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BIOL 210 Zoology Exam 2 Anki
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Flashcards in this deck (115)

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  • Define gene, locus, allele.

    • Gene: Unit of heredity.
    • Locus: Specific location on a chromosome.
    • Allele: Variant form of a gene.
    genetics definitions

  • Difference between genotype and phenotype?

    • Genotype: Genetic makeup.
    • Phenotype: Observable traits.
    genetics definitions

  • What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

    • Homozygous: Same alleles.
    • Heterozygous: Different alleles.
    genetics definitions

  • Define dominant vs recessive allele.

    • Dominant allele: Masks effect of recessive.
    • Recessive allele: Only expressed if homozygous.
    genetics alleles

  • What is a character vs a trait?

    • Character: Heritable feature (e.g., flower color).
    • Trait: Specific variant of a character (e.g., red or white flower).
    genetics definitions

  • What does Mendel's Law of Segregation state?

    Alleles segregate during gamete formation, each gamete carries one allele.

    genetics mendel

  • What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?

    Genes for different traits assort independently during gamete formation.

    genetics mendel

  • What is the purpose of a test cross?

    To determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype.

    genetics testcross

  • What is a Punnett square used for?

    To predict the genetic outcomes of a cross between two individuals.

    genetics punnettsquare

  • Difference between product rule and sum rule in probability?

    • Product rule: Probability of independent events.
    • Sum rule: Probability of mutually exclusive events.
    probability genetics

  • Define monohybrid vs dihybrid cross.

    • Monohybrid cross: Involves one trait.
    • Dihybrid cross: Involves two traits.
    genetics crosses

  • Define incomplete dominance and give an example.

    • Incomplete dominance: Blending of traits.
    • Example: Red and white flowers producing pink flowers.
    genetics dominance

  • Define codominance and give an example.

    • Codominance: Both alleles expressed equally.
    • Example: AB blood type.
    genetics dominance

  • Give an example of multiple alleles.

    Example: ABO blood group system (A, B, O alleles).

    genetics alleles

  • Define pleiotropy and give an example.

    • Pleiotropy: One gene affects multiple traits.
    • Example: Sickle cell disease.
    genetics pleiotropy

  • Define epistasis and give an example.

    • Epistasis: One gene suppresses another.
    • Example: Coat color in Labrador retrievers.
    genetics epistasis

  • What is polygenic inheritance and its phenotype distribution?

    • Polygenic inheritance: Traits controlled by multiple genes.
    • Distribution: Continuous variation (e.g., height).
    genetics inheritance

  • What are linked genes and their relation to recombination?

    • Linked genes: Genes on the same chromosome.
    • Recombination: Exchange of genetic material during meiosis.
    genetics linkage

  • Basics of sex-linked inheritance?

    Traits associated with genes on sex chromosomes, often X-linked.

    genetics inheritance

  • Define wild-type vs mutant.

    • Wild-type: Most common phenotype.
    • Mutant: Variant differing from wild-type.
    genetics definitions

  • Utility of pedigree analysis?

    To trace inheritance patterns of traits through generations.

    genetics pedigree

  • What are lethal alleles and how do they alter ratios?

    • Lethal alleles: Cause death when homozygous.
    • Alter ratios by reducing viable offspring.
    genetics alleles

  • Expected phenotype ratio for AaxAa monohybrid cross?

    Ratio: 3:1 (dominant:recessive).

    genetics monohybrid

  • Expected phenotype ratio for AaBb x aabb (testcross dihybrid)?

    Ratio: 1:1:1:1.

    genetics dihybrid

  • Probability that two heterozygous parents for an autosomal recessive trait have an affected child?

    Probability: 25%.

    genetics probability

  • Define evolution in biological terms.

    Change in allele frequencies in a population over time.

    evolution definitions

  • Summarize Darwin & Wallace's idea of natural selection.

    Survival of the fittest; favorable traits increase in frequency.

    evolution naturalselection

  • Key evidence for evolution (list 4).

    1. Fossil record.
    2. Homologous structures.
    3. Genetic similarities.
    4. Observable adaptations.
    evolution evidence

  • Difference between homologous and analogous structures.

    • Homologous: Similar structure, different function.
    • Analogous: Different structure, similar function.
    evolution structures

  • Define adaptation and fitness.

