flexibility (e.g., welfare).

    federalism grants

  • What is Revenue Sharing?

    Federal funds distributed without restrictions (rare now).

    federalism grants

  • What trend is seen in Categorical Grants?

    Growth of categorical grants has shifted balance toward federal power.

    federalism politics

  • What are the natural rights according to Locke?

    • Life
    • Liberty
    • Property (changed to pursuit of happiness by Jefferson)
    philosophy rights

  • What does the social contract theory state?

    Governments derive power from the consent of the governed; people can overthrow unjust governments.

    political_theory social_contract

  • Who proposed the idea of separation of powers?

    Montesquieu

    political_theory separation_of_powers

  • What is the principle behind the School Prayer Law case?

    Establishment Clause; state law mandating prayer is unconstitutional.

    law education

  • What was the outcome of Engel v. Vitale?

    Judicial review checked state law on school prayer.

    law court_cases

  • What did McCulloch v. Maryland establish?

    Expanded federal power through the Necessary & Proper Clause and supremacy.

    law federal_power

  • What did U.S. v. Lopez limit?

    Limited the Commerce Clause, protecting states' rights.

    law states'_rights