What affects helicopter performance?
Wind, temperature, humidity, weight, and equipment.
What rotor direction is typical for small training helicopters?
Counterclockwise rotation when viewed from above.
What is the term used for pedal pressure in helicopters?
'Apply proper pedal pressure' is used for both rotor systems.
What are the two controls referred to in the chapter?
Collective and cyclic.
What are the four fundamentals of flight?
Straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents.
What should a student pilot focus on during maneuvers?
Accurate 'feel' and control analysis rather than mechanical movements.
What is a good practice for cyclic movement during maneuvers?
Move the cyclic only as fast as trim, torque, and rotor speed can be maintained.
What should be anticipated during maneuvering flight?
Changes in aircraft performance due to loading or environmental conditions.
What may not be sufficient at high altitudes and temperatures?
The normal collective increase to check rotor speed at sea level standard (SLS).
What happens to torque during left turns in helicopters?
Torque increases, resulting in more antitorque.
What happens to torque during right turns in helicopters?
Torque decreases, resulting in less antitorque.
What effect does aft cyclic application have on torque?
Torque decreases and rotor speed increases.
What is the effect of forward cyclic application after aft cyclic?
Torque increases and rotor speed decreases.
What is a critical safety practice for pilots?
Always leave a way out.
Why is it important to know where the winds are?
It aids in flight safety and navigation.
When can engine failures occur in helicopters?
During power changes and cruise flight.
What can lead to engine failure during cruise flight?
Ignoring carburetor air temperatures, leading to carburetor icing.
Why is crew coordination essential in helicopters?
Everyone needs to be aware of their specific duties.
What happens to the nose of the helicopter in steep turns?
The nose drops, requiring energy trade to maintain altitude.
What power setting is usually required for normal helicopter landings?
High power settings, especially for hover terminations.
What determines a helicopter's travel and attitude?
The cyclic position relative to the horizon.
What is straight-and-level flight?
Flight maintaining constant altitude and heading.
What affects airspeed in straight-and-level flight?
The attitude of the rotor disk relative to the horizon.
How is altitude primarily controlled in helicopters?
By using the collective.
What must a pilot adjust to maintain level flight during forward flight?
The collective power setting.
What role does the horizontal stabilizer play in helicopters?
It aids in trimming the helicopter and reduces nose tuck.
What happens to rotor tip-path plane to maintain forward flight?
It must be tilted forward to obtain necessary horizontal thrust.
What is designed as a negative lift airfoil on helicopters?
It produces a lifting force in a downward direction.
What happens when the collective is increased in straight-and-level flight?
The helicopter climbs.
What happens when the collective is decreased in straight-and-level flight?
The helicopter descends.
What must change when adjusting the collective?
Throttle must be adjusted to maintain constant rpm.
What is needed to keep the helicopter in trim around the vertical axis?
Antitorque pedals.
How do you increase airspeed in straight-and-level flight?
Apply forward pressure on the cyclic and raise the collective as necessary.
How do you decrease airspeed in straight-and-level flight?
Apply rearward pressure on the cyclic and lower the collective as necessary.
What should you avoid when making cyclic inputs?
Avoid overcontrolling the helicopter.
What happens if the nose of the helicopter rises too high?
Apply forward pressure to bring the nose down.
What must a pilot do to maintain control of the helicopter?
Remain alert and actively fly the helicopter.
What is cross-controlling in helicopter flight?
Failure to trim the helicopter properly, holding antitorque pedal pressure and opposite cyclic.
What is the first step before entering a turn?
Clear the area in the direction of the turn.
What control movement is needed to start a turn?
Apply sideward pressure on the cyclic.
When should pedals be used during a turn?
Only to compensate for torque and keep the helicopter in trim.
What does a yaw string indicate during flight?
It measures sideslip and offers a visual cue for yaw corrections.
What is the relationship between rate of turn and angle of bank during a level, coordinated turn?
Rate of turn is commensurate with the angle of bank used.
What occurs during a slip?
Rate of turn is too low for the angle of bank used.
What occurs during a skid?
Rate of turn is too great for the angle of bank used.
What happens when inertia exceeds the horizontal component of lift during a skid?
The rate of turn is too great for the angle of bank used.
What affects how fast a helicopter banks?
The amount of lateral cyclic pressure applied.
What determines how far the helicopter banks?
The duration of cyclic displacement.
What should be done after establishing the proper bank angle?
Return the cyclic toward the neutral position.
How do you maintain altitude and RPM while banking?
Increase the collective and throttle.
What should be done as torque increases during a bank?
Increase the proper antitorque pedal pressure.
What may be required to maintain airspeed during a bank?
Additional forward cyclic pressure.
How should you roll out of a turn?
Apply pressure on the cyclic in the opposite direction.
What is the difference when making turns while climbing or descending?
The helicopter is in a climbing or descending attitude.
What is a slip in helicopter flight?
Sliding sideways toward the center of the turn due to insufficient antitorque pedal.
What causes a skid in helicopter flight?
Sliding sideways away from the center of the turn due to excessive antitorque pedal pressure.
What occurs when the rate of turn is too great for the amount of bank?
A skid occurs.
What occurs when the rate of turn is too low for the amount of bank?
A slip occurs.
What is calibrated to 20,000 feet?
Altitude (ALT)
What does the 'NAV' indicator represent?
Navigation
What is the unit for acceleration mentioned?
G units
What does 'PUSH' indicate in the cockpit?
Control input or action
What does 'OFF' and 'GO' refer to?
Power settings or modes
What is the technique for entering a climb from cruising flight?
Increase collective and throttle, adjust pedals.
How should you adjust the cyclic when increasing collective?
Slight aft movement.
What happens to helicopter attitude during climb?
Attitude changes reflect acceleration or deceleration.
How to initiate a faster climb with decreased airspeed?
Use aft cyclic.
What is the lead for leveling off from a climb?
10 percent of the climb rate.
What should you do when beginning the level-off?
Apply forward cyclic to maintain level flight.
What is a normal descent in helicopter flying?
Losing altitude at a controlled rate and attitude.
What should be done to establish a normal descent?
Lower collective, adjust throttle, increase antitorque pedal pressure.
What is a common error in leveling off?
Decreasing power before adjusting the nose to cruising attitude.
