Which of the following would not be considered to be a secondary lymphoid organ?
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Which of the following would not be considered to be a secondary lymphoid organ?
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) are found in which of the following?
Heart
Skin
Kidney
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) are found in which of the following?
Heart
Skin
Kidney
Which types of immunoglobulins do not exist?
IgA
IgB
IgD
IgC
Which types of immunoglobulins do not exist?
IgA
IgB
IgD
IgC
Decreased serum levels of C3 and C4 may be due to:
C1inh (C1 Inhibitor) deficiency
Activation of the mannose complement pathway
Activation of the classical complement pathway
Decreased synthesis
Activation of the alternative complement pathway
Decreased serum levels of C3 and C4 may be due to:
C1inh (C1 Inhibitor) deficiency
Activation of the mannose complement pathway
Activation of the classical complement pathway
Decreased synthesis
Activation of the alternative complement pathway
Which statements about IL-2 are CORRECT?
IL-2 stimulates T and B cell proliferation and differentiation, and NK cell activity
IL-2 is synthesised by T lymphocytes
IL-2 has antiviral activity
IL-2 is synthesised by B lymphocytes
Which statements about IL-2 are CORRECT?
IL-2 stimulates T and B cell proliferation and differentiation, and NK cell activity
IL-2 is synthesised by T lymphocytes
IL-2 has antiviral activity
IL-2 is synthesised by B lymphocytes
The expression of HLA molecules is induced by:
IFN-Y
IL-5
IL-2
The expression of HLA molecules is induced by:
IFN-Y
IL-5
IL-2
T lymphocytes undergo negative selection in which lymphoid organ?
Bone marrow
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes
T lymphocytes undergo negative selection in which lymphoid organ?
Bone marrow
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Which type of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is specialised for presentation to T cells?
Mast cells
NK cells
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Which type of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is specialised for presentation to T cells?
Mast cells
NK cells
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Which immunoglobulin can transfer across the placenta for maternal protection?
IgE
IgG
IgM
IgG & IgA
Which immunoglobulin can transfer across the placenta for maternal protection?
IgE
IgG
IgM
IgG & IgA
What happens in the case of a complete genetic deficiency of C2?
Which cell type synthesizes TNF-a?
Regulatory T cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Helper T cells
Which cell type synthesizes TNF-a?
Regulatory T cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Helper T cells
What does TNF-a induce?
The T cell antigen recognition receptor makes contact with which part of the HLA molecule?
Areas from the antigen-binding pocket
β2 microglobulin
The peptide bound by the HLA molecule
The immunoglobulin constant region
The T cell antigen recognition receptor makes contact with which part of the HLA molecule?
Areas from the antigen-binding pocket
β2 microglobulin
The peptide bound by the HLA molecule
The immunoglobulin constant region
What is the major innate mechanism that mediates destruction by lysis of foreign substances?
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells
Interferon
Complement
What is the major innate mechanism that mediates destruction by lysis of foreign substances?
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells
Interferon
Complement
Which cell can provide two signals for T cell activation?
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells
Which cell can provide two signals for T cell activation?
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells
What does the Heidelberger curve represent?
The basic patterns of binding of antigens and antibodies.
What are the diagnostic criteria for primary antiphospholipid syndrome?
What is considered a miscarriage criterion in primary antiphospholipid syndrome?
One or more miscarriages of a morphologically normal embryo before g.w. 10.
What are common signs indicating hereditary deficiency of antibodies?
What conditions are indicated by T-B+NK+ phenotype in combined immunodeficiency?
Which statement about primary immunodeficiencies is true?
Which is true regarding primary and secondary immunodeficiencies?
Secondary immunodeficiencies are caused by inherited factors
Secondary immunodeficiencies are observed only in viral infections
Secondary immunodeficiencies are more common than primary
Primary immunodeficiencies are more common than secondary
Which is true regarding primary and secondary immunodeficiencies?
Secondary immunodeficiencies are caused by inherited factors
Secondary immunodeficiencies are observed only in viral infections
Secondary immunodeficiencies are more common than primary
Primary immunodeficiencies are more common than secondary
Corticosteroids are used most frequently for their _______.
Corticosteroids are used most frequently for their anti-inflammatory effect.
What happens during organ and tissue transplantations regarding immunodeficiency?
Secondary immunodeficiencies are observed.
What does 'Anergy' mean in immunology?
A lack of reaction by T cells to their antigens.
Which of the following about autoantibodies is false?
Autoimmune diseases are usually reversible.
Corticosteroids are used most frequently for their:
none of the above
pain-relief effect
pro-inflammatory effects
anti-inflammatory effect
Corticosteroids are used most frequently for their:
none of the above
pain-relief effect
pro-inflammatory effects
anti-inflammatory effect
What reaction requires MHC differences between donors and recipient?
