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Pediatric Hematology Oncology 1
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  • Where are most blood transfusions delivered?

    In hospitals

    health transfusions

  • What is required to administer a blood transfusion?

    Consent from the patient

    health transfusions

  • What type of blood transfusion is used for shock?

    RBC (Red Blood Cells)

    health transfusions

  • What is Packed RBCs [PRBC] used for?

    Anemia

    health transfusions

  • Which transfusion is used for clotting issues?

    Platelets

    health transfusions

  • What is Fresh Frozen Plasma [FFP] used for?

    Bleeding

    health transfusions

  • Which factors are used for hemophilia treatment?

    Factor VII, VIII, IX

    health transfusions

  • What is an Autologous transplant?

    Patients' own cells

    health transplants

  • What is an Allogenic transplant?

    Matched to a compatible donor

    health transplants

  • What is a Syngeneic transplant?

    Identical sibling stem cells

    health transplants

  • What should be done pre-transfusion?

    • Get vitals
    • Verify orders
    • Call for blood
    • Must hang within 30 minutes
    • Can only hang for 4 hours
    • Follow facility policy for checking blood
    transfusion procedure

  • What is the first step when starting the transfusion?

    • Get vitals
    • Start infusion
    • Monitor in room for 15 minutes for adverse reaction
    transfusion procedure

  • What should be monitored during a transfusion?

    • Vitals
    • Signs of adverse reaction
    • DO NOT add anything to the blood
    transfusion monitoring

  • What should be done after a transfusion?

    • Save bag for an hour
    • Complete paperwork
    transfusion procedure

  • What is the maximum time blood can be hung?

    4 hours

    transfusion time

  • What is the time frame to hang blood after calling for it?

    30 minutes

    transfusion time

  • What should you do first in case of a transfusion reaction?

    Stop the transfusion

    Monitor vital signs

    call the MD

    medical transfusion

  • What is apheresis?

    Selective removal of a blood component

    medical apheresis

  • What is thrombosis?

    Development of a blood clot

    medical thrombosis

  • Where can thrombosis occur?

    • Extremity
    • Lung
    medical thrombosis

  • What is the normal range for RBCs in a newborn?

    4.1-5.74

    blood rbcs newborn

  • What is the normal range for RBCs in a 2-month-old?

    2.7-4.9

    blood rbcs 2_months

  • What is the normal range for RBCs in a 2-year-old?

    3.9-5.03

    blood rbcs 2_years

  • What is the normal range for RBCs in a 6-12-year-old?

    4.93-5.3

    blood rbcs 6-12_years

  • What is the normal range for RBCs in a 12-18-year-old?

    3.7-5.5

    blood rbcs 12-18_years

  • What is the normal range for HGB in a newborn?

    12.7-18.6 g/dL

    blood hgb newborn

  • What is the normal range for HGB in a 2-month-old?

    9.0-14.0 g/dL

    blood hgb 2_months

  • What is the normal range for HGB in a 2-year-old?

    10.5-12.7 g/dL

    blood hgb 2_years

  • What is the normal range for HGB in a 6-12-year-old?

    11.2-14.8 g/dL

    blood hgb 6-12_years

  • What is the normal range for HGB in a 12-18-year-old?

    10.7-15.7 g/dL

    blood hgb 12-18_years

  • What is the normal range for HCT in a newborn?

    37.4-56.1%

    blood hct newborn

  • What is the normal range for HCT in a 2-month-old?

    28.0-42.0%

    blood hct 2_months

  • What is the normal range for HCT in a 2-year-old?

    31.7-37.7%

    blood hct 2_years

  • What is the normal range for HCT in a 6-12-year-old?

    34.0-43.9%

    blood hct 6-12_years

  • What is the normal range for HCT in a 12-18-year-old?

    33.0-46.2%

    blood hct 12-18_years

  • What is the normal range for WBCs in a newborn?

    6.8-14.3

    blood wbcs newborn

  • What is the normal range for WBCs in a 2-month-old?

    5.0-19.5

    blood wbcs 2_months

  • What is the normal range for WBCs in a 2-year-old?

    5.3-11.5

    blood wbcs 2_years

  • What is the normal range for WBCs in a 6-12-year-old?