What is the action to take at cruising airspeed to maintain heading in a counterclockwise rotor system?
Increase right antitorque pedal pressure.
What should the pilot do if cruising airspeed is the same as descending airspeed?
Apply necessary cyclic pressure for descending attitude.
How does the pilot decelerate the helicopter?
Move the cyclic aft.
What is required to descend with increased airspeed?
Forward cyclic if airspeed is under the limit.
What happens to fuselage attitude as helicopter stabilizes at forward airspeed?
It streamlines due to airflow over the horizontal stabilizer.
What controls total lift and thrust vectoring in a helicopter?
The cyclic.
What does aft cyclic do to altitude?
Increases altitude by directing more power to lift.
What does forward cyclic do to airspeed?
Increases airspeed by directing more power to thrust.
How should a pilot lead the desired altitude when leveling off from descent?
By approximately 10 percent of the rate of descent.
What is a common error during training related to descent?
Failure to maintain constant angle of descent.
What is involved in a vertical takeoff to a hover?
Flying from the ground to a skid height of two to three feet.
What should the pilot do before performing a vertical takeoff?
Clear the area left, right, and above.
What controls heading, direction, and rate of turn at hover?
The pedals.
What controls hover height and rate of ascent/descent?
The collective.
What must be done as the helicopter gets light on the landing gear during takeoff?
Apply appropriate antitorque pedal pressure.
What must be adjusted as collective and torque increases?
Antitorque must be adjusted as well.
What should a pilot apply to maintain aircraft heading when getting light on landing gear?
Apply appropriate antitorque pedal.
What should be checked as the helicopter leaves the ground?
Check for proper attitude control response and helicopter center of gravity.
What is a sign of potential issues during ascent?
Responses outside normal parameters indicating hung or entangled landing gear, center of gravity problems, or control issues.
What should be done if a roll or tilt begins during ascent?
Decrease the collective and determine the cause of the roll or tilt.
What should be adjusted upon reaching desired hover altitude?
Adjust the flight controls as necessary to maintain position over the intended hover area.
What is a common condition in helicopter hovering?
Helicopters usually hover left side low due to tail rotor thrust being counteracted by main rotor tilt.
What should be checked once stabilized in a hover?
Check the engine instruments and note the power required to hover.
What happens if the helicopter drifts to one side while hovering?
The pilot moves the cyclic in the opposite direction, which can divert vertical thrust and cause loss of altitude.
What should a pilot do to maintain altitude while hovering?
Increase the collective to counteract drag and maintain altitude.
What must be increased to counteract drag and maintain RPM?
Increase the throttle.
What can excessive movement of flight controls lead to?
Overcontrolling the helicopter.
What is a common error when ascending?
Failing to ascend vertically as the helicopter becomes airborne.
What can pulling excessive collective cause?
It can cause the helicopter to gain too much altitude.
What does overcontrolling the antitorque pedals affect?
It changes the heading of the helicopter and the RPM.
What is a stationary hover?
A maneuver where the helicopter is maintained in nearly motionless flight over a reference point at a constant altitude and heading.
How should a pilot detect small changes in the helicopter's attitude and altitude?
Use sideview and peripheral vision to look for small changes.
What should the pilot do to maintain the helicopter in a stabilized hover?
Make small, smooth, coordinated corrections.
What should be done if the helicopter begins to move rearward?
Apply a small amount of forward cyclic pressure.
What should a pilot do if the helicopter moves rearward?
Apply a small amount of forward cyclic pressure.
What happens if pressure is not neutralized before the helicopter stops?
The helicopter will begin to move forward.
What develops as a pilot gains experience with a helicopter?
A certain 'feel' for the helicopter.
What is a common error related to pilot reactions?
Tenseness and slow reactions to movements of the helicopter.
What leads to overcontrolling in helicopter flight?
Failure to allow for lag in cyclic and collective pitch.
What confusion can lead to improper control usage?
Confusing attitude changes for altitude changes.
What is a hazardous flight condition related to hovering?
Hovering too high, creating a hazardous flight condition.
What should be referenced to determine maximum skid height?
The height velocity chart.
What can result from hovering too low?
Occasional touch down.
What should pilots be aware of when taking off to a hover?
Dynamic rollover accidents usually occur over a level surface.
What is a hovering turn?
A maneuver where the helicopter's nose is rotated while maintaining position over a reference point.
What must be coordinated during a hovering turn?
All flight controls.
What is required to initiate a turn to the left?
Apply anti-torque pedal pressure toward the left.
What is the power requirement difference between left and right turns?
Left turns require more power than right turns.
What should be done as the helicopter turns to the crosswind position?
Add more pedal pressure and increase cyclic pressure into the wind.
What should be done after the 90° portion of the turn?
Decrease pedal pressure slightly to maintain the same rate of turn.
What should a pilot anticipate approaching the 180° portion of the turn?
Opposite pedal pressure due to tail position change.
What tendency occurs as the tail moves from upwind to downwind?
The rate of turn tends to increase rapidly.
What is necessary to maintain RPM?
Throttle adjustment as necessary.
What does left pedal application normally require?
More throttle.
What should be adjusted to maintain proper hover height?
Collective.
What is the most right pedal pressure used for during a turn?
To stop the turn.
What is needed to maintain heading after stopping a turn?
Left pedal application.
What additional throttle is required for left turns in helicopters?
More throttle due to tail rotor power demand.
What is the purpose of the vertical stabilizer?
Unload antitorque system work and aid in trimming.
What does the horizontal stabilizer provide?
A more usable CG range and aids in longitudinal trimming.
What happens if opposite pedal pressure is not applied during a turn?
The helicopter tends to turn at a faster rate.
What should be done to stop the turn at the upwind heading?
Apply opposite pedal pressure.
What should be applied to prevent drifting after a turn?
Gradual forward cyclic pressure.
What can affect the control of turns in high wind conditions?
Insufficient tail rotor thrust.
What should a pilot do if control is questionable in a counterclockwise rotor system?
Attempt a 90° turn to the left.
What should be avoided in strong winds?
Hovering turns that preclude sufficient aft cyclic control.
What should be checked for limitations on hovering turns?
The flight manual for the manufacturer's recommendations.
What is required to maintain a straight ground track during hovering?
Use two reference points in line and at some distance in front of the helicopter.
