Flashcards in this deck (19)

• What is quiescence in the cell cycle?

  Due to lack of nutrition or growth factors.
  cell_cycle quiescence
• What causes senescence?

  Due to aging and serious DNA damage; can lead to cell death.
  cell_cycle senescence
• What is the role of Retinoblastoma?

  Regulates the G1 to G2 checkpoint.
  cell_cycle checkpoints
• What is Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF)?

  Activates processes during cell division; involves cyclin and CDK.
  cell_cycle mpf
• What happens in prophase?

  DNA condenses, microtubules appear, nucleus disappears.
  cell_cycle prophase
• What is the function of phosphate ions in M-prophase?

  Activates p-condensers, deactivates lamins, activates microtubules.
  cell_cycle m_prophase
• What activates MPF?

  Cyclin B cyclically activates CDK.
  cell_cycle mpf
• What happens when there is no cyclin?

  No activity of CDKs.
  cell_cycle cdk
• What triggers the checkpoint in the cell cycle?

  DNA damage and unreplicated DNA.
  cell_cycle checkpoints
• What is the role of Anaphase-promoting complex (APC)?

  Activates separase to hydrolyze cohesin and separate chromatids.
  cell_cycle apc
• What is separase?

  A proto-oncogene that separates chromatids.
  cell_cycle proto-oncogene
• What are the risk factors for cancer?

  Advanced age, weakened immune system, constant cell division, carcinogen exposure.
  cancer risk_factors
• What distinguishes benign from malignant tumors?

  Benign tumors stay in parent tumor; malignant can metastasize.
  cancer tumors
• What is the function of the basement membrane?

  Prevents metastasis.
  cancer basement_membrane
• What is the function of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?

  Trigger 'hippo' signaling pathway to inhibit proliferation.
  cancer cams
• What are common symptoms of pancreatic cancer?

  Abdominal pain, loss of appetite, jaundice, yellowed urine, diabetes.
  cancer pancreatic_cancer
• What is the process of metastasis?

  Cancer cells invade tissues, enter bloodstream, colonize other organs.
  cancer metastasis
• How often do metastatic cancer cells double?

  Every 8 months.
  cancer metastasis
• What was Steve Jobs's cancer timeline?

  1970: malignant pancreas; 1975: metastasis to liver; 2005: late-stage metastasis.
  cancer steve_jobs