Flashcards in this deck (27)

• What does NAG SAG refer to in solubility rules?

  NAG SAG is always soluble: - Nitrates (NO3) - Acetates (C₂H₃O₂) - Group 1 (Li, Na, etc.) - Sulfates (SO4) - Ammonium (NH4) - Group 17 (F, Cl, Br, etc.)
  chemistry solubility
• What does PMS stand for in solubility rules?

  PMS (Purple Mushrooms Stink): - P → Lead (Pb) - M → Mercury (Hg) - S → Silver (Ag)
  chemistry solubility
• What ions are included in Castro Bear?

  Castro Bear: - Ca²⁺ - Sr²⁺ - Ba²⁺
  chemistry solubility
• What is the solubility status of carbonates, phosphates, chromates, and sulfides?

  All are insoluble except for: - Group 1 - Ammonium (NH4+)
  chemistry solubility
• Which hydroxides are soluble?

  Hydroxides are insoluble except for: - Group 1 - Strontium (Sr²⁺) - Barium (Ba²⁺) - Ammonium (NH4+)
  chemistry solubility
• Which sulfides are soluble?

  Sulfides are insoluble except for: - Group 1 - Group 2 - Ammonium (NH4+)
  chemistry solubility
• What is the solubility of cyanide?

  Cyanide is only soluble with: - Group 1 - Calcium (Ca²⁺)
  chemistry solubility
• What happens when PMS reacts with sulfate or group 17?

  When PMS reacts with sulfate or group 17, it becomes insoluble.
  chemistry solubility
• What happens when Castro Bear reacts with sulfates?

  When Castro Bear reacts with sulfates, it becomes insoluble.
  chemistry solubility
• What are the exceptions to the solubility rules for sulfates?

  Sulfates are generally soluble except when reacting with: - PMS - Castro Bear
  chemistry solubility
• What are the requirements for a successful chemical reaction?

  • Molecules must collide
  • Correct orientation of collision
  • Sufficient activation energy
  chemistry reactions
• What is the reaction formula for the given example?

  AB + CD → AD + CB
  chemistry reactions
• What happens when there is not enough activation energy?

  Bonds do not break: 00 + 00 → 0000
  chemistry activation_energy
• What happens when there is sufficient activation energy?

  Bonds break: 00 + 00 → 800
  chemistry activation_energy
• How does the activation energy for exothermic reactions compare to endothermic reactions?

  Activation energy for exothermic is less than for endothermic.
  chemistry energy
• What is the rate of reaction?

  Rate at which reactants decrease or products increase.
  chemistry kinetics
• What are the factors influencing the rate of reaction?

  1. Surface area
  2. Concentration
  3. Temperature
  4. Pressure (if gases)
  chemistry factors
• What does the diagram show about potential energy vs reaction progress?

  It illustrates exothermic and endothermic reactions with activation energy, reactants, products, and energy changes.
  chemistry diagrams
• How does surface area affect the rate of reaction?

  Increasing surface area leads to more collisions, increasing the rate of reaction.
  chemistry reaction_rate
• What happens to the rate of reaction when concentration increases?

  The rate of reaction increases with higher concentration.
  chemistry reaction_rate
• How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?

  Increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction.
  chemistry reaction_rate
• What happens to the rate of reaction when temperature increases?

  The rate of reaction increases due to more kinetic energy, leading to more collisions among molecules.
  chemistry temperature
• How does pressure affect the rate of reaction for gases?

  When pressure increases, the rate of reaction increases.
  chemistry pressure
• What happens to volume when pressure increases?

  When pressure increases, the volume decreases.
  chemistry pressure
• What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

  A catalyst increases the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy.
  chemistry catalyst
• What is shown in the image with two test tubes?

  The first test tube shows no reaction; the second shows a reaction with bubbles and is labeled 'heat'.
  chemistry reaction
• What is illustrated in the image with two beakers?

  One beaker is heated, which increases the reaction rate.
  chemistry reaction