What is the key to hovering sideward?
Establish at least two reference points to maintain a straight track over the ground.
What should be monitored during sideward hovering?
Hover height and tail rotor clearance.
What is a common error in sideward hovering?
Failure to maintain a slow, constant rate of turn.
What is the technique before starting sideward hovering flight?
Ensure the area for the hover is clear.
What should be maintained during sideward hovering?
Constant groundspeed, altitude, and heading.
What is the technique for forward hovering flight?
Pick two references directly in front and in line with the helicopter.
What should be done to stop forward movement?
Apply rearward cyclic pressure until the helicopter stops.
What is a common error in forward hovering?
Exaggerated movement of the cyclic, resulting in erratic movement.
What should be maintained during forward hovering?
Constant groundspeed, path over the ground, altitude, and proper rpm.
What is the maneuver for hover taxi in helicopters?
Maintain a constant altitude with the collective, use throttle for proper rpm, and use antitorque pedals. The nose weathervanes into the wind.
How to stop sideward movement during hover taxi?
Apply cyclic pressure opposite to the direction of movement until the helicopter stops, then return cyclic to neutral.
What are common errors in hover taxi?
What is necessary for rearward hovering flight?
Maintain constant groundspeed, altitude, and heading. Clear the area behind the helicopter before maneuvering.
What technique is used for rearward hovering flight?
Identify two reference points in front, apply rearward pressure on cyclic, and maintain slow groundspeed.
How to stop rearward movement in a helicopter?
Apply forward cyclic and hold until the helicopter stops, then return cyclic to neutral.
What is hover taxi?
Operations below 25 feet AGL, similar to forward, sideward, or rearward hovering flight.
What is air taxi?
Preferred for longer distances within an airport or heliport, flying below 100 feet AGL.
What is the preferred altitude for air taxi?
Below 100 feet AGL.
What should be determined before starting a maneuver?
The appropriate airspeed and altitude combination.
What should be avoided during flight?
Over flight of other aircraft, vehicles, and personnel.
What is the altitude for an air taxi?
100 feet or less.
What is the benefit of surface taxiing?
It minimizes rotor downwash effects.
What should be maintained throughout the maneuver?
Desired groundspeed, ground track, altitude, and rpm.
What is the technique to stop forward movement?
Apply aft cyclic pressure and lower the collective.
What is a common error related to cyclic control?
Erratic movement of the cyclic, causing improper airspeed control.
What should be avoided in the height/velocity diagram?
Flying in the cross-hatched or shaded area.
What is surface taxiing not recommended for?
Skid type helicopters due to dynamic rollover risk.
What should be done during a crosswind taxi?
Hold the cyclic into the wind to eliminate drifting.
What is the purpose of a normal takeoff from a hover?
To transition to forward flight safely and expeditiously.
What should be maintained to control taxi speed?
Collective controls starting, stopping, and speed while taxiing.
What is a common error related to antitorque pedals?
Failure to use them for heading control.
What should be done to control altitude during a maneuver?
Use the collective to maintain desired altitude.
What should be checked before initiating a takeoff?
Ensure that the proper checklist has been completed.
What is the purpose of an orderly transition to forward flight?
To increase altitude safely and expeditiously.
What should a pilot ensure before initiating a takeoff?
The proper checklist has been completed and helicopter systems are within normal limits.
What should be avoided during takeoff according to the height/velocity diagram?
Cross-hatched or shaded areas.
What is included in a hover and systems check?
Power, balance, and flight controls.
What is evaluated during the power check?
The amount of excess power available.
What indicates the balance condition of the helicopter during a hover?
The position of the cyclic.
What should be done to start the helicopter moving?
Smoothly and slowly ease the cyclic forward.
What should be increased to prevent the helicopter from sinking?
Collective, as necessary.
What should be maintained during takeoff?
A straight takeoff path.
What happens as the helicopter accelerates through effective translational lift?
The helicopter begins to climb, and the nose tends to rise.
What should be adjusted to obtain normal climb power?
The collective.
What should be applied to overcome the tendency of the nose to rise?
Enough forward cyclic.
What should be done as airspeed increases?
Place the aircraft in trim and allow a crab to maintain ground track.
What is a common error regarding collective pitch during takeoff?
Failing to use sufficient collective pitch to prevent loss of altitude.
What is a common error related to power during the transition to forward flight?
Adding power too rapidly without forward cyclic compensation.
What is a common error regarding flight path during takeoff?
Failing to maintain a straight flightpath over the surface.
What is the technique for a normal takeoff from the surface?
Move the helicopter from the surface into effective translational lift and a normal climb using minimum power.
What conditions favor visibility during takeoff?
Dusty or loose snow-covered surfaces.
What should be done to the collective before takeoff?
Lower it to the full down position.
What is the first step in the takeoff technique for helicopters?
Place the helicopter in a stationary position on the surface.
What should be done with the collective during takeoff?
Lower the collective to the full down position.
What is necessary to maintain the desired track during takeoff?
Visually clear the area and select terrain features or objects.
What should be done after raising the collective during takeoff?
Hesitate momentarily and adjust cyclic and antitorque pedals as necessary.
What happens as effective translational lift is attained?
The helicopter begins to climb.
What is a second technique for takeoff?
Attempt a vertical takeoff to evaluate power or lift sufficiency.
What common error involves departing the surface with a nose-low attitude?
It requires excessive power to initiate a climb.
What is a common error related to the application of the collective?
Application that is too abrupt causing rpm and heading control errors.
What should be done during crosswind takeoff conditions?
Fly the helicopter in a slip during the early stages of the maneuver.
How is the cyclic held during crosswind takeoff?
Into the wind to maintain the desired ground track.
What is crabbing into the wind?
Making a coordinated turn into the wind after gaining altitude.
What are ground reference maneuvers used for?
To develop a division of attention between flightpath and ground references.
What is the rectangular course in helicopter training?
A maneuver keeping the ground track equidistant from a rectangular area.
What should be maintained constant during the rectangular course maneuver?
Altitude and air speed.
Why is recognizing drift important during maneuvers?
It helps in recognizing drift toward or from an airport runway.
What is important for new pilots when maintaining ground track?
Understanding the effects of wind and how to compensate for it.
What is important for new pilots to understand?
The effects of the wind and how to compensate for it.