Graft-vs-Host reaction
Which type of cells are required in a Graft-vs-Host reaction?
Immunocompetent donor cells
The main immunosuppressants used in transplantation block _______.
The main immunosuppressants used in transplantation block T-cells.
Which of the following factors are related to potential oncogenesis?
Oncogenes
Chemicals
Radiation
All of the above
Which of the following factors are related to potential oncogenesis?
Oncogenes
Chemicals
Radiation
All of the above
What are the main methods of treatment for severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID)?
Where do B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence?
Bone marrow
Which of the following is NOT a major feature of the adaptive immune response?
Memory
Specificity
Diversity
Speed
Which of the following is NOT a major feature of the adaptive immune response?
Memory
Specificity
Diversity
Speed
Which immunoglobulin is predominant in the primary immune response?
IgM
IgG & IgA
IgG
IgE
Which immunoglobulin is predominant in the primary immune response?
IgM
IgG & IgA
IgG
IgE
Which statements are CORRECT about IL-7?
IL-7 stimulates eosinophilic differentiation and IgA switching
IL-7 is synthesised by stromal cells
IL-7 is synthesised by T lymphocytes
IL-7 stimulates the pre-B cell growth and T cell stimulation
Which statements are CORRECT about IL-7?
IL-7 stimulates eosinophilic differentiation and IgA switching
IL-7 is synthesised by stromal cells
IL-7 is synthesised by T lymphocytes
IL-7 stimulates the pre-B cell growth and T cell stimulation
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding HLA molecules?
HLA class II molecules consist of a- and β-chains encoded by genes in the class II region
HLA class II molecules are constitutively expressed on all cells
HLA class I molecules consist of a-chain and β2m coded by class II genes
HLA class I molecules are expressed on almost all nucleated cells
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding HLA molecules?
HLA class II molecules consist of a- and β-chains encoded by genes in the class II region
HLA class II molecules are constitutively expressed on all cells
HLA class I molecules consist of a-chain and β2m coded by class II genes
HLA class I molecules are expressed on almost all nucleated cells
What are substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system called?
Antigens
What does immunophenotypisation involve?
Binding a monoclonal antibody with a corresponding antigen or receptor expressed on a cell membrane
Which statements are CORRECT about molecular-biological methods for determining HLA?
The molecular-biological methods for determining HLA are based on the chain-polymerase reaction
PCR-SSP method is not related to HLA typing
Sequencing is used as a primary method for HLA typing with high differential ability
HLA methods do not amplify segments from HLA genes
Which statements are CORRECT about molecular-biological methods for determining HLA?
The molecular-biological methods for determining HLA are based on the chain-polymerase reaction
PCR-SSP method is not related to HLA typing
Sequencing is used as a primary method for HLA typing with high differential ability
HLA methods do not amplify segments from HLA genes
Which drug is administered as a replacement therapy in B-cell deficiency?
C1-esterase inhibitor
Human immunoglobulin preparations
Corticosteroids
Antibiotics
Which drug is administered as a replacement therapy in B-cell deficiency?
C1-esterase inhibitor
Human immunoglobulin preparations
Corticosteroids
Antibiotics
What are the correct treatments for T cell deficiency?
Antibiotic and antifungal therapy
Transplantation and haematopoietic stem cells
Timely vaccination according to the immunisation calendar of RB
Gene therapy
What are the correct treatments for T cell deficiency?
Antibiotic and antifungal therapy
Transplantation and haematopoietic stem cells
Timely vaccination according to the immunisation calendar of RB
Gene therapy
Which statement(s) about primary immunodeficiencies is/are true?
They have predominantly autosomal dominant inheritance pattern
They belong to the group of rare diseases
They affect equally children and adults
They affect children more often
Which statement(s) about primary immunodeficiencies is/are true?
They have predominantly autosomal dominant inheritance pattern
They belong to the group of rare diseases
They affect equally children and adults
They affect children more often
What are the major consequences of secondary immunodeficiencies?
Accelerated aging
Infections
Inadequate response after vaccination
Development of haematologic malignancies
What are the major consequences of secondary immunodeficiencies?
Accelerated aging
Infections
Inadequate response after vaccination
Development of haematologic malignancies
Which of the following factors have NOT been associated with autoimmune disease?
SCID
Genetic factors other than HLA
Sex
Infection
HLA
Which of the following factors have NOT been associated with autoimmune disease?
SCID
Genetic factors other than HLA
Sex
Infection
HLA
Which condition is associated with a butterfly rash on the nose and cheeks?
Pernicious anaemia
Type 1 diabetes
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Myasthenia gravis
Which condition is associated with a butterfly rash on the nose and cheeks?