    • Adaptation: Trait enhancing survival.
    • Fitness: Reproductive success of an individual.
    evolution definitions

  • What is convergent evolution? Give an example.

    • Convergent evolution: Unrelated species develop similar traits.
    • Example: Wings of bats and birds.
    evolution convergence

  • What is divergent evolution? Give an example.

    • Divergent evolution: Related species evolve different traits.
    • Example: Darwin's finches.
    evolution divergence

  • Role of Hox genes in evolution?

    Control body plan development and segmentation in organisms.

    evolution hoxgenes

  • Difference between natural and artificial selection?

    • Natural selection: Environmental pressures shape traits.
    • Artificial selection: Human intervention in breeding.
    evolution selection

  • Define biological species concept.

    Species are groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated.

    evolution speciesconcept

  • Difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation.

    • Allopatric: Geographical isolation.
    • Sympatric: Reproductive isolation without geographical barriers.
    evolution speciation

  • Examples of prezygotic vs postzygotic barriers.

    • Prezygotic: Temporal isolation, habitat isolation.
    • Postzygotic: Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility.
    evolution barriers

  • Define adaptive radiation and its trigger.

    • Adaptive radiation: Rapid diversification from a common ancestor.
    • Trigger: New ecological niches.
    evolution radiation

  • Difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

    • Gradualism: Slow, steady change.
    • Punctuated equilibrium: Rapid change followed by stability.
    evolution theories

  • Name two misconceptions about evolution.

    1. Evolution is linear.
    2. Individuals evolve during their lifetime.
    evolution misconceptions

  • Define microevolution vs macroevolution.

    • Microevolution: Small changes within a species.
    • Macroevolution: Large-scale changes leading to new species.
    evolution definitions

  • State the Hardy-Weinberg genotype equation.

    \[p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1\]
    evolution hardyweinberg

  • List Hardy-Weinberg assumptions.

    1. Large population.
    2. No mutations.
    3. No migration.
    4. Random mating.
    5. No natural selection.
    evolution hardyweinberg

  • How to calculate q from recessive phenotype frequency?

    \[q = ext{frequency of recessive phenotype}\]
    evolution calculations

  • Define genetic drift and its two key forms.

    • Genetic drift: Random changes in allele frequencies.
    • Forms: Bottleneck effect, founder effect.
    evolution geneticdrift

  • Define gene flow and its effect.

    • Gene flow: Transfer of alleles between populations.
    • Effect: Increases genetic diversity.
    evolution geneflow

  • Define mutation and its evolutionary role.

    • Mutation: Change in DNA sequence.
    • Role: Source of genetic variation.
    evolution mutation

  • Define relative fitness.

    Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce relative to others.

    evolution fitness

  • Name and define three selection patterns.

    1. Directional selection: Favors one extreme phenotype.
    2. Stabilizing selection: Favors intermediate phenotypes.
    3. Disruptive selection: Favors extreme phenotypes.
    evolution selection

  • What is frequency-dependent selection?

    Fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to others in the population.

    evolution selection

  • What is sexual selection? Give two results.

    • Sexual selection: Preference for certain traits in mates.
    • Results: Sexual dimorphism, mate choice.
    evolution sexualselection

  • Define kin selection and inclusive fitness.

    • Kin selection: Natural selection favoring relatives.
    • Inclusive fitness: Total fitness of an individual plus relatives.
    evolution kinselection

  • If \(q^2 = 0.16\), what are \(p\), \(q\), and \(2pq\)?

    • \(q = 0.4\)
    • \(p = 0.6\)
    • \(2pq = 0.48\)
    genetics hardy-weinberg

  • In Hardy-Weinberg, if \(p=0.7\), what are the expected genotype frequencies?

    • Homozygous dominant: \(p^2 = 0.49\)
    • Heterozygous: \(2pq = 0.42\)
    • Homozygous recessive: \(q^2 = 0.09\)
    genetics hardy-weinberg

  • What is the definition of 'demography'?

    Demography is the statistical study of populations, including the structure, distribution, and trends in population changes.

    demography population

  • List the types of dispersion patterns and their causes.

    • Clumped: resources are unevenly distributed.
    • Uniform: competition for resources.
    • Random: resources are distributed without regard to others.
    ecology dispersion

  • What is the basic idea and formula of mark-recapture?

