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Where are most blood transfusions delivered?
In hospitals
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What is required to administer a blood transfusion?
Consent from the patient
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What type of blood transfusion is used for shock?
RBC (Red Blood Cells)
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What is Packed RBCs [PRBC] used for?
Anemia
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Which transfusion is used for clotting issues?
Platelets
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What is Fresh Frozen Plasma [FFP] used for?
Bleeding
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Which factors are used for hemophilia treatment?
Factor VII, VIII, IX
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What is an Autologous transplant?
Patients' own cells
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What is an Allogenic transplant?
Matched to a compatible donor
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What is a Syngeneic transplant?
Identical sibling stem cells
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What should be done pre-transfusion?
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What is the first step when starting the transfusion?
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What should be monitored during a transfusion?
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What should be done after a transfusion?
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What is the maximum time blood can be hung?
4 hours
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What is the time frame to hang blood after calling for it?
30 minutes
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What should you do first in case of a transfusion reaction?
Stop the transfusion
Monitor vital signs
call the MD
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What is apheresis?
Selective removal of a blood component
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What is thrombosis?
Development of a blood clot
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Where can thrombosis occur?
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What is the normal range for RBCs in a newborn?
4.1-5.74
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What is the normal range for RBCs in a 2-month-old?
2.7-4.9
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What is the normal range for RBCs in a 2-year-old?
3.9-5.03
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What is the normal range for RBCs in a 6-12-year-old?
4.93-5.3
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What is the normal range for RBCs in a 12-18-year-old?
3.7-5.5
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What is the normal range for HGB in a newborn?
12.7-18.6 g/dL
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What is the normal range for HGB in a 2-month-old?
9.0-14.0 g/dL
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What is the normal range for HGB in a 2-year-old?
10.5-12.7 g/dL
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What is the normal range for HGB in a 6-12-year-old?
11.2-14.8 g/dL
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What is the normal range for HGB in a 12-18-year-old?
10.7-15.7 g/dL
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What is the normal range for HCT in a newborn?
37.4-56.1%
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What is the normal range for HCT in a 2-month-old?
28.0-42.0%
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What is the normal range for HCT in a 2-year-old?
31.7-37.7%
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What is the normal range for HCT in a 6-12-year-old?
34.0-43.9%
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What is the normal range for HCT in a 12-18-year-old?
33.0-46.2%
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What is the normal range for WBCs in a newborn?
6.8-14.3
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What is the normal range for WBCs in a 2-month-old?
5.0-19.5
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What is the normal range for WBCs in a 2-year-old?
5.3-11.5
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What is the normal range for WBCs in a 6-12-year-old?
4.5-10.1
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What is the normal range for WBCs in a 12-18-year-old?
4.4-10.2
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What is the normal range for platelets in a newborn?
1645
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What is the normal range for platelets in a 2-month-old?
164
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What is the normal range for platelets in a 2-year-old?
206
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What is the normal range for platelets in a 6-12-year-old?
190
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What is the normal range for platelets in a 12-18-year-old?
175
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What is the patho/etiology of anemia?
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What are common clinical manifestations of anemia?
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What is included in the diagnosis process?
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What are the therapeutic management strategies for anemia?
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What should be included in education/discharge for anemia?
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What is the most prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide?
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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What are the causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia?
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What are common clinical manifestations of Iron Deficiency Anemia?
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What is a diagnosis for low iron levels?
H&P
lab test
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What are iron-rich foods recommended for management?
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What are the education for iron deficiency anemia?
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What type of inheritance is Sickle Cell Anemia?
Autosomal recessive
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What shape are red blood cells in Sickle Cell Anemia?
C or S shaped
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What are common clinical manifestations of Sickle Cell Anemia?
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What is a major complication of Sickle Cell Anemia related to lungs?
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What are some hematological complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?
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What are some ocular complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?
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What are some musculoskeletal complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?
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What are some gastrointestinal complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?
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What are some urinary complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?
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What are some other complications associated with Sickle Cell Anemia?
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What are the methods for diagnosing sickle cell anemia?
Chorionic villus biopsy
Newborn screening
H&P
hemoglobin electrophoresis
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Are there prevention strategies for sickle cell anemia?