Pernicious anaemia
Type 1 diabetes
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Myasthenia gravis
The hyperacute rejection of the kidney graft may be due to:
Antibodies against the HLA class I antigens
Positive crossmatch between serum of the donor and lymphocytes of the recipient
Antibodies
It is mediated primarily by T lymphocytes
Antibodies against the Rhesus system
The hyperacute rejection of the kidney graft may be due to:
Antibodies against the HLA class I antigens
Positive crossmatch between serum of the donor and lymphocytes of the recipient
Antibodies
It is mediated primarily by T lymphocytes
Antibodies against the Rhesus system
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
Transplant patients with prolonged immunosuppression require monitoring of: T- and B-cell function
Serum immunoglobulins
Alloantibodies
Autoantibodies
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
Transplant patients with prolonged immunosuppression require monitoring of: T- and B-cell function
Serum immunoglobulins
Alloantibodies
Autoantibodies
Which of the following is/are true about the immune system and tumors?
The immune system does not react against tumour antigens because they are 'self'
Tumour cells do not express specific antigens
The immune system reacts against specific tumour antigens through humoral and cell immune responses
The immune system reacts against specific tumour antigens through cell immune responses alone
Which of the following is/are true about the immune system and tumors?
The immune system does not react against tumour antigens because they are 'self'
Tumour cells do not express specific antigens
The immune system reacts against specific tumour antigens through humoral and cell immune responses
The immune system reacts against specific tumour antigens through cell immune responses alone
What is presented to HLA class II in the primary immune response?
Antigen (Ag) by APC (like DC)
Which interaction occurs between T cells and APC in the primary immune response?
CD28 (on T cell) and B7 (on APC)
What cytokine do Th2 cells release to activate B cells?
IL-4
What is the first immunoglobulin released by B cells?
IgM
What triggers the secondary immune response?
B cells acting as APC presenting Ag to HLA II
Which properties make a substance immunogenic?
All of the above
Chemical complexity
High molecular weight
Sufficient stability and persistence after injection
Which properties make a substance immunogenic?
All of the above
Chemical complexity
High molecular weight
Sufficient stability and persistence after injection
What components are in an immunoglobulin molecule?
What is the first immunoglobulin synthesized by the fetus?
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgE
What is the first immunoglobulin synthesized by the fetus?
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgE
What result can complement activation by an immune complex lead to?
Release of anaphylatoxins
Precipitation
Opsonisation
Release of macrophage-inhibiting factor
What result can complement activation by an immune complex lead to?
Release of anaphylatoxins
Precipitation
Opsonisation
Release of macrophage-inhibiting factor
What do Helper T cells not induce?
Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
V, J joining in light chains
Proliferation of B cells
Immunoglobulin class switch
What do Helper T cells not induce?
Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
V, J joining in light chains
Proliferation of B cells
Immunoglobulin class switch
The primary immune response involves: - APC presenting Ag to _______ - T cell recognizing the _______ - Th2 cells activating B cells by releasing _______.
The primary immune response involves: - APC presenting Ag to HLA class II - T cell recognizing the Ag-HLA complex - Th2 cells activating B cells by releasing IL-4.
In the secondary immune response, B cells act as _______ presenting Ag, leading to the secretion of _______.
In the secondary immune response, B cells act as APC presenting Ag, leading to the secretion of more antibodies.
Which of the following applies uniquely to secondary lymphoid organs?
Antigen-dependant response
Cellular proliferation
Circulation of lymphocytes
Terminal differentiation
Which of the following applies uniquely to secondary lymphoid organs?
Antigen-dependant response
Cellular proliferation
Circulation of lymphocytes
Terminal differentiation
Which statement about haptens is true?
Require carrier molecules in order to be immunogenic
Can stimulate secondary antibody responses without carriers
Interact with specific antibody even if the hapten is monovalent
Will not react with specific antibodies in vitro unless homologous carriers are employed
Which statement about haptens is true?
Require carrier molecules in order to be immunogenic
Can stimulate secondary antibody responses without carriers
Interact with specific antibody even if the hapten is monovalent
Will not react with specific antibodies in vitro unless homologous carriers are employed
Where is the antigen binding site located in an Ig molecule?
Is in the first domain of the N-terminal end of L and H chains
Has a size that cannot be determined from studies on the binding of antigen fragments
Has a specificity determined predominantly by variations in the hypervariable regions
Is destroyed by removal of sugar residues
Where is the antigen binding site located in an Ig molecule?
Is in the first domain of the N-terminal end of L and H chains
Has a size that cannot be determined from studies on the binding of antigen fragments
Has a specificity determined predominantly by variations in the hypervariable regions
Is destroyed by removal of sugar residues
Which property is true about human IgG?