    4.5-10.1

    blood wbcs 6-12_years

  • What is the normal range for WBCs in a 12-18-year-old?

    4.4-10.2

    blood wbcs 12-18_years

  • What is the normal range for platelets in a newborn?

    1645

    blood platelets newborn

  • What is the normal range for platelets in a 2-month-old?

    164

    blood platelets 2_months

  • What is the normal range for platelets in a 2-year-old?

    206

    blood platelets 2_years

  • What is the normal range for platelets in a 6-12-year-old?

    190

    blood platelets 6-12_years

  • What is the normal range for platelets in a 12-18-year-old?

    175

    blood platelets 12-18_years

  • What is the patho/etiology of anemia?

    • The most common hematologic disorder of childhood
    • decrease circulating RBC's decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
    • it can be an indication of an underlying pathological process
    medicine anemia_types

  • What are common clinical manifestations of anemia?

    • Fatigue
    • SOB
    • Lethargy
    • Tachycardia
    • Pale skin
    • Irritability
    • Dizziness
    symptoms anemia

  • What is included in the diagnosis process?

    • H&P
    • CBC
    • Reticulocyte count
    diagnosis medical

  • What are the therapeutic management strategies for anemia?

    • Blood transfusions
    • Diet or vitamin supplement
    • Supportive care
    management anemia

  • What should be included in education/discharge for anemia?

    • Education on s/s of anemia
    • Administration of iron
    • Quiet play, frequent rest periods
    education anemia

  • What is the most prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide?

    Iron Deficiency Anemia

    nutrition health

  • What are the causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia?

    • Decreased iron supply
    • Increased iron demands
    • Blood loss
    pathophysiology causes

  • What are common clinical manifestations of Iron Deficiency Anemia?

    • Irritability
    • Fatigue
    • Delayed motor development
    • Tachycardia
    • Shortness of breath
    • Pale skin/conjunctival pallor
    symptoms health

  • What is a diagnosis for low iron levels?

    H&P

    lab test

    health diagnosis

  • What are iron-rich foods recommended for management?

    • Red meat
    • Leafy greens
    • Beans
    nutrition diet

  • What are the education for iron deficiency anemia?

    • Breast milk or Iron-fortified formula until 12 m of age
    • iron-fortifies cereal from 6-12 months of age
    • No cow milk before 12 m
    • after 12 m, limit cow's milk
    nutrition infants

  • What type of inheritance is Sickle Cell Anemia?

    Autosomal recessive

    genetics disease

  • What shape are red blood cells in Sickle Cell Anemia?

    C or S shaped

    pathophysiology anemia

  • What are common clinical manifestations of Sickle Cell Anemia?

    • Pain
    • Weakness
    • Pallor
    • Fatigue
    • Tissue hypoxia
    symptoms anemia

  • What is a major complication of Sickle Cell Anemia related to lungs?

    • Pneumonia
    • Chest syndrome
    • Pulmonary hypertension
    • Atelectasis
    • Congestive heart failure
    health complications

  • What are some hematological complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?

    • Hemolysis
    • Anemia
    • CVA (stroke)
    • Paralysis
    • Death
    health complications

  • What are some ocular complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?

    • Retinopathy
    • Blindness
    • Hemorrhage
    health complications

  • What are some musculoskeletal complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?

    • Avascular necrosis (shoulder)
    • Avascular necrosis (hip)
    • Abdominal pain
    • Dactylitis (hand-foot syndrome)
    • Pain
    health complications

  • What are some gastrointestinal complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?

    • Hepatomegaly
    • Gallstones
    • Splenomegaly
    • Splenic sequestration
    • Autosplenectomy
    health complications

  • What are some urinary complications of Sickle Cell Anemia?

    • Hematuria
    • Hyposthenuria (dilute urine)
    health complications

  • What are some other complications associated with Sickle Cell Anemia?

    • Osteomyelitis
    • Chronic ulcers (rare in children)
    health complications

  • What are the methods for diagnosing sickle cell anemia?

    Chorionic villus biopsy

    Newborn screening

    H&P

    hemoglobin electrophoresis

    diagnosis sickle_cell_anemia

  • Are there prevention strategies for sickle cell anemia?