There is no prevention
genetic counseling
follow-up genetic screening at birth
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What does HOP stand for in the management of Sickle Cell Anemia?
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What is a common method for pain management in Sickle Cell Anemia?
PCA pumps
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What are the important aspects of therapeutic management for Sickle Cell Anemia?
Adequate hydration
prevention of complication
chronic illness
S/S of sickle cell
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What is a Sickle Cell Crisis?
Severe pain due to sickle-shaped cells blocking blood flow
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What are precipitating factors for Sickle Cell Crisis?
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What are the types of sickle cell crisis?
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What happens during a vaso-occlusive thrombotic crisis?
"painful crisis"
Blood stasis w/ clumping of cells cause distal ischemia and infarction, leading to pain.
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What are the signs of a vaso-occlusive crisis?
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What is an aplastic crisis?
A crisis characterized by diminished production and increased destruction of RBCs, often due to viral infection.
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What are the signs of an aplastic crisis?
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What is splenic sequestration in sickle cell crisis?
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What is acute chest syndrome?
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What are the signs of acute chest syndrome?
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What is hemophilia?
The coagulation process cannot be completed, so bleeding is prolonged
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What are the types of hemophilia?
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What is Hemophilia A?
Also known as 'Classic hemophilia', it is a deficiency of factor VIII.
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What is Hemophilia B?
A hemophilia type caused by a deficiency of factor IX, accounting for 15% of cases.
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What happens to blood vessels in hemophilia?
The coagulation process is impaired, resulting in uncontrolled bleeding from tears in blood vessels.
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What does a normal coagulation process involve?
Involves platelets and clotting factors working together to stop bleeding.
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What is the most common form of internal bleeding in hemophilia?
Hemarthrosis
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When do the symptoms of hemophilia occur?
Symptoms may not occur until 6 months
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What are the signs of hemarthrosis?
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What areas are commonly affected by bleeding in hemophilia?
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What can lead to injuries in individuals with hemophilia?
Mobility leading to falls and accidents
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What is the bleeding tendency in hemophilia?
Ranges from mild to severe
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What are common clinical manifestations of Hemophilia?
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What tests are used for diagnosis of Hemophilia?
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What is a key prevention method for Hemophilia?
Genetic counseling
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What is the therapeutic Management for hemophilla?
prompt treatment
patient safetym prevention of compliacation
factor replacement
patient education
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What are some patient education topics with Hemophilia?
administration of the factor via IV
prevent bleeding
monitor patient for s/s of cerebral bleed
close supervision and safe enviroment
superficial bleeding: apply pressure for at least 15 + RICE
if significant bleeding occurs, transfuse for factor replacement
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What is neutropenia?
A condition characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the blood.
less than 1,000 in the infant
less than 1,500 older than 1 yr
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What are the clinical manifestations of Neutropenia?
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How is neutropenia diagnosed?
CBC with diff
peripheral smear
possible bone marrow
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What are some prevention measures for neutropenia?
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What are some therapeutic management strategies for neutropenia?
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What is the medical care for neutropenia?
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What are some educational/discharge teaching for neutropenia?
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What is the purpose of monitoring ANC in neutropenia?
To evaluate the risk of infection and manage treatment accordingly.
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What is cancer characterized by?
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What causes cancer?
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What are characteristics of cancerous cells?
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What is the primary treatment for many pediatric cancers?
Chemotherapy
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What is the purpose of chemotherapy in treating cancer?
Decrease primary tumor size
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What are ports and central lines used for in cancer treatment?
Administration of chemotherapy
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What does radiation do to cancer cells?
Breaks apart the bonds within the cell and causes it to die
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How is radiation delivered in cancer treatment?
To precise, targeted areas
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What are some side effects of radiation?
Varies, can include fatigue and skin irritation
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What types of pain can occur in children with cancer?
Acute or chronic
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What are some methods for pain control in children with cancer?
Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic methods
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What is important for pain assessment in children?
Using appropriate pain assessment tools
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What types of medications can be used for pain control?
Pain meds and topical anesthetics
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What are the nutritional needs for a child with cancer?
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What is the priority nursing action for a child with cancer?
Prevent infection
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What are neutropenic precautions?
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What skin care practice is important for children with cancer?