It induces the formation of leukocytes
Its half-life is approximately 23 days
It can be elevated by pepsin and yet remain divalent
It can pass the placenta
Which property is true about human IgG?
It induces the formation of leukocytes
Its half-life is approximately 23 days
It can be elevated by pepsin and yet remain divalent
It can pass the placenta
What is one function of CD4+ cells?
Can release IL-1
Can help B cells make antibody
Can process and present antigen
Can amplify activities of T cells
What is one function of CD4+ cells?
Can release IL-1
Can help B cells make antibody
Can process and present antigen
Can amplify activities of T cells
How do CD8+ cells kill their targets?
By activation of the alternative complement pathway
By binding via Fc receptors to antibody coated targets
By insertion of perforin molecules into target membranes
Following recognition of peptides on MHC class I molecules
How do CD8+ cells kill their targets?
By activation of the alternative complement pathway
By binding via Fc receptors to antibody coated targets
By insertion of perforin molecules into target membranes
Following recognition of peptides on MHC class I molecules
A sharp increase in levels of IgG, indicated by a spike in the electrophoretic pattern, suggests:
Hypogammaglobulinemia
IgA and IgM deficiency
Macroglobulinemia
Multiple myeloma
A sharp increase in levels of IgG, indicated by a spike in the electrophoretic pattern, suggests:
Hypogammaglobulinemia
IgA and IgM deficiency
Macroglobulinemia
Multiple myeloma
What is the most likely cause of a 2-year-old child having three episodes of pneumonia and two episodes of otitis media, all pneumococcal?
A combined T- and B-cell deficiency
Transient anaemia
An isolated transient T-cell deficiency
A B-cell deficiency
What is the most likely cause of a 2-year-old child having three episodes of pneumonia and two episodes of otitis media, all pneumococcal?
A combined T- and B-cell deficiency
Transient anaemia
An isolated transient T-cell deficiency
A B-cell deficiency
In immune complex-induced glomerulonephritis, what are the required components?
Result in increased production of urine
Are dependent on erythrocytes and complement
Require both complement and neutrophils
Are dependent on the presence of macrophages
In immune complex-induced glomerulonephritis, what are the required components?
Result in increased production of urine
Are dependent on erythrocytes and complement
Require both complement and neutrophils
Are dependent on the presence of macrophages
What would a patient with DiGeorge syndrome, who survives beyond infancy, be incapable of?
Mounting DHT response to dinitrochlorobenzene
Forming antibody to T-independent antigens
Rejecting a bone marrow transplant
Resisting intracellular parasites
What would a patient with DiGeorge syndrome, who survives beyond infancy, be incapable of?
Mounting DHT response to dinitrochlorobenzene
Forming antibody to T-independent antigens
Rejecting a bone marrow transplant
Resisting intracellular parasites
What does immunologic tolerance involve?
May involve only some antigenic determinants on a protein
Involves only humoral immunity
Is best achieved with particulate antigens
Involves only cell-mediated immunity
What does immunologic tolerance involve?
May involve only some antigenic determinants on a protein
Involves only humoral immunity
Is best achieved with particulate antigens
Involves only cell-mediated immunity
How can autoimmune diseases due to antibody occur?
As a consequence of antigen-antibody complexes
As a result of antibody blocking a cell receptor
As a result of all the above
As a result of antibody-induced complement mediated lysis
How can autoimmune diseases due to antibody occur?
As a consequence of antigen-antibody complexes
As a result of antibody blocking a cell receptor
As a result of all the above
As a result of antibody-induced complement mediated lysis
The MHC complex contains genes that encode all EXCEPT:
Genes that encode immune responsiveness
Genes that encode transplantation antigens
Genes that encode immunoglobulins
Genes that encode some components of complement
The MHC complex contains genes that encode all EXCEPT:
Genes that encode immune responsiveness
Genes that encode transplantation antigens
Genes that encode immunoglobulins
Genes that encode some components of complement
What mechanisms may be involved in transplant rejection?
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
Type III hypersensitivity
The release of IFN-Y
Cell-mediated immunity
What mechanisms may be involved in transplant rejection?
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
Type III hypersensitivity
The release of IFN-Y
Cell-mediated immunity
What favours tumour progression?
Presence of 'blocking' factors
Presence of interferon
Suppressor T lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
What favours tumour progression?
Presence of 'blocking' factors
Presence of interferon
Suppressor T lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
What may cause mononucleosis syndrome after renal transplantation?
Staphylococci
HIV
CMV
Herpes virus type 2
What may cause mononucleosis syndrome after renal transplantation?