    There is no prevention

    genetic counseling

    follow-up genetic screening at birth

    prevention sickle_cell_anemia

  • What does HOP stand for in the management of Sickle Cell Anemia?

    • Hydration
    • Oxygenation
    • Pain Control
    medical sickle_cell management

  • What is a common method for pain management in Sickle Cell Anemia?

    PCA pumps

    medical pain_management sickle_cell

  • What are the important aspects of therapeutic management for Sickle Cell Anemia?

    Adequate hydration

    prevention of complication

    chronic illness

    S/S of sickle cell

    medical sickle_cell management

  • What is a Sickle Cell Crisis?

    Severe pain due to sickle-shaped cells blocking blood flow

    health sickle_cell

  • What are precipitating factors for Sickle Cell Crisis?

    • Trauma
    • Infection, fever
    • Physical and emotional stress
    • Dehydration
    • Hypoxia
    • Altitude
    health sickle_cell

  • What are the types of sickle cell crisis?

    • Vaso-occlusive thrombotic
    • Aplastic crisis
    health sickle_cell

  • What happens during a vaso-occlusive thrombotic crisis?

    "painful crisis"

    Blood stasis w/ clumping of cells cause distal ischemia and infarction, leading to pain.

    health sickle_cell crisis

  • What are the signs of a vaso-occlusive crisis?

    • Fever
    • Pain
    • Tissue engorgement
    health sickle_cell signs

  • What is an aplastic crisis?

    A crisis characterized by diminished production and increased destruction of RBCs, often due to viral infection.

    health sickle_cell crisis

  • What are the signs of an aplastic crisis?

    • Paleness
    • Lethargy
    • Headache
    • Fever
    • Anemia
    • Fainting
    • Recent illness
    health sickle_cell signs

  • What is splenic sequestration in sickle cell crisis?

    • Intrasplenic pooling of blood
    • Affects ages 5 months to 2 years
    • Life-threatening
    • Signs: profound anemia, hypovolemia, shock
    sickle_cell crisis splenic_sequestration

  • What is acute chest syndrome?

    • Lowers oxygen level in blood
    • Similar to pneumonia
    • Signs: chest pain, tachypnea, fever, wheezing, cough
    sickle_cell crisis acute_chest_syndrome

  • What are the signs of acute chest syndrome?

    • Chest pain
    • Tachypnea
    • Fever
    • Wheezing
    • Cough
    sickle_cell acute_chest_syndrome signs

  • What is hemophilia?

    The coagulation process cannot be completed, so bleeding is prolonged

    medicine genetics

  • What are the types of hemophilia?

    • Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
    • Hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency)
    medicine types

  • What is Hemophilia A?

    Also known as 'Classic hemophilia', it is a deficiency of factor VIII.

    medicine hemophilia

  • What is Hemophilia B?

    A hemophilia type caused by a deficiency of factor IX, accounting for 15% of cases.

    medicine hemophilia

  • What happens to blood vessels in hemophilia?

    The coagulation process is impaired, resulting in uncontrolled bleeding from tears in blood vessels.

    medicine hemophilia

  • What does a normal coagulation process involve?

    Involves platelets and clotting factors working together to stop bleeding.

    medicine coagulation

  • What is the most common form of internal bleeding in hemophilia?

    Hemarthrosis

    hemophilia bleeding

  • When do the symptoms of hemophilia occur?

    Symptoms may not occur until 6 months

    hemophilia symptoms

  • What are the signs of hemarthrosis?

    • Swelling
    • Warmth
    • Redness
    • Pain
    • Loss of movement
    hemophilia hemarthrosis

  • What areas are commonly affected by bleeding in hemophilia?

    • Knee
    • Ankle
    • Elbow
    hemophilia bleeding

  • What can lead to injuries in individuals with hemophilia?

    Mobility leading to falls and accidents

    hemophilia injuries

  • What is the bleeding tendency in hemophilia?

    Ranges from mild to severe

    hemophilia bleeding

  • What are common clinical manifestations of Hemophilia?

    • Bruising
    • Excessive bleeding
    • Intracranial hemorrhage (neonate)
    • Soft tissue bleeding
    • Swelling/stiffness of joints (especially knee)
    hemophilia clinical manifestations

  • What tests are used for diagnosis of Hemophilia?