What type of area should be selected for the maneuver?
A square or rectangular field, or an area bounded by section lines or roads, approximately a mile in length.
What altitude should the maneuver be flown at?
Approximately 500 to 1,000 feet above the ground.
What should be done if the student finds it difficult to maintain ground track?
Lower the altitude for better ground reference until comfortable.
How far should the helicopter fly from the field boundaries?
About one-fourth to one-half mile, not directly above the boundaries.
What should the pilot see while seated normally?
The edges of the selected field during a left-hand or right-hand course.
When should turns be started during the maneuver?
When the helicopter is abeam the corners of the field boundaries.
What is the maximum bank angle in light winds?
30°–45°.
How should the pilot adjust heading to maintain a specific track?
Adjust the aircraft heading to compensate for winds.
What happens to groundspeed on the downwind leg?
Groundspeed is increased due to tailwind.
What should be done during the turn to counteract wind drift?
Make the roll-in at a fast rate with a steep bank.
What should be done after completing the turn?
Level the helicopter and crab into the wind to maintain proper track.
What may be necessary to maintain proper ground track in strong winds?
Fly the helicopter almost sideways.
What direction should forward cyclic be applied for airspeed?
In the direction of the intended flight path.
What should be established for proper drift correction?
Head slightly into the wind.
What is the distance from the field boundary on the crosswind leg?
One-fourth to one-half mile away.
What is required when approaching the next field boundary?
Plan for the next turn.
What is the turn requirement when a wind correction angle is held into the wind?
A turn of less than 90° is required.
What happens to groundspeed during a turn with a headwind?
Groundspeed decreases during the turn.
How should the bank angle change during the turn?
Start with a medium bank and progressively decrease it.
What should be timed during the turn?
Time the rollout to level the helicopter at the corner of the field.
What should the distance from the field boundary be during the turn?
The same as on other sides of the field.
What is a common error related to entry technique?
Faulty entry technique.
What is a common error related to flight control application?
Uncoordinated flight control application.
What is a common error related to altitude and airspeed?
Failure to maintain selected altitude and airspeed.
What maneuver helps correct for wind drift in turns?
S-turns.
What should the reference line for S-turns be?
Straight and perpendicular to the wind.
What altitude should S-turns be performed at?
Between 500 and 800 feet above terrain.
What should be established immediately when crossing the reference line in S-turns?
Establish a bank.
What is the initial bank during the S-turn maneuver?
The steepest bank used throughout the maneuver.
What should happen as the helicopter completes the first half of the S-turn?
Cross the reference line perpendicular to it and heading directly upwind.
What is the first step after crossing the reference line in S-turns?
Head directly upwind (position 2).
What should be done immediately after heading upwind?
Enter a bank in the opposite direction (position 3).
What is the key to maintaining the correct ground track in S-turns?
Gradually increase the bank to describe a half circle (position 4).
When should the steepest bank be attained during the turn?
Just prior to rollout when approaching the reference line.
How does ground speed affect the angle of bank?
Faster ground speed requires a steeper bank; slower speed requires a shallower bank.
What must be done to maintain the proper radius of turn?
Vary the angle of bank to correct for drift.
What is the relationship between crab angle and wind velocity?
Stronger wind results in a greater crab angle.
What is a standard radius for S-turns?
Cannot be specified; depends on airspeed, wind velocity, and initial bank.
What is a common error related to pedal pressures during turns?
Using antitorque pedal pressures to assist turns.
What should be avoided to maintain a symmetrical ground track?
Avoid slipping or skidding in the turn.
What is the objective of turns around a point?
Fly constant radius turns around a preselected point at a bank angle of 30°–45°.
What altitude and distance should be maintained during turns around a point?
Maintain constant altitude and the same distance from the point.
What is the purpose of dividing attention during the maneuver?
Control the helicopter while observing flightpath, wind effects, and air traffic.
What is the purpose of watching for other air traffic?
To ensure safety during high reconnaissance, observation, and photography flight.
What principles are involved in S-turns and turns around a point?
Drift correction factors and principles.
What is required for a constant radius around a point?
Constantly changing angle of bank and numerous control changes.
What happens to the bank angle when the helicopter is downwind?
The bank angle must be steeper with a greater rate of turn.
What happens to the bank angle when the helicopter is upwind?
The bank angle must be shallower with a lower rate of turn.
What should the selected point for turns be like?
Prominent, easily distinguishable, and small enough for precise reference.
Why should the area for turns be clear of people?
To prevent possible annoyance or hazard to others.
How should the helicopter's nose be turned during the downwind half of the turn?
Progressively toward the inside of the circle.
How should the helicopter's nose be turned during the upwind half of the turn?
Progressively toward the outside of the circle.
What common errors occur during turns around a point?
Faulty entry technique, poor planning, uncoordinated controls, improper wind correction, altitude/airspeed failure, uneven distance, excessive bank angles.
What is the purpose of a traffic pattern?
To promote safety and establish a common track for landing order.
Why do airplanes and helicopters not mix well in traffic patterns?
Due to their specialized operating characteristics.
What should helicopters do at multiple-use airports?
Avoid the flow of fixed-wing traffic.
What should helicopters avoid at multiple-use airports?
The flow of fixed-wing traffic.
What is the altitude for a standard helicopter traffic pattern?
500 feet AGL.
How many legs does a standard helicopter traffic pattern have?
5 designated legs.
What is the typical altitude for an airplane traffic pattern?
Usually 1,000 feet AGL.
What is a standard pattern in aviation?
A pattern in which all turns are to the left.
What is the takeoff leg also known as?
The departure leg.
When should the turn to the crosswind leg occur?
After passing the departure end of the runway at a safe altitude.
What is the downwind leg?
The leg flown parallel to the runway at the designated traffic pattern altitude.
What should pilots consider when beginning the base leg?
Other traffic and wind conditions.
What does ATC request when flying a fixed-wing traffic pattern?
Flying at 1,000 feet AGL.
What is the communication format when approaching an airport?
Helicopter call sign, position, request for landing and hover.
What is the standard departure procedure in a fixed-wing traffic pattern?
Straight-out, downwind, or right-hand departure.
What should helicopter pilots be aware of regarding traffic patterns?
Standard airplane traffic patterns to avoid them.
What should pilots consult for traffic pattern procedures?