Staphylococci
HIV
CMV
Herpes virus type 2
The cytokine profile of Th1 includes: - IL-2 stimulates _______ - IFN gamma promotes _______ - TNF alpha decreases _______
The cytokine profile of Th1 includes: - IL-2 stimulates B and T cell differentiation - IFN gamma promotes cell mediated immunity - TNF alpha decreases viral infections
In Th2, IL-4 helps B cells produce _______, while IL-5 stimulates _______.
In Th2, IL-4 helps B cells produce plasma cells, while IL-5 stimulates B cells and Eos.
What supports the development of virgin immunocompetent lymphocytes?
Removal of damaged erythrocytes
Germinal centre in the cortical region of lymph nodes
Source of stem cells
Infrastructure for antigenic stimulation
What supports the development of virgin immunocompetent lymphocytes?
Removal of damaged erythrocytes
Germinal centre in the cortical region of lymph nodes
Source of stem cells
Infrastructure for antigenic stimulation
What describes an immunologic adjuvant?
Enhances haptens
Enhances haematopoiesis
Reduces toxicity
Enhances the immune response against the immunogen
What describes an immunologic adjuvant?
Enhances haptens
Enhances haematopoiesis
Reduces toxicity
Enhances the immune response against the immunogen
Which chains are associated with class-specific antigenic determinants of immunoglobulins?
H chains
J chains
Disulphide bonds
L chains
Which chains are associated with class-specific antigenic determinants of immunoglobulins?
H chains
J chains
Disulphide bonds
L chains
Why is the level of specific IgM significant?
What will occur in a C3-deficient individual regarding immune complexes?
Activation of C2
Anaphylatoxin production
Production of chemotactic factors
Depression of factor B
What will occur in a C3-deficient individual regarding immune complexes?
Activation of C2
Anaphylatoxin production
Production of chemotactic factors
Depression of factor B
In response to thymus-dependent antigens, what do B cells need?
B cells can function independently
Both carrier and haptenic determinants on the same molecule
Helper T cells recognize the antigen in MHC class I
B cells only require CD8+ T cells
In response to thymus-dependent antigens, what do B cells need?
B cells can function independently
Both carrier and haptenic determinants on the same molecule
Helper T cells recognize the antigen in MHC class I
B cells only require CD8+ T cells
What is a result of endosomal antigen processing?
Activates CD4+ T cells
Does not produce peptide-MHC complexes
Activates CD8+ T cells
Results in only one class II molecule
What is a result of endosomal antigen processing?
Activates CD4+ T cells
Does not produce peptide-MHC complexes
Activates CD8+ T cells
Results in only one class II molecule
What is a common consequence of C3 deficiency?
Increased incidence of tumors
Increased susceptibility to fungal infections
Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
Increased susceptibility to viral infections
What is a common consequence of C3 deficiency?
Increased incidence of tumors
Increased susceptibility to fungal infections
Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
Increased susceptibility to viral infections
What caused the necrotic lesion after smallpox vaccination in the child?
T-cell deficiency
Complement deficiency
B-lymphocyte deficiency
Reaction to the adjuvant
What caused the necrotic lesion after smallpox vaccination in the child?
T-cell deficiency
Complement deficiency
B-lymphocyte deficiency
Reaction to the adjuvant
What causes the final damage in immune complex mediated arthritis?
C5,6,7,8,9 attack complex
Histamine and SRS-A
Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes
Cytotoxic T cells
What causes the final damage in immune complex mediated arthritis?
C5,6,7,8,9 attack complex
Histamine and SRS-A
Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes
Cytotoxic T cells
Where is interferon-y synthesized?
In T cells
In dendritic cells
In B cells
In macrophages
Where is interferon-y synthesized?
In T cells
In dendritic cells
In B cells
In macrophages
What activates macrophages to destroy bacteria in a nonspecific fashion?
Interferon-y
Chemokines
Histamine
Cytokines from T cells
What activates macrophages to destroy bacteria in a nonspecific fashion?
Interferon-y
Chemokines
Histamine
Cytokines from T cells
What are important elements in the formation of the B- and T-cell repertoire?
What are possible mechanisms for the development of autoimmune diseases?
What is the most common serologic test for detecting HLA antigens on lymphocytes?
What role do cytotoxic antibodies play in clinical transplantation?
In which cases have tumour antigens shown cross-reactivity immunologically?
Which are non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases?
What causes graft-vs-host reactions (GvHR) in transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells?
Which examination determines the level of repopulation of donor cells after stem cell transplantation?
Chimerism
CRP
Lymphocyte subpopulations
Immunoglobulins
Which examination determines the level of repopulation of donor cells after stem cell transplantation?
Chimerism
CRP
Lymphocyte subpopulations
Immunoglobulins
Which of the following statements about human MHC (HLA) genes is NOT true?