    • PT/PTT
    • Direct assay of plasma factor activity level for Hemophilia A and B
    hemophilia diagnosis tests

  • What is a key prevention method for Hemophilia?

    Genetic counseling

    hemophilia prevention genetics

  • What is the therapeutic Management for hemophilla?

    prompt treatment

    patient safetym prevention of compliacation

    factor replacement

    patient education

    hemophilia bruising symptoms

  • What are some patient education topics with Hemophilia?

    administration of the factor via IV

    prevent bleeding

    monitor patient for s/s of cerebral bleed

    close supervision and safe enviroment

    superficial bleeding: apply pressure for at least 15 + RICE

    if significant bleeding occurs, transfuse for factor replacement

    hemophilia treatment

  • What is neutropenia?

    A condition characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the blood.

    less than 1,000 in the infant

    less than 1,500 older than 1 yr

    medical hematology

  • What are the clinical manifestations of Neutropenia?

    • Fever
    • lymphadenopathy
    • pallor
    • bruising
    • petechia
    medical causes

  • How is neutropenia diagnosed?

    CBC with diff

    peripheral smear

    possible bone marrow

    medical diagnosis

  • What are some prevention measures for neutropenia?

    • treat underlying disease
    • monitor blood counts
    medical treatment

  • What are some therapeutic management strategies for neutropenia?

    • monitoring for infection
    • evaluating ANC
    • adminstration of antibiotics
    medical normal_range

  • What is the medical care for neutropenia?

    • colony stimulating factor
    • bone marrow transplant
    medical immunology

  • What are some educational/discharge teaching for neutropenia?

    • do not enter room if you are sick
    • no fresh or dried plants in room
    • clean hands to enter room
    • The patient wears a mask to leave room
    • monitor temp
    • oral hygiene using a soft toothbrush
    medical diagnosis

  • What is the purpose of monitoring ANC in neutropenia?

    To evaluate the risk of infection and manage treatment accordingly.

    neutropenia anc

  • What is cancer characterized by?

    • Rapid growth of abnormal cells
    • Anaplasia
    • Resistance to normal growth controls
    cancer biology

  • What causes cancer?

    • External/environmental stimuli
    • Viruses altering the immune system
    • Chromosomal and gene abnormalities
    cancer causes

  • What are characteristics of cancerous cells?

    • Larger, darker nucleus
    • Abnormal number of chromosomes
    • Disorganized arrangement
    • Clustered without boundaries
    cells cancer

  • What is the primary treatment for many pediatric cancers?

    Chemotherapy

    oncology pediatrics

  • What is the purpose of chemotherapy in treating cancer?

    Decrease primary tumor size

    oncology treatment

  • What are ports and central lines used for in cancer treatment?

    Administration of chemotherapy

    oncology treatment

  • What does radiation do to cancer cells?

    Breaks apart the bonds within the cell and causes it to die

    oncology radiation

  • How is radiation delivered in cancer treatment?

    To precise, targeted areas

    oncology radiation

  • What are some side effects of radiation?

    Varies, can include fatigue and skin irritation

    oncology side_effects

  • What types of pain can occur in children with cancer?

    Acute or chronic

    oncology pain_management

  • What are some methods for pain control in children with cancer?

    Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic methods

    oncology pain_management

  • What is important for pain assessment in children?

    Using appropriate pain assessment tools

    oncology pain_management

  • What types of medications can be used for pain control?

    Pain meds and topical anesthetics

    oncology pain_management

  • What are the nutritional needs for a child with cancer?

    • Elevated nutritional needs
    • Higher nutritional needs for normal growth & development
    • Consider side effects of chemo
    nutrition cancer

  • What is the priority nursing action for a child with cancer?

    Prevent infection

    nursing infection

  • What are neutropenic precautions?

    • Limit exposure to infectious agents
    • Maintain strict hygiene
    • Avoid crowds and sick individuals
    nursing infection

  • What skin care practice is important for children with cancer?

    Meticulous skin care

    nursing skin_care

  • What is an essential care measure for children with cancer?