Meticulous skin care
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What is an essential care measure for children with cancer?
Encourage 24-hour stay with family
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Who provides support for children with cancer?
Child Life Specialist
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What activities can help children with cancer?
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What should be encouraged to support children with cancer?
Encourage visits to the playroom
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What is a key aspect of support for children with cancer?
Be present and simply listen
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What resources should be provided for families of children with cancer?
Community resources and reliable Internet sources
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What type of information is important for families of children with cancer?
Information about support groups
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What is a side effect of cisplatin?
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What impairment may occur due to cancer treatment?
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What are some late side effects of cancer treatment?
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What are the effects of radiation to the brain in cancer treatment?
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What is the most common type of cancer in children?
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
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What is leukemia characterized by?
Overproduction of WBCs
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What are common clinical manifestations of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
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What is a notable skin manifestation of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
'Blueberry muffin' lesions
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What abnormal blood count might you see in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Anemia
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What might be a sign of DIC in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Signs & labs consistent with DIC
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What is a key method for the diagnosis of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Bone marrow aspiration
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When does treatment for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia begin?
Treatment begins promptly
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What should be monitored if blood counts are low?
Monitor for bruising
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What is the first phase of therapeutic management for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Remission-induction: reduce tumor to undetectable size with multiple chemo drugs for 4 weeks. CNS prophylaxis
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What is involved in the second phase of treatment for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Consolidation: destroy residual leukemic cells with high doses of chemotherapy; radiation may be required. not hospitalized
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What is the third phase of therapeutic management for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Maintenance: control leukemia, lasts 2-3 years, usually in outpatient setting.
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What is the goal of the remission-induction phase?
Reduce tumor to undetectable size.
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What type of treatment is used in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Chemotherapy
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What is neuroblastoma?
A tumor of nerve tissue that forms the SNS
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What age group is primarily affected by neuroblastoma?
average age 2 yrs
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What are some clinical manifestations of neuroblastoma?
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What is a common diagnostic tool for neuroblastoma?
Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans.
Biopsy of the tumor
bone marrow aspiration
labs
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What are some therapeutic management strategies for neuroblastoma?
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What is the education for neuroblastoma?
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Where does neuroblastoma most commonly develop?
In the abdomen.
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What is a common clinical manifestation of neuroblastoma?
Palpation of mass.
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What does the neuroblastoma mass do in relation to the body?
It crosses the midline.
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What is a typical appearance of neuroblastoma?
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What is Wilms Tumor?
A type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children, also known as nephroblastoma.
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What is the origin of Wilm's Tumor?
Originates in one or both kidneys.
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What is the average age at diagnosis for Wilm's Tumor?
Average age at diagnosis is between 2 and 5 years.
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Are both sexes equally affected by Wilm's Tumor?
Yes, both sexes are equally affected.
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What is the 5-year survival rate for Wilm's Tumor?
The 5-year survival rate is 90%.
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What organ system is primarily affected by Wilm's Tumor?
Primarily affects the kidneys.
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What is a common clinical manifestation of Wilm's Tumor?
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What imaging is used for diagnosis of Wilm's Tumor?
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What does Wilm's Tumor typically feel like?
It is typically painless and presents as a palpable mass.
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Does Wilm's Tumor cross the midline?
No, it does not cross midline.
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What should be posted above the bed of a patient with Wilm's Tumor?
A sign stating 'No abdominal palpation'
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What is monitored in the nursing care of a Wilm's Tumor patient?
Intake and output of urine
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What medical treatments are included in the management of Wilm's Tumor?
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What surgical procedure is part of the treatment for Wilm's Tumor?
Surgical removal of the mass
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What should patients monitor regarding urinary health post-treatment?
Urinary and bowel output
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What should patients schedule after treatment for Wilm's Tumor?
Follow up appointments
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What is retinoblastoma?
A malignant tumor that arises from the retina.
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What are the clinical manifestations of retinoblastoma?
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How is retinoblastoma diagnosed?
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What can retinoblastoma cause in terms of vision?
Visual impairment or blindness.
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What is a common sign of retinoblastoma in the pupil?
A whitish glow in the pupil.
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What are the growth patterns of retinoblastoma?
It can grow rapidly or slowly.