    The basic idea is to estimate population size using the formula: \(N = \frac{(M \times C)}{R}\), where \(M\) is marked, \(C\) is captured, and \(R\) is recaptured.

    ecology population

  • What are Type I, II, and III survivorship curves with examples?

    • Type I: High survival in early life (e.g., humans).
    • Type II: Constant mortality (e.g., birds).
    • Type III: High mortality in early life (e.g., fish).
    ecology survivorship

  • Define 'fecundity' and its trade-offs.

    Fecundity is the potential reproductive capacity of an organism. Trade-offs include energy allocation between reproduction and survival.

    ecology reproduction

  • What are the differences between exponential and logistic growth models?

    • Exponential growth: Unlimited resources, J-shaped curve.
    • Logistic growth: Limited resources, S-shaped curve with carrying capacity.
    ecology population

  • What does 'carrying capacity (K)' mean?

    Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely without degrading.

    ecology population

  • What are density-dependent vs density-independent factors?

    • Density-dependent: Factors that affect population based on size (e.g., food).
    • Density-independent: Factors unaffected by population size (e.g., natural disasters).
    ecology population

  • What are the differences between r-selected and K-selected species?

    • r-selected: High reproduction rate, low parental care (e.g., insects).
    • K-selected: Low reproduction rate, high parental care (e.g., elephants).
    ecology species

  • What is the definition of 'ecological niche'?

    An ecological niche is the role and position a species has in its environment, including habitat, resource use, and interactions.

    ecology niche

  • What is the competitive exclusion principle?

    The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist at constant population values.

    ecology competition

  • What is resource partitioning?

    Resource partitioning is the division of resources by different species to reduce competition and allow coexistence.

    ecology competition

  • What is the difference between predation and herbivory?

    • Predation: One organism kills and eats another.
    • Herbivory: One organism eats plants or plant parts.
    ecology interactions

  • What is aposematic coloration vs camouflage?

    • Aposematic coloration: Warning coloration to deter predators.
    • Camouflage: Blending into the environment to avoid detection.
    ecology adaptation

  • What is the difference between Batesian and Müllerian mimicry?

    • Batesian mimicry: Harmless species mimics harmful species.
    • Müllerian mimicry: Two harmful species resemble each other.
    ecology mimicry

  • What are the types of symbiosis with examples?

    • Mutualism: Both benefit (e.g., bees and flowers).
    • Commensalism: One benefits, other unaffected (e.g., barnacles on whales).
    • Parasitism: One benefits at the expense of the other (e.g., ticks on mammals).
    ecology symbiosis

  • What is the difference between foundation and keystone species?

    • Foundation species: Base of the ecosystem (e.g., corals).
    • Keystone species: Critical role in maintaining ecosystem structure (e.g., sea otters).
    ecology species

  • What is the impact of invasive species?

    Invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems, outcompete native species, and lead to biodiversity loss.

    ecology invasives

  • What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

    • Primary succession: Occurs in lifeless areas (e.g., after a volcanic eruption).
    • Secondary succession: Follows disturbance in an existing ecosystem (e.g., after a forest fire).
    ecology succession

  • What is the role of pioneer species?

    Pioneer species are the first to colonize disturbed areas, initiating ecological succession and creating conditions for other species.

    ecology succession

  • What is the difference between innate and learned behaviors?

    • Innate behaviors: Instinctive, genetically programmed (e.g., reflexes).
    • Learned behaviors: Acquired through experience (e.g., problem-solving).
    behavior learning

  • What is a fixed action pattern?

    A fixed action pattern is a sequence of unchangeable behaviors triggered by a specific stimulus.

    behavior ethology

  • What is the purpose of migration behavior?

    Migration behavior allows species to move to favorable environments for breeding, feeding, or avoiding harsh conditions.

    behavior migration

  • What are the trade-offs in foraging behavior?

    Trade-offs in foraging behavior involve balancing energy gained from food against the risks of predation and the energy spent searching.

    behavior foraging

  • What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

    • Classical conditioning: Learning through association (e.g., Pavlov's dogs).
    • Operant conditioning: Learning through consequences (e.g., rewards and punishments).
    learning conditioning

  • What is an example of cognitive learning?