    Encourage 24-hour stay with family

    healthcare pediatrics

  • Who provides support for children with cancer?

    Child Life Specialist

    healthcare support

  • What activities can help children with cancer?

    • Video games
    • Computers
    • Hand-held devices
    healthcare activities

  • What should be encouraged to support children with cancer?

    Encourage visits to the playroom

    healthcare play

  • What is a key aspect of support for children with cancer?

    Be present and simply listen

    healthcare support

  • What resources should be provided for families of children with cancer?

    Community resources and reliable Internet sources

    healthcare resources

  • What type of information is important for families of children with cancer?

    Information about support groups

    healthcare support

  • What is a side effect of cisplatin?

    • High-tone hearing loss
    cancer treatment side_effects

  • What impairment may occur due to cancer treatment?

    • Loss of speech
    • impairment of depth perception
    • increased reponse time
    • lung problem caused by scarring of lung tissue or a reduction in lung elasticity (SOB & reduce exercise capcity)
    • Kidney (bleeding, damage to tubules, protein wasting)
    • musculoskeletal defects involving bones, soft tissue, and teeth
    • functional and/or mobility deficit may persist if amputatuion
    • hormonal abnormalities
    cancer treatment side_effects

  • What are some late side effects of cancer treatment?

    • Hearing issues
    • Skin problems
    • Cardiac dysfunction
    cancer treatment side_effects

  • What are the effects of radiation to the brain in cancer treatment?

    • Growth retardation
    • Cognitive impairment
    • Learning disabilities
    cancer treatment radiation brain

  • What is the most common type of cancer in children?

    Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

    cancer pediatrics

  • What is leukemia characterized by?

    Overproduction of WBCs

    pathophysiology leukemia

  • What are common clinical manifestations of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

    • Vague flu-like feelings
    • Abnormal blood counts
    • Anemia
    • Easy bruising
    • Petechia
    • Fever
    • Infection
    • 'Blueberry muffin' lesions
    • Signs & labs consistent with DIC
    symptoms clinical

  • What is a notable skin manifestation of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

    'Blueberry muffin' lesions

    symptoms dermatology

  • What abnormal blood count might you see in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

    Anemia

    laboratory blood

  • What might be a sign of DIC in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

    Signs & labs consistent with DIC

    pathophysiology dic

  • What is a key method for the diagnosis of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

    Bone marrow aspiration

    medicine diagnosis

  • When does treatment for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia begin?

    Treatment begins promptly

    medicine treatment

  • What should be monitored if blood counts are low?

    Monitor for bruising

    health monitoring

  • What is the first phase of therapeutic management for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

    Remission-induction: reduce tumor to undetectable size with multiple chemo drugs for 4 weeks. CNS prophylaxis

    leukemia treatment phases

  • What is involved in the second phase of treatment for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

    Consolidation: destroy residual leukemic cells with high doses of chemotherapy; radiation may be required. not hospitalized

    leukemia treatment phases

  • What is the third phase of therapeutic management for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

    Maintenance: control leukemia, lasts 2-3 years, usually in outpatient setting.

    leukemia treatment phases

  • What is the goal of the remission-induction phase?

    Reduce tumor to undetectable size.

    leukemia treatment goals

  • What type of treatment is used in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

    Chemotherapy

    leukemia treatment chemotherapy

  • What is neuroblastoma?

    A tumor of nerve tissue that forms the SNS

    cancer pediatrics

  • What age group is primarily affected by neuroblastoma?

    average age 2 yrs

    cancer pediatrics

  • What are some clinical manifestations of neuroblastoma?

    • Palpation of a mass
    • crosses the midline
    • edema of the lower extremities if severe
    symptoms cancer

  • What is a common diagnostic tool for neuroblastoma?

    Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans.

    Biopsy of the tumor

    bone marrow aspiration

    labs

    diagnosis cancer

  • What are some therapeutic management strategies for neuroblastoma?

    • comfort and pain control
    • surgical resection is preformed initally
    • in advance case: chemo
    • radation
    prognosis cancer

  • What is the education for neuroblastoma?

    • monitor the incision site for s/s of infection
    • teach parents about comfort measure
    • emotional support
    cancer biology

  • Where does neuroblastoma most commonly develop?