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What is the therapeutic management for retinoblastoma?
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What is the post-operative care for retinoblastoma?
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What does the treatment for retinoblastoma depend on?
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What is osteosarcoma?
A bone tumor that typically occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
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What are the clinical manifestations of osteosarcoma?
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How is osteosarcoma diagnosed?
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What does an X-ray show in osteosarcoma?
sunburst pattern
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What is a common therapeutic management for osteosarcoma?
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What activities are recommended for patients with osteosarcoma?
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What body image concerns may arise in osteosarcoma patients?
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What is Ewing's Sarcoma primarily associated with?
Bone and soft tissue tumors
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Where in the body is Ewing's Sarcoma most often found?
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Which demographic is more often affected by Ewing's Sarcoma?
More often seen in males
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What age group is most commonly affected by Ewing's Sarcoma?
Children between 10 and 20
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What are common clinical manifestations of Ewing's Sarcoma?
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What is the primary method for diagnosing Ewing's Sarcoma?
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What are some therapeutic management for Ewing's Sarcoma?
multiagent chemo
radiation
Surgical resection is preferred if possible
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What should be assessed for Ewing's Sarcoma?
Assessment of unusual swelling
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What is Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
A type of cancer that originates from lymphocytes, characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
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What are the clinical manifestations of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What is the diagnosis method for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What cells are indicative of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Reed-Sternburg Cells
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What type of lymphadenopathy is associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Painless, firm cervical or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
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What is the purpose of monitoring in Hodgkin's Lymphoma management?
To manage symptoms like fever
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What does the therapeutic management of Hodgkin's Lymphoma include?
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What type of cancer is Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Cancer of the lymph system
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How does Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma differ from Hodgkin Lymphoma?
No single focal origin
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What is a key characteristic of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma's onset?
Rapid onset with widespread involvement
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What are common clinical manifestations of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What lab result may be elevated in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase
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What imaging techniques are used in the diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
CT or MRI
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What is a key aspect of therapeutic management for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What type of chemo is recommended for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Aggressive, multiagent chemotherapy as soon as possible
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What is the purpose of intrathecal chemo in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
To deliver chemotherapy directly into the central nervous system
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What should parents be taught to monitor for in their child with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Difficulty breathing
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What is a common nursing intervention during labor?
Monitoring fetal heart rate and maternal vital signs.
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Where are most blood transfusions delivered?
In hospitals
What is required to administer a blood transfusion?
Consent from the patient
What type of blood transfusion is used for shock?
RBC (Red Blood Cells)
What is Packed RBCs [PRBC] used for?
Anemia
Which transfusion is used for clotting issues?
Platelets
What is Fresh Frozen Plasma [FFP] used for?
Bleeding
Which factors are used for hemophilia treatment?
Factor VII, VIII, IX
What is an Autologous transplant?
Patients' own cells
What is an Allogenic transplant?
Matched to a compatible donor
What is a Syngeneic transplant?
Identical sibling stem cells
What should be done pre-transfusion?
What is the first step when starting the transfusion?
What should be monitored during a transfusion?
What should be done after a transfusion?
What is the maximum time blood can be hung?
4 hours
What is the time frame to hang blood after calling for it?
30 minutes
What should you do first in case of a transfusion reaction?
Stop the transfusion
Monitor vital signs
call the MD
What is apheresis?
Selective removal of a blood component
What is thrombosis?
Development of a blood clot
Where can thrombosis occur?
What is the normal range for RBCs in a newborn?
4.1-5.74
What is the normal range for RBCs in a 2-month-old?
2.7-4.9
What is the normal range for RBCs in a 2-year-old?
3.9-5.03
What is the normal range for RBCs in a 6-12-year-old?
4.93-5.3
What is the normal range for RBCs in a 12-18-year-old?
3.7-5.5
What is the normal range for HGB in a newborn?
12.7-18.6 g/dL
What is the normal range for HGB in a 2-month-old?
9.0-14.0 g/dL
What is the normal range for HGB in a 2-year-old?
10.5-12.7 g/dL
What is the normal range for HGB in a 6-12-year-old?
11.2-14.8 g/dL
What is the normal range for HGB in a 12-18-year-old?