Polymorphic
Located on same chromosome
Autosomal
Codominant
X-linked
Which of the following statements about human MHC (HLA) genes is NOT true?
Polymorphic
Located on same chromosome
Autosomal
Codominant
X-linked
Which immune deficiency disorder is linked exclusively to humoral immune response abnormalities?
DiGeorge syndrome
Hereditary angioneurotic oedema
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Which immune deficiency disorder is linked exclusively to humoral immune response abnormalities?
DiGeorge syndrome
Hereditary angioneurotic oedema
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Why might patients with DiGeorge syndrome fail to produce IgG in response to T-dependent antigens?
They cannot produce IgM during primary responses
They have decreased numbers of helper T cells
They have increased numbers of suppressor T cells
They have a decreased number of B cells which produce IgG
They have abnormal APCs
Why might patients with DiGeorge syndrome fail to produce IgG in response to T-dependent antigens?
They cannot produce IgM during primary responses
They have decreased numbers of helper T cells
They have increased numbers of suppressor T cells
They have a decreased number of B cells which produce IgG
They have abnormal APCs
Which antibody can visualize glomerular lesions in immune complex disease?
K-light chains
All of the above
C3
IgG heavy chains
C1
Which antibody can visualize glomerular lesions in immune complex disease?
K-light chains
All of the above
C3
IgG heavy chains
C1
Cell-mediated immune responses are suppressed by which substance?
Antihistamine
Depletion of macrophages
Depletion of complement
Cortisone
Depletion of T cells
Cell-mediated immune responses are suppressed by which substance?
Antihistamine
Depletion of macrophages
Depletion of complement
Cortisone
Depletion of T cells
How does drug-induced immunologic unresponsiveness differ from immunological tolerance?
Liver enzymes are involved in the former and not in the latter
Only B cells are affected by the drugs
Only T cells are affected by the drugs
Drug-induced unresponsiveness is not antigen-specific, but tolerance is
How does drug-induced immunologic unresponsiveness differ from immunological tolerance?
Liver enzymes are involved in the former and not in the latter
Only B cells are affected by the drugs
Only T cells are affected by the drugs
Drug-induced unresponsiveness is not antigen-specific, but tolerance is
Which statement about tumor development is TRUE?
Initial uncontrolled polyclonal proliferation
Initial uncontrolled monoclonal proliferation followed by polyclonal proliferation
Initial uncontrolled monoclonal proliferation stable in time
Initial uncontrolled polyclonal proliferation followed by monoclonal proliferation
Which statement about tumor development is TRUE?
Initial uncontrolled polyclonal proliferation
Initial uncontrolled monoclonal proliferation followed by polyclonal proliferation
Initial uncontrolled monoclonal proliferation stable in time
Initial uncontrolled polyclonal proliferation followed by monoclonal proliferation
What are the components of HLA class I molecules?
What activates CD4+ Helper T cells?
Rheumatoid factor is most frequently found to be:
IgE reacting with bacterial antigens
IgM reacting with H-chain determinants of IgG
IgM reacting with K-chain of IgG
Antibody to collagen
Rheumatoid factor is most frequently found to be:
IgE reacting with bacterial antigens
IgM reacting with H-chain determinants of IgG
IgM reacting with K-chain of IgG
Antibody to collagen
What could cause kidney rejection despite serological matching?
The donor was agammaglobulinemic
The recipient developed blocking antibodies
There was insufficient blood supply to the graft
There could have been a mismatch, which would have been detected by a mixed lymphocyte reaction
What could cause kidney rejection despite serological matching?
The donor was agammaglobulinemic
The recipient developed blocking antibodies
There was insufficient blood supply to the graft
There could have been a mismatch, which would have been detected by a mixed lymphocyte reaction
What is required for GvH Disease?
Requires suppressor T cells
May result from infusion of blood products that contain viable lymphocytes into an immunologically incompetent recipient
Requires immunocompetent donor cell
Requires MHC difference between donor and recipient
What is required for GvH Disease?
Requires suppressor T cells
May result from infusion of blood products that contain viable lymphocytes into an immunologically incompetent recipient
Requires immunocompetent donor cell
Requires MHC difference between donor and recipient
What types of mechanisms may involve tumor rejection?
Destruction of tumor cells by phagocytic cells
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
What types of mechanisms may involve tumor rejection?
Destruction of tumor cells by phagocytic cells
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
What is necessary for GvHR in HSC transplantation?
What does periodic post-transplantation immunological monitoring aid?
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph node
Bone marrow
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph node
Bone marrow
What is NOT TRUE regarding epitopes?
What initiates the formation of the membrane attack complex?
Which statements about IL-4 are CORRECT?
What includes the very first line of defense?