The Airport/Facility Directory.
What is the purpose of stating intentions when approaching a control tower?
To expedite traffic.
What chapter discusses traffic patterns and landing direction in detail?
Chapter 7 of the Airplane Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-3.
What is the typical departure type when using a fixed-wing traffic pattern?
Straight-out, downwind, or right-hand departure.
What should be requested when a control tower is in operation?
Request the type of departure desired.
What is the typical departure direction for helicopters?
Into the wind, unless obstacles or traffic dictate otherwise.
What altitude is a helicopter traffic pattern flown at?
500-1,000 feet AGL.
What maneuver is made after taking off from a helipad at 300 feet AGL?
A right turn to be in range of forced landing areas.
What altitude should be attained before making a right turn to parallel the takeoff path?
500 feet AGL.
What is the angle for a normal approach to a hover?
Between 7° and 12°.
What should the descent rate and groundspeed reach at hover altitude?
Zero at the same time.
What factors should be considered when choosing the type of approach?
Obstacles, size and surface of landing area, density altitude, wind direction and speed, and weight.
What is the most important standard for a normal approach?
Maintaining a consistent angle of approach to the termination point.
What should be done as the helicopter nears the final approach path?
Consider winds and obstructions before turning to final.
What angle should the helicopter be aligned with on final approach?
Correct ground track for the intended landing site.
What should be visualized by pilots during the approach?
The angle from the landing point to the middle of the skids or landing gear.
What controls the angle of approach during a helicopter landing?
The collective controls the angle of approach.
How should the rate of closure be controlled?
Use the cyclic to control the rate of closure.
What airspeed should be maintained until apparent groundspeed increases?
Maintain entry airspeed until apparent groundspeed increases.
What should be done to decelerate during approach?
Slowly begin decelerating with slight aft cyclic and lower the collective.
What happens at approximately 25 knots during descent?
The helicopter begins to lose effective translational lift.
How to compensate for loss of effective translational lift?
Increase the collective to maintain the approach angle.
What is required to maintain hover as the helicopter approaches hover altitude?
Increase the collective sufficiently to maintain the hover.
What is a common error regarding RPM during the approach?
Failing to maintain proper RPM during the entire approach.
What is a common error related to collective use during approach?
Improper use of the collective in controlling the angle of descent.
What should be avoided regarding antitorque pedal corrections?
Failing to make antitorque pedal corrections during the approach.
What is a common error regarding airspeed on final approach?
Maintaining a constant airspeed instead of an apparent brisk walk.
What is crucial when transitioning to a hover?
Arriving at hovering height and attitude with zero groundspeed.
What should be avoided to prevent tail rotor strikes?
Using too much aft cyclic close to the surface.
What is the goal of a normal approach to the surface?
Touchdown with skids level, zero groundspeed, and near zero rate of descent.
What is a common error when attempting a vertical landing?
Terminating to a hover, then making a vertical landing.
What should be avoided regarding forward movement during touchdown?
Touching down with forward movement.
What should be done to cushion the landing?
Increase the collective as necessary before landing.
What technique should be used during crosswind approaches?
Crab into the wind and use a slip to align the fuselage.
How is ground track controlled in crosswind approaches?
Ground track is controlled by cyclic movement.
What controls the heading during hovering maneuvers?
The heading is controlled by the pedals.
What controls power and altitude at a hover in helicopters?
The collective controls power, which is altitude at a hover.
When should the collective controls technique be used?
It should be used on any type of crosswind approach: shallow, normal, or steep.
What is a go-around in aviation?
A go-around is a procedure for remaining airborne after an intended landing is discontinued.
When may a go-around be necessary?
When instructed by the control tower, traffic conflict occurs, or it's unsafe to continue the approach.
What should a pilot do if an approach is uncomfortable or dangerous?
Abandon the approach and make a positive decision to go-around.
What is the first response when initiating a go-around?
Increase collective to takeoff power.
What must be coordinated with increasing collective during a go-around?
Throttle to maintain rpm and proper antitorque pedal to control heading.
What should be established after initiating a go-around?
Establish a climb attitude and maintain climb speed for another approach.
What does the chapter summarize about flight maneuvers?
It introduced basic flight maneuvers, techniques, and common errors for better understanding.
What rotor direction is typical for small training helicopters?
Counterclockwise rotation when viewed from above.
What is the term used for pedal pressure in helicopters?
'Apply proper pedal pressure' is used for both rotor systems.
What should a student pilot focus on during maneuvers?
Accurate 'feel' and control analysis rather than mechanical movements.
What is a good practice for cyclic movement during maneuvers?
Move the cyclic only as fast as trim, torque, and rotor speed can be maintained.
What should be anticipated during maneuvering flight?
Changes in aircraft performance due to loading or environmental conditions.
What may not be sufficient at high altitudes and temperatures?
The normal collective increase to check rotor speed at sea level standard (SLS).
What happens to torque during left turns in helicopters?
Torque increases, resulting in more antitorque.
What happens to torque during right turns in helicopters?
Torque decreases, resulting in less antitorque.
What is the effect of forward cyclic application after aft cyclic?
Torque increases and rotor speed decreases.
What can lead to engine failure during cruise flight?
Ignoring carburetor air temperatures, leading to carburetor icing.
Why is crew coordination essential in helicopters?
Everyone needs to be aware of their specific duties.
What happens to the nose of the helicopter in steep turns?
The nose drops, requiring energy trade to maintain altitude.
What power setting is usually required for normal helicopter landings?
High power settings, especially for hover terminations.
What affects airspeed in straight-and-level flight?
The attitude of the rotor disk relative to the horizon.
What must a pilot adjust to maintain level flight during forward flight?
The collective power setting.
What role does the horizontal stabilizer play in helicopters?
It aids in trimming the helicopter and reduces nose tuck.
What happens to rotor tip-path plane to maintain forward flight?
It must be tilted forward to obtain necessary horizontal thrust.
What is designed as a negative lift airfoil on helicopters?
It produces a lifting force in a downward direction.
What happens when the collective is decreased in straight-and-level flight?
The helicopter descends.
How do you increase airspeed in straight-and-level flight?
Apply forward pressure on the cyclic and raise the collective as necessary.
How do you decrease airspeed in straight-and-level flight?
Apply rearward pressure on the cyclic and lower the collective as necessary.