10.7-15.7 g/dL
What is the normal range for HCT in a newborn?
37.4-56.1%
What is the normal range for HCT in a 2-month-old?
28.0-42.0%
What is the normal range for HCT in a 2-year-old?
31.7-37.7%
What is the normal range for HCT in a 6-12-year-old?
34.0-43.9%
What is the normal range for HCT in a 12-18-year-old?
33.0-46.2%
What is the normal range for WBCs in a newborn?
6.8-14.3
What is the normal range for WBCs in a 2-month-old?
5.0-19.5
What is the normal range for WBCs in a 2-year-old?
5.3-11.5
What is the normal range for WBCs in a 6-12-year-old?
4.5-10.1
What is the normal range for WBCs in a 12-18-year-old?
4.4-10.2
What is the normal range for platelets in a newborn?
1645
What is the normal range for platelets in a 2-month-old?
164
What is the normal range for platelets in a 2-year-old?
206
What is the normal range for platelets in a 6-12-year-old?
190
What is the normal range for platelets in a 12-18-year-old?
175
What is the patho/etiology of anemia?
What are common clinical manifestations of anemia?
What is included in the diagnosis process?
What are the therapeutic management strategies for anemia?
What should be included in education/discharge for anemia?
What is the most prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide?
Iron Deficiency Anemia
What are the causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia?
What are common clinical manifestations of Iron Deficiency Anemia?
What is a diagnosis for low iron levels?
H&P
lab test
What are iron-rich foods recommended for management?
What are the education for iron deficiency anemia?
What type of inheritance is Sickle Cell Anemia?
Autosomal recessive
What shape are red blood cells in Sickle Cell Anemia?
C or S shaped
What are common clinical manifestations of Sickle Cell Anemia?
What is a major complication of Sickle Cell Anemia related to lungs?
What are some hematological complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?
What are some ocular complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?
What are some musculoskeletal complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?
What are some gastrointestinal complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?
What are some urinary complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?
What are some other complications associated with Sickle Cell Anemia?
What are the methods for diagnosing sickle cell anemia?
Chorionic villus biopsy
Newborn screening
H&P
hemoglobin electrophoresis
Are there prevention strategies for sickle cell anemia?
There is no prevention
genetic counseling
follow-up genetic screening at birth
What does HOP stand for in the management of Sickle Cell Anemia?
What is a common method for pain management in Sickle Cell Anemia?
PCA pumps
What are the important aspects of therapeutic management for Sickle Cell Anemia?
Adequate hydration
prevention of complication
chronic illness
S/S of sickle cell
What is a Sickle Cell Crisis?
Severe pain due to sickle-shaped cells blocking blood flow
What are precipitating factors for Sickle Cell Crisis?
What are the types of sickle cell crisis?
What happens during a vaso-occlusive thrombotic crisis?
"painful crisis"
Blood stasis w/ clumping of cells cause distal ischemia and infarction, leading to pain.
What are the signs of a vaso-occlusive crisis?
What is an aplastic crisis?
A crisis characterized by diminished production and increased destruction of RBCs, often due to viral infection.
What are the signs of an aplastic crisis?
What is splenic sequestration in sickle cell crisis?
What is acute chest syndrome?
What are the signs of acute chest syndrome?
What is hemophilia?
The coagulation process cannot be completed, so bleeding is prolonged
What are the types of hemophilia?
What is Hemophilia A?
Also known as 'Classic hemophilia', it is a deficiency of factor VIII.
What is Hemophilia B?
A hemophilia type caused by a deficiency of factor IX, accounting for 15% of cases.
What happens to blood vessels in hemophilia?
The coagulation process is impaired, resulting in uncontrolled bleeding from tears in blood vessels.
What does a normal coagulation process involve?
Involves platelets and clotting factors working together to stop bleeding.
What is the most common form of internal bleeding in hemophilia?
Hemarthrosis
When do the symptoms of hemophilia occur?
Symptoms may not occur until 6 months
What are the signs of hemarthrosis?
What areas are commonly affected by bleeding in hemophilia?
What can lead to injuries in individuals with hemophilia?
Mobility leading to falls and accidents
What is the bleeding tendency in hemophilia?
