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What was the first governing document of the U.S.?
Articles of Confederation
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What did the Articles of Confederation create?
A weak national government with no power to tax, regulate commerce, or enforce laws
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What crisis exposed the need for a stronger Constitution?
Shays' Rebellion
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What did the U.S. Constitution establish?
A stronger national government with federalism and checks and balances
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What is the Supremacy Clause?
Federal law is the highest law of the land
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What does Federalist No. 10 warn about?
The dangers of factions
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What is advocated in Federalist No. 51?
Separation of powers and checks and balances
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What did Brutus No. 1 argue against?
A large republic, fearing central tyranny
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What principle involves the division of power between national and state governments?
Federalism
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What prevents the concentration of power in one branch of government?
Separation of Powers
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What are checks and balances?
Each branch limits the power of the others
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What does popular sovereignty mean?
Government derives power from the people
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What is republicanism?
Citizens elect representatives to govern
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What does the Necessary and Proper Clause provide?
Implied powers for Congress to carry out enumerated powers
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What power does the Commerce Clause grant Congress?
To regulate interstate trade
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How was the Commerce Clause limited in U.S. v. Lopez?
It was limited when applied to school zones
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What does the Full Faith and Credit Clause require?
States must honor the laws and judicial decisions of other states (e.g., marriage licenses).
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What does the Establishment Clause prohibit?
It prohibits the government from establishing a religion.
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What was the ruling in Engel v. Vitale?
Banned school prayer, reinforcing the Establishment Clause.
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What did the McCulloch v. Maryland decision establish?
Congress can create a bank (Necessary & Proper Clause) and states cannot tax it.
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What was the outcome of U.S. v. Lopez?
Struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act, limiting Congress's Commerce Clause authority.
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What is Participatory Democracy?
Broad public involvement in decision-making (e.g., ballot initiatives).
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What characterizes Pluralist Democracy?
Power is distributed among many groups, such as interest groups like the NRA.
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What defines Elite Democracy?
Wealthy or educated elites dominate decision-making, influencing campaigns.
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What was the Great Compromise?
Established a bicameral legislature (House by population, Senate equal representation).
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What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
Counted enslaved people as 3/5 for representation and taxation purposes.
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What is the purpose of the Electoral College?
An indirect system for electing the president.
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What was the Bill of Rights Compromise?
Added to satisfy Anti-Federalists and protect individual liberties.
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What are Categorical Grants?
Federal money for specific purposes with conditions (e.g., drinking age tied to highways).
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What are Block Grants?
Federal money with broad purposes, allowing states flexibility (e.g., welfare).
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What is Revenue Sharing?
Federal funds distributed without restrictions (rare now).
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What trend is seen in Categorical Grants?
Growth of categorical grants has shifted balance toward federal power.
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What are the natural rights according to Locke?
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What does the social contract theory state?
Governments derive power from the consent of the governed; people can overthrow unjust governments.
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Who proposed the idea of separation of powers?
Montesquieu
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What is the principle behind the School Prayer Law case?
Establishment Clause; state law mandating prayer is unconstitutional.
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What was the outcome of Engel v. Vitale?
Judicial review checked state law on school prayer.
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What did McCulloch v. Maryland establish?
Expanded federal power through the Necessary & Proper Clause and supremacy.
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What did U.S. v. Lopez limit?
Limited the Commerce Clause, protecting states' rights.
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What was the first governing document of the U.S.?
Articles of Confederation
What did the Articles of Confederation create?
A weak national government with no power to tax, regulate commerce, or enforce laws
What crisis exposed the need for a stronger Constitution?
Shays' Rebellion
What did the U.S. Constitution establish?
A stronger national government with federalism and checks and balances
What is the Supremacy Clause?
Federal law is the highest law of the land
What does Federalist No. 10 warn about?
The dangers of factions
What is advocated in Federalist No. 51?
Separation of powers and checks and balances
What did Brutus No. 1 argue against?
A large republic, fearing central tyranny
What principle involves the division of power between national and state governments?
Federalism
What prevents the concentration of power in one branch of government?
Separation of Powers
What are checks and balances?
Each branch limits the power of the others
What does popular sovereignty mean?
Government derives power from the people
What is republicanism?
Citizens elect representatives to govern
What does the Necessary and Proper Clause provide?
Implied powers for Congress to carry out enumerated powers
What power does the Commerce Clause grant Congress?
To regulate interstate trade
How was the Commerce Clause limited in U.S. v. Lopez?
It was limited when applied to school zones
What does the Full Faith and Credit Clause require?
States must honor the laws and judicial decisions of other states (e.g., marriage licenses).
What does the Establishment Clause prohibit?
It prohibits the government from establishing a religion.
What was the ruling in Engel v. Vitale?
Banned school prayer, reinforcing the Establishment Clause.
What did the McCulloch v. Maryland decision establish?
Congress can create a bank (Necessary & Proper Clause) and states cannot tax it.
What was the outcome of U.S. v. Lopez?
Struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act, limiting Congress's Commerce Clause authority.
What is Participatory Democracy?
Broad public involvement in decision-making (e.g., ballot initiatives).
What characterizes Pluralist Democracy?
Power is distributed among many groups, such as interest groups like the NRA.
What defines Elite Democracy?
Wealthy or educated elites dominate decision-making, influencing campaigns.
What was the Great Compromise?
Established a bicameral legislature (House by population, Senate equal representation).
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
Counted enslaved people as 3/5 for representation and taxation purposes.
What is the purpose of the Electoral College?
An indirect system for electing the president.
What was the Bill of Rights Compromise?
Added to satisfy Anti-Federalists and protect individual liberties.
What are Categorical Grants?
Federal money for specific purposes with conditions (e.g., drinking age tied to highways).
What are Block Grants?
Federal money with broad purposes, allowing states flexibility (e.g., welfare).
What is Revenue Sharing?
Federal funds distributed without restrictions (rare now).
What trend is seen in Categorical Grants?
Growth of categorical grants has shifted balance toward federal power.
What are the natural rights according to Locke?
What does the social contract theory state?
Governments derive power from the consent of the governed; people can overthrow unjust governments.
Who proposed the idea of separation of powers?
Montesquieu
What is the principle behind the School Prayer Law case?
Establishment Clause; state law mandating prayer is unconstitutional.
What was the outcome of Engel v. Vitale?
Judicial review checked state law on school prayer.
What did McCulloch v. Maryland establish?
Expanded federal power through the Necessary & Proper Clause and supremacy.
What did U.S. v. Lopez limit?
Limited the Commerce Clause, protecting states' rights.
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