What happens if the nose of the helicopter rises too high?
Apply forward pressure to bring the nose down.
What must a pilot do to maintain control of the helicopter?
Remain alert and actively fly the helicopter.
What is cross-controlling in helicopter flight?
Failure to trim the helicopter properly, holding antitorque pedal pressure and opposite cyclic.
When should pedals be used during a turn?
Only to compensate for torque and keep the helicopter in trim.
What does a yaw string indicate during flight?
It measures sideslip and offers a visual cue for yaw corrections.
What is the relationship between rate of turn and angle of bank during a level, coordinated turn?
Rate of turn is commensurate with the angle of bank used.
What happens when inertia exceeds the horizontal component of lift during a skid?
The rate of turn is too great for the angle of bank used.
What should be done after establishing the proper bank angle?
Return the cyclic toward the neutral position.
What should be done as torque increases during a bank?
Increase the proper antitorque pedal pressure.
What is the difference when making turns while climbing or descending?
The helicopter is in a climbing or descending attitude.
What is a slip in helicopter flight?
Sliding sideways toward the center of the turn due to insufficient antitorque pedal.
What causes a skid in helicopter flight?
Sliding sideways away from the center of the turn due to excessive antitorque pedal pressure.
What is the technique for entering a climb from cruising flight?
Increase collective and throttle, adjust pedals.
What happens to helicopter attitude during climb?
Attitude changes reflect acceleration or deceleration.
What should be done to establish a normal descent?
Lower collective, adjust throttle, increase antitorque pedal pressure.
What is a common error in leveling off?
Decreasing power before adjusting the nose to cruising attitude.
What is the action to take at cruising airspeed to maintain heading in a counterclockwise rotor system?
Increase right antitorque pedal pressure.
What should the pilot do if cruising airspeed is the same as descending airspeed?
Apply necessary cyclic pressure for descending attitude.
What happens to fuselage attitude as helicopter stabilizes at forward airspeed?
It streamlines due to airflow over the horizontal stabilizer.
How should a pilot lead the desired altitude when leveling off from descent?
By approximately 10 percent of the rate of descent.
What is a common error during training related to descent?
Failure to maintain constant angle of descent.
What is involved in a vertical takeoff to a hover?
Flying from the ground to a skid height of two to three feet.
What should the pilot do before performing a vertical takeoff?
Clear the area left, right, and above.
What must be done as the helicopter gets light on the landing gear during takeoff?
Apply appropriate antitorque pedal pressure.
What should a pilot apply to maintain aircraft heading when getting light on landing gear?
Apply appropriate antitorque pedal.
What should be checked as the helicopter leaves the ground?
Check for proper attitude control response and helicopter center of gravity.
What is a sign of potential issues during ascent?
Responses outside normal parameters indicating hung or entangled landing gear, center of gravity problems, or control issues.
What should be done if a roll or tilt begins during ascent?
Decrease the collective and determine the cause of the roll or tilt.
What should be adjusted upon reaching desired hover altitude?
Adjust the flight controls as necessary to maintain position over the intended hover area.
What is a common condition in helicopter hovering?
Helicopters usually hover left side low due to tail rotor thrust being counteracted by main rotor tilt.
What should be checked once stabilized in a hover?
Check the engine instruments and note the power required to hover.
What happens if the helicopter drifts to one side while hovering?
The pilot moves the cyclic in the opposite direction, which can divert vertical thrust and cause loss of altitude.
What should a pilot do to maintain altitude while hovering?
Increase the collective to counteract drag and maintain altitude.
What is a common error when ascending?
Failing to ascend vertically as the helicopter becomes airborne.
What does overcontrolling the antitorque pedals affect?
It changes the heading of the helicopter and the RPM.
What is a stationary hover?
A maneuver where the helicopter is maintained in nearly motionless flight over a reference point at a constant altitude and heading.
How should a pilot detect small changes in the helicopter's attitude and altitude?
Use sideview and peripheral vision to look for small changes.
What should the pilot do to maintain the helicopter in a stabilized hover?
Make small, smooth, coordinated corrections.
What should be done if the helicopter begins to move rearward?
Apply a small amount of forward cyclic pressure.
What should a pilot do if the helicopter moves rearward?
Apply a small amount of forward cyclic pressure.
What happens if pressure is not neutralized before the helicopter stops?
The helicopter will begin to move forward.
What is a common error related to pilot reactions?
Tenseness and slow reactions to movements of the helicopter.
What leads to overcontrolling in helicopter flight?
Failure to allow for lag in cyclic and collective pitch.
What is a hazardous flight condition related to hovering?
Hovering too high, creating a hazardous flight condition.
What should pilots be aware of when taking off to a hover?
Dynamic rollover accidents usually occur over a level surface.
What is a hovering turn?
A maneuver where the helicopter's nose is rotated while maintaining position over a reference point.
What is the power requirement difference between left and right turns?
Left turns require more power than right turns.
What should be done as the helicopter turns to the crosswind position?
Add more pedal pressure and increase cyclic pressure into the wind.
What should be done after the 90° portion of the turn?
Decrease pedal pressure slightly to maintain the same rate of turn.
What should a pilot anticipate approaching the 180° portion of the turn?
Opposite pedal pressure due to tail position change.
What tendency occurs as the tail moves from upwind to downwind?
The rate of turn tends to increase rapidly.
What additional throttle is required for left turns in helicopters?
More throttle due to tail rotor power demand.
What does the horizontal stabilizer provide?
A more usable CG range and aids in longitudinal trimming.
What happens if opposite pedal pressure is not applied during a turn?
The helicopter tends to turn at a faster rate.
What should a pilot do if control is questionable in a counterclockwise rotor system?
Attempt a 90° turn to the left.
What should be checked for limitations on hovering turns?
The flight manual for the manufacturer's recommendations.
What is required to maintain a straight ground track during hovering?
Use two reference points in line and at some distance in front of the helicopter.
What is the key to hovering sideward?
Establish at least two reference points to maintain a straight track over the ground.
What is the technique before starting sideward hovering flight?
Ensure the area for the hover is clear.
What is the technique for forward hovering flight?
Pick two references directly in front and in line with the helicopter.
What should be done to stop forward movement?
Apply rearward cyclic pressure until the helicopter stops.