    In the abdomen.

    oncology location

  • What is a common clinical manifestation of neuroblastoma?

    Palpation of mass.

    oncology symptoms

  • What does the neuroblastoma mass do in relation to the body?

    It crosses the midline.

    oncology symptoms

  • What is a typical appearance of neuroblastoma?

    • Hemorrhagic appearance
    • Small round blue tumor cells
    symptoms neuroblastoma

  • What is Wilms Tumor?

    A type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children, also known as nephroblastoma.

    cancer pediatrics

  • What is the origin of Wilm's Tumor?

    Originates in one or both kidneys.

    oncology kidney

  • What is the average age at diagnosis for Wilm's Tumor?

    Average age at diagnosis is between 2 and 5 years.

    oncology pediatrics

  • Are both sexes equally affected by Wilm's Tumor?

    Yes, both sexes are equally affected.

    oncology gender

  • What is the 5-year survival rate for Wilm's Tumor?

    The 5-year survival rate is 90%.

    oncology survival

  • What organ system is primarily affected by Wilm's Tumor?

    Primarily affects the kidneys.

    oncology kidney

  • What is a common clinical manifestation of Wilm's Tumor?

    • Palpable mass
    • Does not cross midline
    • Painless
    • Hematuria (infrequent)
    • Hypertension (infrequent)
    oncology symptoms

  • What imaging is used for diagnosis of Wilm's Tumor?

    • Lab work
    • Renal or abdominal ultrasound
    • CT/MRI
    • CXR if metastasis is suspected
    oncology diagnosis

  • What does Wilm's Tumor typically feel like?

    It is typically painless and presents as a palpable mass.

    oncology symptoms

  • Does Wilm's Tumor cross the midline?

    No, it does not cross midline.

    oncology anatomy

  • What should be posted above the bed of a patient with Wilm's Tumor?

    A sign stating 'No abdominal palpation'

    healthcare nursing

  • What is monitored in the nursing care of a Wilm's Tumor patient?

    Intake and output of urine

    healthcare nursing

  • What medical treatments are included in the management of Wilm's Tumor?

    • Chemotherapy
    • Post-radiation care
    healthcare medical

  • What surgical procedure is part of the treatment for Wilm's Tumor?

    Surgical removal of the mass

    healthcare surgery

  • What should patients monitor regarding urinary health post-treatment?

    Urinary and bowel output

    healthcare education

  • What should patients schedule after treatment for Wilm's Tumor?

    Follow up appointments

    healthcare education

  • What is retinoblastoma?

    A malignant tumor that arises from the retina.

    oncology retinoblastoma

  • What are the clinical manifestations of retinoblastoma?

    • Strabismus
    • Red painful eyes
    • Whitish glow in the pupil
    • Visual impairment/Blindness
    • Abnormal appearance of the eye
    symptoms retinoblastoma

  • How is retinoblastoma diagnosed?

    • Examination using an ophthalmoscope
    • Orbital ultrasound
    • CT or MRI
    diagnosis retinoblastoma

  • What can retinoblastoma cause in terms of vision?

    Visual impairment or blindness.

    vision retinoblastoma

  • What is a common sign of retinoblastoma in the pupil?

    A whitish glow in the pupil.

    symptoms retinoblastoma

  • What are the growth patterns of retinoblastoma?

    It can grow rapidly or slowly.

    growth retinoblastoma

  • What is the therapeutic management for retinoblastoma?

    • Depends on size and location of tumor
    • Primary enucleation
    • Post-operative eye care
    retinoblastoma treatment

  • What is the post-operative care for retinoblastoma?

    • Discharged 3-4 days after surgery
    • Teach care of eye socket
    • Child fitted for prosthetic eye after 3 weeks
    retinoblastoma post-operative_care

  • What does the treatment for retinoblastoma depend on?

    • Size of the tumor
    • Location of the tumor
    retinoblastoma treatment_factors

  • What is osteosarcoma?

    A bone tumor that typically occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.

    cancer osteosarcoma

  • What are the clinical manifestations of osteosarcoma?

    • Swelling and pain
    • Pain increases with activity
    • Limp
    • Dull, aching pain for several months
    • Tenderness, swelling, warmth on palpation
    symptoms osteosarcoma

  • How is osteosarcoma diagnosed?