    An example of cognitive learning is problem-solving, where an animal uses reasoning to achieve a goal (e.g., using tools).

    learning cognition

  • What are the mating systems: monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry?

    • Monogamy: One male, one female.
    • Polygyny: One male, multiple females.
    • Polyandry: One female, multiple males.
    behavior mating

  • What is altruism and kin selection?

    Altruism is behavior that benefits others at a cost to oneself. Kin selection is a form of altruism that benefits relatives, enhancing shared genes.

    behavior evolution

  • Predict the offspring ratio for AaBb x AaBb (independent assortment).

    The offspring ratio will be: - 9:3:3:1 - 9 AaBB/AaBb - 3 Aabb - 3 aaBb - 1 aabb

    genetics inheritance

  • If a female is a carrier for an X-linked recessive and the male is normal, what is the probability of an affected son?

    The probability of an affected son is 50% since he inherits the X chromosome from the mother.

    genetics x-linked

  • How do linked genes affect dihybrid cross outcomes?

    Linked genes do not assort independently, leading to fewer recombinant phenotypes than expected in dihybrid crosses.

    genetics inheritance

  • How does gene flow counteract genetic drift?

    Gene flow introduces new alleles into a population, increasing genetic diversity and reducing the effects of genetic drift.

    genetics population

  • Why does drift act faster in small populations?

    Drift acts faster in small populations because random events can have a more significant impact on allele frequencies.

    genetics population

  • What happens to heterozygosity under strong directional selection?

    Heterozygosity decreases under strong directional selection as alleles are favored, reducing genetic diversity.

    genetics selection

  • How does increased density affect disease transmission?

    Increased density can lead to higher disease transmission rates due to closer contact among individuals.

    ecology disease

  • Give an example of resource partitioning.

    An example of resource partitioning is different bird species feeding at different heights in the same tree to reduce competition.

    ecology resource

  • Why might r-selected species dominate after disturbance?

    r-selected species often dominate after disturbance due to their rapid reproduction and growth rates, allowing quick recovery.

    ecology species

  • What is a gene?

    A heritable unit of DNA encoding a product.

    genetics definitions

  • What does locus refer to?

    The physical location of a gene on a chromosome.

    genetics definitions

  • What is an allele?

    An alternative form of a gene.

    genetics definitions

  • Define genotype.

    The allele combination of an individual.

    genetics definitions

  • What is a phenotype?

    Observable traits resulting from genotype and environment.

    genetics definitions

  • What does a dominant allele do?

    Masks the expression of a recessive allele in heterozygotes.

    genetics alleles

  • What is a character in genetics?

    A heritable feature (e.g., flower color).

    genetics definitions

  • What is a trait?

    A specific variant of a character (e.g., purple).

    genetics definitions

  • What happens during gamete formation?

    The two alleles for a heritable character segregate, so each gamete gets one allele.

    genetics processes

  • What is the product rule in probability?

    Probability of independent events occurring together = product of their probabilities.

    genetics probability

  • What does monohybrid mean?

    Follows one character; dihybrid follows two characters simultaneously.

    genetics crosses

  • What is an example of incomplete dominance?

    Red x white snapdragons → pink flowers.

    genetics examples

  • What is codominance?

    Both alleles expressed in heterozygote, e.g., human ABO blood type AB shows both A and B antigens.

    genetics examples

  • What are the three common alleles of the ABO blood group?

    IA, IB, i.

    genetics blood_types

  • What is epistasis?

    A gene at one locus alters phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus.

    genetics interactions

  • What is the wild-type phenotype?

    The common or standard phenotype.

    genetics definitions

  • What is natural selection?

    The environment selects traits that improve survival and reproduction.

    evolution selection

  • What is a species?

    Groups of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from others.

    evolution species

  • What is gradualism in evolution?

    Slow, steady change over time.

    evolution theories

  • What does punctuated equilibrium refer to?

    Long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid change.

    evolution theories

  • What is microevolution?

    Changes in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

    evolution microevolution

  • What does the equation p² + 2pq + q² = 1 represent?

    It represents the allele frequencies within populations under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

    genetics population equilibrium

  • What is macroevolution?

    Processes leading to speciation and high-level evolutionary changes.

    evolution speciation

  • What conditions are assumed in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

    • No selection
    • No mutation
    • No migration
    • Random mating
    genetics hardy-weinberg