Ranges from mild to severe
What are common clinical manifestations of Hemophilia?
What tests are used for diagnosis of Hemophilia?
What is a key prevention method for Hemophilia?
Genetic counseling
What is the therapeutic Management for hemophilla?
prompt treatment
patient safetym prevention of compliacation
factor replacement
patient education
What are some patient education topics with Hemophilia?
administration of the factor via IV
prevent bleeding
monitor patient for s/s of cerebral bleed
close supervision and safe enviroment
superficial bleeding: apply pressure for at least 15 + RICE
if significant bleeding occurs, transfuse for factor replacement
What is neutropenia?
A condition characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the blood.
less than 1,000 in the infant
less than 1,500 older than 1 yr
What are the clinical manifestations of Neutropenia?
How is neutropenia diagnosed?
CBC with diff
peripheral smear
possible bone marrow
What are some prevention measures for neutropenia?
What are some therapeutic management strategies for neutropenia?
What is the medical care for neutropenia?
What are some educational/discharge teaching for neutropenia?
What is the purpose of monitoring ANC in neutropenia?
To evaluate the risk of infection and manage treatment accordingly.
What is cancer characterized by?
What causes cancer?
What are characteristics of cancerous cells?
What is the primary treatment for many pediatric cancers?
Chemotherapy
What is the purpose of chemotherapy in treating cancer?
Decrease primary tumor size
What are ports and central lines used for in cancer treatment?
Administration of chemotherapy
What does radiation do to cancer cells?
Breaks apart the bonds within the cell and causes it to die
How is radiation delivered in cancer treatment?
To precise, targeted areas
What are some side effects of radiation?
Varies, can include fatigue and skin irritation
What types of pain can occur in children with cancer?
Acute or chronic
What are some methods for pain control in children with cancer?
Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic methods
What is important for pain assessment in children?
Using appropriate pain assessment tools
What types of medications can be used for pain control?
Pain meds and topical anesthetics
What are the nutritional needs for a child with cancer?
What is the priority nursing action for a child with cancer?
Prevent infection
What are neutropenic precautions?
What skin care practice is important for children with cancer?
Meticulous skin care
What is an essential care measure for children with cancer?
Encourage 24-hour stay with family
Who provides support for children with cancer?
Child Life Specialist
What activities can help children with cancer?
What should be encouraged to support children with cancer?
Encourage visits to the playroom
What is a key aspect of support for children with cancer?
Be present and simply listen
What resources should be provided for families of children with cancer?
Community resources and reliable Internet sources
What type of information is important for families of children with cancer?
Information about support groups
What is a side effect of cisplatin?
What impairment may occur due to cancer treatment?
What are some late side effects of cancer treatment?
What are the effects of radiation to the brain in cancer treatment?
What is the most common type of cancer in children?
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
What is leukemia characterized by?
Overproduction of WBCs
What are common clinical manifestations of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
What is a notable skin manifestation of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
'Blueberry muffin' lesions
What abnormal blood count might you see in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Anemia
What might be a sign of DIC in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Signs & labs consistent with DIC
What is a key method for the diagnosis of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Bone marrow aspiration
When does treatment for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia begin?
Treatment begins promptly
What should be monitored if blood counts are low?
Monitor for bruising
What is the first phase of therapeutic management for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Remission-induction: reduce tumor to undetectable size with multiple chemo drugs for 4 weeks. CNS prophylaxis
What is involved in the second phase of treatment for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Consolidation: destroy residual leukemic cells with high doses of chemotherapy; radiation may be required. not hospitalized
What is the third phase of therapeutic management for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Maintenance: control leukemia, lasts 2-3 years, usually in outpatient setting.
What is the goal of the remission-induction phase?
Reduce tumor to undetectable size.
What type of treatment is used in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?
Chemotherapy
What is neuroblastoma?
A tumor of nerve tissue that forms the SNS
What age group is primarily affected by neuroblastoma?
average age 2 yrs
What are some clinical manifestations of neuroblastoma?
What is a common diagnostic tool for neuroblastoma?
Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans.
Biopsy of the tumor
bone marrow aspiration
labs
What are some therapeutic management strategies for neuroblastoma?
What is the education for neuroblastoma?
Where does neuroblastoma most commonly develop?