How are cells marked with monoclonal antibodies?
Direct and competitive
Indirect and non-competitive
Direct and indirect
How are cells marked with monoclonal antibodies?
Direct and competitive
Indirect and non-competitive
Direct and indirect
What may cause immunodeficiency diseases?
Which statement about deficiencies of phagocytic cells is NOT TRUE?
Low expression of CD18 and CD11b molecules can be observed
There are disorders in the secretion of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines
In these deficiencies leukopenia is usually observed
In these deficiencies leukocytosis is usually observed
Which statement about deficiencies of phagocytic cells is NOT TRUE?
Low expression of CD18 and CD11b molecules can be observed
There are disorders in the secretion of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines
In these deficiencies leukopenia is usually observed
In these deficiencies leukocytosis is usually observed
Which is not typical for secondary immunodeficiency?
Severe burns
Congenital defect in the complement system
Protracted infection with Epstein-Barr virus
Uraemia
Which is not typical for secondary immunodeficiency?
Severe burns
Congenital defect in the complement system
Protracted infection with Epstein-Barr virus
Uraemia
Which cell type prevents immune responses against self-antigens?
Treg cells
Glomerulonephritis with pulmonary hemorrhage is called:
Goodpasture's syndrome
Wegener's granulomatosis
Pemphigus vulgaris
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Glomerulonephritis with pulmonary hemorrhage is called:
Goodpasture's syndrome
Wegener's granulomatosis
Pemphigus vulgaris
Systemic lupus erythematosus
What may rejection reactions be caused by?
Immunosuppressive therapy increases the risk of:
Skin cancer
Haemolytic anaemia
Infections (including opportunistic)
EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorder
Immunosuppressive therapy increases the risk of:
Skin cancer
Haemolytic anaemia
Infections (including opportunistic)
EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorder
What is the role of IgG in the immune system?
IgG is the major serum immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta, providing immunity to the neonate and has the longest half-life of 23 days.
What is the significance of IgM?
IgM is the second highest in serum, the first immunoglobulin produced by the fetus, and indicates recent or active infection.
What is the primary function of IgA?
IgA is the highest in secretions and provides mucosal immunity by being present in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital secretions.
What is the role of IgD?
IgD acts as a B cell receptor.
What does IgE indicate?
IgE is the lowest in serum and is increased in allergies and parasitic infections.
What is the primary purpose of the complement-dependent microlymphocytotoxic test?
For HLA class I typing
For HLA class II typing
To determine blood type
For diagnosing allergies
What is the primary purpose of the complement-dependent microlymphocytotoxic test?
For HLA class I typing
For HLA class II typing
To determine blood type
For diagnosing allergies
Which of the following statements about HLA molecules is TRUE?
HLA class II molecules consist of two ẞ chains
HLA class I and class II molecules are involved in antigen presentation
HLA class I molecules are exclusively exo-antigens for CD4+ T cells
HLA class III molecules are not immune-related
Which of the following statements about HLA molecules is TRUE?
HLA class II molecules consist of two ẞ chains
HLA class I and class II molecules are involved in antigen presentation
HLA class I molecules are exclusively exo-antigens for CD4+ T cells
HLA class III molecules are not immune-related
What is an example of an allele?
HLA-A*02:01 is an example of an allele.
What are monoclonal immunoglobulins used for?
Used in disease treatment
Produced by B lymphocytes
Naturally occurring in the body
Serving as general antibodies
What are monoclonal immunoglobulins used for?
Used in disease treatment
Produced by B lymphocytes
Naturally occurring in the body
Serving as general antibodies
AIDS is caused by a virus that specifically kills which cells?
CD8+ T cells
B lymphocytes
Neutrophils
CD4+ T cells
AIDS is caused by a virus that specifically kills which cells?
CD8+ T cells
B lymphocytes
Neutrophils
CD4+ T cells
What is a characteristic of NK cells?
Have phagocytic functions
Require immunization to increase
Produce antibodies
Able to kill virus-infected cells without prior sensitization
What is a characteristic of NK cells?
Have phagocytic functions
Require immunization to increase
Produce antibodies
Able to kill virus-infected cells without prior sensitization
If an individual is genetically unable to make J chains, which immunoglobulin(s) will be affected?
IgG and IgM
IgM and IgA
IgG
IgM
If an individual is genetically unable to make J chains, which immunoglobulin(s) will be affected?
IgG and IgM
IgM and IgA
IgG
IgM
Which statement concerning HLA class II molecules is correct EXCEPT?
They are found on the surface of all B and T cells
They have a binding site for CD4 molecules
They have a high degree of polymorphism
Which statement concerning HLA class II molecules is correct EXCEPT?