What is a common error in forward hovering?
Exaggerated movement of the cyclic, resulting in erratic movement.
What should be maintained during forward hovering?
Constant groundspeed, path over the ground, altitude, and proper rpm.
What is the maneuver for hover taxi in helicopters?
Maintain a constant altitude with the collective, use throttle for proper rpm, and use antitorque pedals. The nose weathervanes into the wind.
How to stop sideward movement during hover taxi?
Apply cyclic pressure opposite to the direction of movement until the helicopter stops, then return cyclic to neutral.
What are common errors in hover taxi?
What is necessary for rearward hovering flight?
Maintain constant groundspeed, altitude, and heading. Clear the area behind the helicopter before maneuvering.
What technique is used for rearward hovering flight?
Identify two reference points in front, apply rearward pressure on cyclic, and maintain slow groundspeed.
How to stop rearward movement in a helicopter?
Apply forward cyclic and hold until the helicopter stops, then return cyclic to neutral.
What is hover taxi?
Operations below 25 feet AGL, similar to forward, sideward, or rearward hovering flight.
What is air taxi?
Preferred for longer distances within an airport or heliport, flying below 100 feet AGL.
What should be determined before starting a maneuver?
The appropriate airspeed and altitude combination.
What should be maintained throughout the maneuver?
Desired groundspeed, ground track, altitude, and rpm.
What is a common error related to cyclic control?
Erratic movement of the cyclic, causing improper airspeed control.
What is the purpose of a normal takeoff from a hover?
To transition to forward flight safely and expeditiously.
What should be maintained to control taxi speed?
Collective controls starting, stopping, and speed while taxiing.
What should be done to control altitude during a maneuver?
Use the collective to maintain desired altitude.
What should be checked before initiating a takeoff?
Ensure that the proper checklist has been completed.
What is the purpose of an orderly transition to forward flight?
To increase altitude safely and expeditiously.
What should a pilot ensure before initiating a takeoff?
The proper checklist has been completed and helicopter systems are within normal limits.
What should be avoided during takeoff according to the height/velocity diagram?
Cross-hatched or shaded areas.
What happens as the helicopter accelerates through effective translational lift?
The helicopter begins to climb, and the nose tends to rise.
What should be done as airspeed increases?
Place the aircraft in trim and allow a crab to maintain ground track.
What is a common error regarding collective pitch during takeoff?
Failing to use sufficient collective pitch to prevent loss of altitude.
What is a common error related to power during the transition to forward flight?
Adding power too rapidly without forward cyclic compensation.
What is a common error regarding flight path during takeoff?
Failing to maintain a straight flightpath over the surface.
What is the technique for a normal takeoff from the surface?
Move the helicopter from the surface into effective translational lift and a normal climb using minimum power.
What is the first step in the takeoff technique for helicopters?
Place the helicopter in a stationary position on the surface.
What should be done with the collective during takeoff?
Lower the collective to the full down position.
What is necessary to maintain the desired track during takeoff?
Visually clear the area and select terrain features or objects.
What should be done after raising the collective during takeoff?
Hesitate momentarily and adjust cyclic and antitorque pedals as necessary.
What is a second technique for takeoff?
Attempt a vertical takeoff to evaluate power or lift sufficiency.
What common error involves departing the surface with a nose-low attitude?
It requires excessive power to initiate a climb.
What is a common error related to the application of the collective?
Application that is too abrupt causing rpm and heading control errors.
What should be done during crosswind takeoff conditions?
Fly the helicopter in a slip during the early stages of the maneuver.
How is the cyclic held during crosswind takeoff?
Into the wind to maintain the desired ground track.
What are ground reference maneuvers used for?
To develop a division of attention between flightpath and ground references.
What is the rectangular course in helicopter training?
A maneuver keeping the ground track equidistant from a rectangular area.
Why is recognizing drift important during maneuvers?
It helps in recognizing drift toward or from an airport runway.
What is important for new pilots when maintaining ground track?
Understanding the effects of wind and how to compensate for it.
What is important for new pilots to understand?
The effects of the wind and how to compensate for it.
What type of area should be selected for the maneuver?
A square or rectangular field, or an area bounded by section lines or roads, approximately a mile in length.
What should be done if the student finds it difficult to maintain ground track?
Lower the altitude for better ground reference until comfortable.
How far should the helicopter fly from the field boundaries?
About one-fourth to one-half mile, not directly above the boundaries.
What should the pilot see while seated normally?
The edges of the selected field during a left-hand or right-hand course.
When should turns be started during the maneuver?
When the helicopter is abeam the corners of the field boundaries.
How should the pilot adjust heading to maintain a specific track?
Adjust the aircraft heading to compensate for winds.
What should be done during the turn to counteract wind drift?
Make the roll-in at a fast rate with a steep bank.
What should be done after completing the turn?
Level the helicopter and crab into the wind to maintain proper track.
What may be necessary to maintain proper ground track in strong winds?
Fly the helicopter almost sideways.
What direction should forward cyclic be applied for airspeed?
In the direction of the intended flight path.
What is the distance from the field boundary on the crosswind leg?
One-fourth to one-half mile away.
What is the turn requirement when a wind correction angle is held into the wind?
A turn of less than 90° is required.
How should the bank angle change during the turn?
Start with a medium bank and progressively decrease it.
What should be timed during the turn?
Time the rollout to level the helicopter at the corner of the field.
What should the distance from the field boundary be during the turn?
The same as on other sides of the field.
What is a common error related to flight control application?
Uncoordinated flight control application.
What is a common error related to altitude and airspeed?
Failure to maintain selected altitude and airspeed.
What should be established immediately when crossing the reference line in S-turns?
Establish a bank.
What is the initial bank during the S-turn maneuver?
The steepest bank used throughout the maneuver.
What should happen as the helicopter completes the first half of the S-turn?
Cross the reference line perpendicular to it and heading directly upwind.
What is the first step after crossing the reference line in S-turns?
Head directly upwind (position 2).
What should be done immediately after heading upwind?
Enter a bank in the opposite direction (position 3).
What is the key to maintaining the correct ground track in S-turns?
Gradually increase the bank to describe a half circle (position 4).
When should the steepest bank be attained during the turn?
Just prior to rollout when approaching the reference line.
How does ground speed affect the angle of bank?
