Flashcards in this deck (53)

• What is the definition of genetics?

  The scientific study of genes and heredity, focusing on how traits are passed from parents to offspring due to changes in DNA sequence.
  genetics definition
• What carries genetic information?

  Double strands of DNA called chromosomes.
  genetics chromosomes
• How many chromosomes does a human somatic cell contain?

  46 chromosomes, which make up 23 pairs.
  human chromosomes
• What are the two types of chromosomes in humans?

  22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
  human chromosomes
• What is a gene?

  A segment of DNA that encodes a particular protein and contains instructions for building molecules that help the body work.
  genetics gene
• What is a locus?

  The location of a gene at a specific place along a chromosome.
  genetics locus
• What is an allele?

  An alternate choice of genes at a locus (e.g., P or p; A or a).
  genetics allele
• What does zygosity describe?

  The similarity or dissimilarity of genes at an allelic position on two homologous chromosomes.
  genetics zygosity
• What is homozygous?

  Inheritance of identical genes at a chromosomal locus (e.g., KK or kk).
  genetics homozygous
• What is heterozygous?

  Inheritance of two different genes at a chromosomal locus (e.g., Kk).
  genetics heterozygous
• What is dosage in genetics?

  A condition where gene expression is stronger due to homozygosity (e.g., M+N-).
  genetics dosage
• What is a dominant trait?

  The expressed characteristic on one chromosome that takes precedence over the other chromosome's characteristic.
  genetics dominant
• What is co-dominance?

  Equal expression of two different inherited alleles, where both alleles are expressed phenotypically (e.g., AB blood type).
  genetics co-dominance
• What is a recessive trait?

  A characteristic that is expressed only if the same allele is present on the other chromosome (e.g., O type).
  genetics recessive
• What is a silent gene?

  A gene that does not produce a serologically detectable product (e.g., O, d, or h gene).
  genetics silent_gene
• Who described the inheritance of the ABO blood group?

  Bernstein in 1924
  genetics abo history
• How many alleles determine an individual's ABO type?

  1 of 3 alleles: A, B, or O
  genetics abo alleles
• From where does an individual inherit their ABO gene?

  One ABO gene from each parent
  genetics inheritance
• On which chromosome are ABO blood types inherited?

  Long arm of chromosome 9
  genetics chromosome
• What is the locus of the ABO gene?

  9q34
  genetics locus abo
• What does phenotype refer to?

  Observable expression of inherited traits (e.g. group A or Rh positive)
  genetics phenotype
• What does genotype refer to?

  Actual genetic information for a trait (e.g. O/O or A/O)
  genetics genotype
• What are the possible phenotypes for blood type A?

  A
  blood_types phenotype
• What are the possible genotypes for blood type A?

  • AA
  • AO
  blood_types genotype
• What antibodies are present in blood type A serum?

  Anti-B
  blood_types antibodies
• What are the possible phenotypes for blood type B?

  B
  blood_types phenotype
• What are the possible genotypes for blood type B?

  • BB
  • BO
  blood_types genotype
• What antibodies are present in blood type B serum?

  Anti-A
  blood_types antibodies
• What are the possible phenotypes for blood type O?

  O
  blood_types phenotype
• What is the genotype for blood type O?

  OO only
  blood_types genotype
• What antibodies are present in blood type O serum?

  Anti-A and Anti-B
  blood_types antibodies
• What are the possible phenotypes for blood type AB?

  AB
  blood_types phenotype
• What is the genotype for blood type AB?

  AB only
  blood_types genotype
• What antibodies are present in blood type AB serum?

  None
  blood_types antibodies
• What is the relationship between A and B alleles?

  They are codominant
  genetics alleles
• What does cis position mean?

  Genes inherited on the same chromosome
  genetics cis
• What does trans position mean?

  Genes inherited on different chromosomes
  genetics trans
• What is the effect of cis position on D antigen expression?

  It can lead to weakening or suppression of D expression
  genetics d_antigen
• What is the significance of blood group antigens?

  They are inherited characteristics from parents
  genetics blood_groups
• What should you be able to define by the end of the topic?

  Terms related to ABO blood group inheritance
  education learning_objectives
• What are chromosomes?

  Structures that carry genetic information.
  biology genetics
• What is a gene?

  A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
  biology genetics
• What is a locus?

  The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
  biology genetics
• What is an allele?

  Different forms of a gene that exist at the same locus.
  biology genetics
• What is a silent gene?

  A gene that does not produce a detectable effect in the phenotype.
  biology genetics
• What is phenotype?

  The observable characteristics of an organism.
  biology genetics
• What is genotype?

  The genetic makeup of an organism.
  biology genetics
• What does homozygous mean?

  Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
  biology genetics
• What does heterozygous mean?

  Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
  biology genetics
• What are cis and trans positions?

  Cis: alleles on the same chromosome; Trans: alleles on different chromosomes.
  biology genetics
• What does autosomal refer to?

  Genes located on non-sex chromosomes.
  biology genetics
• What does dominant mean in genetics?

  An allele that expresses its trait even in the presence of a recessive allele.
  biology genetics
• What does recessive mean in genetics?

  An allele that expresses its trait only when two copies are present.
  biology genetics