In the abdomen.
What is a common clinical manifestation of neuroblastoma?
Palpation of mass.
What does the neuroblastoma mass do in relation to the body?
It crosses the midline.
What is a typical appearance of neuroblastoma?
What is Wilms Tumor?
A type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children, also known as nephroblastoma.
What is the origin of Wilm's Tumor?
Originates in one or both kidneys.
What is the average age at diagnosis for Wilm's Tumor?
Average age at diagnosis is between 2 and 5 years.
Are both sexes equally affected by Wilm's Tumor?
Yes, both sexes are equally affected.
What is the 5-year survival rate for Wilm's Tumor?
The 5-year survival rate is 90%.
What organ system is primarily affected by Wilm's Tumor?
Primarily affects the kidneys.
What is a common clinical manifestation of Wilm's Tumor?
What imaging is used for diagnosis of Wilm's Tumor?
What does Wilm's Tumor typically feel like?
It is typically painless and presents as a palpable mass.
Does Wilm's Tumor cross the midline?
No, it does not cross midline.
What should be posted above the bed of a patient with Wilm's Tumor?
A sign stating 'No abdominal palpation'
What is monitored in the nursing care of a Wilm's Tumor patient?
Intake and output of urine
What medical treatments are included in the management of Wilm's Tumor?
What surgical procedure is part of the treatment for Wilm's Tumor?
Surgical removal of the mass
What should patients monitor regarding urinary health post-treatment?
Urinary and bowel output
What should patients schedule after treatment for Wilm's Tumor?
Follow up appointments
What is retinoblastoma?
A malignant tumor that arises from the retina.
What are the clinical manifestations of retinoblastoma?
How is retinoblastoma diagnosed?
What can retinoblastoma cause in terms of vision?
Visual impairment or blindness.
What is a common sign of retinoblastoma in the pupil?
A whitish glow in the pupil.
What are the growth patterns of retinoblastoma?
It can grow rapidly or slowly.
What is the therapeutic management for retinoblastoma?
What is the post-operative care for retinoblastoma?
What does the treatment for retinoblastoma depend on?
What is osteosarcoma?
A bone tumor that typically occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
What are the clinical manifestations of osteosarcoma?
How is osteosarcoma diagnosed?
What does an X-ray show in osteosarcoma?
sunburst pattern
What is a common therapeutic management for osteosarcoma?
What activities are recommended for patients with osteosarcoma?
What body image concerns may arise in osteosarcoma patients?
What is Ewing's Sarcoma primarily associated with?
Bone and soft tissue tumors
Where in the body is Ewing's Sarcoma most often found?
Which demographic is more often affected by Ewing's Sarcoma?
More often seen in males
What age group is most commonly affected by Ewing's Sarcoma?
Children between 10 and 20
What are common clinical manifestations of Ewing's Sarcoma?
What is the primary method for diagnosing Ewing's Sarcoma?
What are some therapeutic management for Ewing's Sarcoma?
multiagent chemo
radiation
Surgical resection is preferred if possible
What should be assessed for Ewing's Sarcoma?
Assessment of unusual swelling
What is Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
A type of cancer that originates from lymphocytes, characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
What are the clinical manifestations of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
What is the diagnosis method for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
What cells are indicative of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Reed-Sternburg Cells
What type of lymphadenopathy is associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Painless, firm cervical or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
What is the purpose of monitoring in Hodgkin's Lymphoma management?
To manage symptoms like fever
What does the therapeutic management of Hodgkin's Lymphoma include?
What type of cancer is Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Cancer of the lymph system
How does Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma differ from Hodgkin Lymphoma?
No single focal origin
What is a key characteristic of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma's onset?
Rapid onset with widespread involvement
What are common clinical manifestations of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
What lab result may be elevated in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase
What imaging techniques are used in the diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
CT or MRI
What is a key aspect of therapeutic management for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
What type of chemo is recommended for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Aggressive, multiagent chemotherapy as soon as possible
What is the purpose of intrathecal chemo in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
To deliver chemotherapy directly into the central nervous system
What should parents be taught to monitor for in their child with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Difficulty breathing
What is a common nursing intervention during labor?
Monitoring fetal heart rate and maternal vital signs.
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