Faster ground speed requires a steeper bank; slower speed requires a shallower bank.
What must be done to maintain the proper radius of turn?
Vary the angle of bank to correct for drift.
What is the relationship between crab angle and wind velocity?
Stronger wind results in a greater crab angle.
What is a standard radius for S-turns?
Cannot be specified; depends on airspeed, wind velocity, and initial bank.
What is a common error related to pedal pressures during turns?
Using antitorque pedal pressures to assist turns.
What should be avoided to maintain a symmetrical ground track?
Avoid slipping or skidding in the turn.
What is the objective of turns around a point?
Fly constant radius turns around a preselected point at a bank angle of 30°–45°.
What altitude and distance should be maintained during turns around a point?
Maintain constant altitude and the same distance from the point.
What is the purpose of dividing attention during the maneuver?
Control the helicopter while observing flightpath, wind effects, and air traffic.
What is the purpose of watching for other air traffic?
To ensure safety during high reconnaissance, observation, and photography flight.
What principles are involved in S-turns and turns around a point?
Drift correction factors and principles.
What is required for a constant radius around a point?
Constantly changing angle of bank and numerous control changes.
What happens to the bank angle when the helicopter is downwind?
The bank angle must be steeper with a greater rate of turn.
What happens to the bank angle when the helicopter is upwind?
The bank angle must be shallower with a lower rate of turn.
What should the selected point for turns be like?
Prominent, easily distinguishable, and small enough for precise reference.
Why should the area for turns be clear of people?
To prevent possible annoyance or hazard to others.
How should the helicopter's nose be turned during the downwind half of the turn?
Progressively toward the inside of the circle.
How should the helicopter's nose be turned during the upwind half of the turn?
Progressively toward the outside of the circle.
What common errors occur during turns around a point?
Faulty entry technique, poor planning, uncoordinated controls, improper wind correction, altitude/airspeed failure, uneven distance, excessive bank angles.
What is the purpose of a traffic pattern?
To promote safety and establish a common track for landing order.
Why do airplanes and helicopters not mix well in traffic patterns?
Due to their specialized operating characteristics.
When should the turn to the crosswind leg occur?
After passing the departure end of the runway at a safe altitude.
What is the downwind leg?
The leg flown parallel to the runway at the designated traffic pattern altitude.
What is the communication format when approaching an airport?
Helicopter call sign, position, request for landing and hover.
What is the standard departure procedure in a fixed-wing traffic pattern?
Straight-out, downwind, or right-hand departure.
What should helicopter pilots be aware of regarding traffic patterns?
Standard airplane traffic patterns to avoid them.
What chapter discusses traffic patterns and landing direction in detail?
Chapter 7 of the Airplane Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-3.
What is the typical departure type when using a fixed-wing traffic pattern?
Straight-out, downwind, or right-hand departure.
What should be requested when a control tower is in operation?
Request the type of departure desired.
What is the typical departure direction for helicopters?
Into the wind, unless obstacles or traffic dictate otherwise.
What maneuver is made after taking off from a helipad at 300 feet AGL?
A right turn to be in range of forced landing areas.
What altitude should be attained before making a right turn to parallel the takeoff path?
500 feet AGL.
What factors should be considered when choosing the type of approach?
Obstacles, size and surface of landing area, density altitude, wind direction and speed, and weight.
What is the most important standard for a normal approach?
Maintaining a consistent angle of approach to the termination point.
What should be done as the helicopter nears the final approach path?
Consider winds and obstructions before turning to final.
What angle should the helicopter be aligned with on final approach?
Correct ground track for the intended landing site.
What should be visualized by pilots during the approach?
The angle from the landing point to the middle of the skids or landing gear.
What controls the angle of approach during a helicopter landing?
The collective controls the angle of approach.
What airspeed should be maintained until apparent groundspeed increases?
Maintain entry airspeed until apparent groundspeed increases.
What should be done to decelerate during approach?
Slowly begin decelerating with slight aft cyclic and lower the collective.
What happens at approximately 25 knots during descent?
The helicopter begins to lose effective translational lift.
How to compensate for loss of effective translational lift?
Increase the collective to maintain the approach angle.
What is required to maintain hover as the helicopter approaches hover altitude?
Increase the collective sufficiently to maintain the hover.
What is a common error regarding RPM during the approach?
Failing to maintain proper RPM during the entire approach.
What is a common error related to collective use during approach?
Improper use of the collective in controlling the angle of descent.
What should be avoided regarding antitorque pedal corrections?
Failing to make antitorque pedal corrections during the approach.
What is a common error regarding airspeed on final approach?
Maintaining a constant airspeed instead of an apparent brisk walk.
What is crucial when transitioning to a hover?
Arriving at hovering height and attitude with zero groundspeed.
What should be avoided to prevent tail rotor strikes?
Using too much aft cyclic close to the surface.
What is the goal of a normal approach to the surface?
Touchdown with skids level, zero groundspeed, and near zero rate of descent.
What is a common error when attempting a vertical landing?
Terminating to a hover, then making a vertical landing.
What should be avoided regarding forward movement during touchdown?
Touching down with forward movement.
What technique should be used during crosswind approaches?
Crab into the wind and use a slip to align the fuselage.
How is ground track controlled in crosswind approaches?
Ground track is controlled by cyclic movement.
What controls power and altitude at a hover in helicopters?
The collective controls power, which is altitude at a hover.
When should the collective controls technique be used?
It should be used on any type of crosswind approach: shallow, normal, or steep.
What is a go-around in aviation?
A go-around is a procedure for remaining airborne after an intended landing is discontinued.
When may a go-around be necessary?
When instructed by the control tower, traffic conflict occurs, or it's unsafe to continue the approach.
What should a pilot do if an approach is uncomfortable or dangerous?
Abandon the approach and make a positive decision to go-around.
What must be coordinated with increasing collective during a go-around?
Throttle to maintain rpm and proper antitorque pedal to control heading.
What should be established after initiating a go-around?
Establish a climb attitude and maintain climb speed for another approach.
What does the chapter summarize about flight maneuvers?
It introduced basic flight maneuvers, techniques, and common errors for better understanding.
Are you sure you want to delete 0 flashcard(s)? This cannot be undone.
Select tags to remove from 0 selected flashcard(s):
Loading tags...