    • X-ray
    • Chest x-ray for metastasis
    • MRI/Nuclear Scan
    • Lab tests
    • Biopsy
    diagnosis osteosarcoma

  • What does an X-ray show in osteosarcoma?

    sunburst pattern

    imaging osteosarcoma

  • What is a common therapeutic management for osteosarcoma?

    • Chemotherapy
    • Surgical resection of affected bone
    • Limb-sparing surgery
    oncology treatment

  • What activities are recommended for patients with osteosarcoma?

    • Quiet activities
    • Promote function and mobility
    rehabilitation activities

  • What body image concerns may arise in osteosarcoma patients?

    • Issues of adolescents regarding body image
    psychosocial body_image

  • What is Ewing's Sarcoma primarily associated with?

    Bone and soft tissue tumors

    oncology pathophysiology

  • Where in the body is Ewing's Sarcoma most often found?

    • Middle of bones
    • Most often in femur, pelvis, rib, upper arms
    anatomy oncology

  • Which demographic is more often affected by Ewing's Sarcoma?

    More often seen in males

    demographics oncology

  • What age group is most commonly affected by Ewing's Sarcoma?

    Children between 10 and 20

    pediatrics oncology

  • What are common clinical manifestations of Ewing's Sarcoma?

    • Pain and swelling at the tumor site
    • Systemic manifestations: fever or weight loss
    symptoms oncology

  • What is the primary method for diagnosing Ewing's Sarcoma?

    • Biopsy
    • CT, MRI, bone scan
    diagnosis oncology

  • What are some therapeutic management for Ewing's Sarcoma?

    multiagent chemo

    radiation

    Surgical resection is preferred if possible

    medical surgery

  • What should be assessed for Ewing's Sarcoma?

    Assessment of unusual swelling

    medical assessment

  • What is Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    A type of cancer that originates from lymphocytes, characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

    cancer hematology

  • What are the clinical manifestations of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    • Swollen, firm lymph nodes
    • Anterior mediastinal mass
    • Unexplained fever
    • Weight loss
    • Night sweats
    symptoms clinical

  • What is the diagnosis method for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    • Biopsy of lymph node
    • Reed-Sternburg Cells
    • MRI, X-ray, CT scan
    diagnosis medical

  • What cells are indicative of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    Reed-Sternburg Cells

    cells diagnosis

  • What type of lymphadenopathy is associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    Painless, firm cervical or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy

    lymphadenopathy symptoms

  • What is the purpose of monitoring in Hodgkin's Lymphoma management?

    To manage symptoms like fever

    health monitoring

  • What does the therapeutic management of Hodgkin's Lymphoma include?

    • Monitor for fever
    • Manage pain
    • Comfort measures
    • Treatment includes radiation and/or chemotherapy
    • Quiet activities
    health management

  • What type of cancer is Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    Cancer of the lymph system

    cancer lymphoma

  • How does Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma differ from Hodgkin Lymphoma?

    No single focal origin

    cancer lymphoma

  • What is a key characteristic of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma's onset?

    Rapid onset with widespread involvement

    cancer symptoms

  • What are common clinical manifestations of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    • Pain
    • Swelling
    symptoms cancer

  • What lab result may be elevated in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    Elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase

    lab_results cancer

  • What imaging techniques are used in the diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    CT or MRI

    imaging diagnosis

  • What is a key aspect of therapeutic management for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    • Assess breathing and chest pain
    • Pain management
    • Support family
    • Aggressive, multiagent chemo
    • Intrathecal chemo
    • Monitor for pain, fever, infection, enlarged lymph nodes
    • Teach parents to monitor for difficulty breathing
    oncology management

  • What type of chemo is recommended for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    Aggressive, multiagent chemotherapy as soon as possible

    oncology treatment

  • What is the purpose of intrathecal chemo in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    To deliver chemotherapy directly into the central nervous system

    oncology treatment

  • What should parents be taught to monitor for in their child with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    Difficulty breathing

    oncology parenting

  • What is a common nursing intervention during labor?

    Monitoring fetal heart rate and maternal vital signs.

    nursing labor