They are found on the surface of all B and T cells
They have a binding site for CD4 molecules
They have a high degree of polymorphism
Basic methods for assessment of immune complexes in vasculitis include?
Immunohistochemical methods
Radial immunodiffusion
Immunoturbidimetry
Flow cytometry
Basic methods for assessment of immune complexes in vasculitis include?
Immunohistochemical methods
Radial immunodiffusion
Immunoturbidimetry
Flow cytometry
Match the following innate immune system cell type with their function. Neutrophils are associated with?
Phagocytosis and bactericidal mechanisms
Release of histamine and other mediators
Lysis of some virally infected cells
Killing of parasites
Match the following innate immune system cell type with their function. Neutrophils are associated with?
Phagocytosis and bactericidal mechanisms
Release of histamine and other mediators
Lysis of some virally infected cells
Killing of parasites
Which of the following regarding effect antigens is NOT TRUE?
Foreign to the host
Requires a carrier-conjugate to cause the generation of antibodies
Fairly large (molecular weight >10,000)
Chemically complex
Which of the following regarding effect antigens is NOT TRUE?
Foreign to the host
Requires a carrier-conjugate to cause the generation of antibodies
Fairly large (molecular weight >10,000)
Chemically complex
Indicate which of the following components of the complement system are anaphylatoxins?
C3b
C5a
C3a
C5b
Indicate which of the following components of the complement system are anaphylatoxins?
C3b
C5a
C3a
C5b
An antibody is an example of opsonin?
False
True
It depends on the isotype of Ig
An antibody is an example of opsonin?
False
True
It depends on the isotype of Ig
The adaptive defence system includes?
Skin and mucous membranes
Acquired immune response
Immunohistochemical methods
Acute inflammatory response
The adaptive defence system includes?
Skin and mucous membranes
Acquired immune response
Immunohistochemical methods
Acute inflammatory response
What are the antigen markers of B lymphocytes?
What is the purpose of a crossmatch?
Immunological findings in severe combined immunodeficiencies include: - _______ - _______ - _______ - _______
Immunological findings in severe combined immunodeficiencies include: - Reduced serum level of immunoglobulins - Abnormalities in leukocyte adhesion - Decreased/lacking T lymphocytes - Prevalence of memory phenotype when T lymphocytes are present
Describe cells that possess phagocytosis.
What does CD45 RA express on?
What is the sequence of T cell activation marker expression?
CD25, CD71, HLA-DR
HLA-DR, CD25, CD71
CD71, HLA-DR, CD25
What is the sequence of T cell activation marker expression?
CD25, CD71, HLA-DR
HLA-DR, CD25, CD71
CD71, HLA-DR, CD25
Which diseases can be treated with stem cell therapies?
Parkinson's disease
Spinal cord injury
Alzheimer's disease
Heart disease
Diabetes
Severe burns
Which diseases can be treated with stem cell therapies?
Parkinson's disease
Spinal cord injury
Alzheimer's disease
Heart disease
Diabetes
Severe burns
Cord blood stem cells can treat more than 45 malignant and genetic diseases. Which of the following diseases are included?
aplastic anemia
SCID
Leukaemia
Cord blood stem cells can treat more than 45 malignant and genetic diseases. Which of the following diseases are included?
aplastic anemia
SCID
Leukaemia
Which of the following is NOT a property of the innate immune system?
Uses physical barriers such as skin and certain cells of the body
It is the body's primary line of defence
Has a fast response
Employs specific defence mechanisms
Employs non-specific defence mechanisms
Which of the following is NOT a property of the innate immune system?
Uses physical barriers such as skin and certain cells of the body
It is the body's primary line of defence
Has a fast response
Employs specific defence mechanisms
Employs non-specific defence mechanisms
Mark tests used for investigations of the humoral immunity:
Immunophenotyping
Nephelometry
HLA typing
Agglutination
Radial immunodiffusion
ELISA
Mark tests used for investigations of the humoral immunity:
Immunophenotyping
Nephelometry
HLA typing
Agglutination
Radial immunodiffusion
ELISA
Which of the genes encoding the following proteins is not located on chromosome 6?
HSP-70
HLA class II
C2
Beta2-microglobulin
C4
TNF
HLA class I
Which of the genes encoding the following proteins is not located on chromosome 6?
HSP-70
HLA class II
C2
Beta2-microglobulin
C4
TNF
HLA class I
During B cells maturation the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesised is:
Mu (μ) chain
Epsilon (ε) chain
Alpha (a) chain
Delta (d) chain
Gamma (γ) chain
During B cells maturation the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesised is:
Mu (μ) chain
Epsilon (ε) chain
Alpha (a) chain
Delta (d) chain
Gamma (γ) chain
Which is NOT TRUE for MHC class I antigens?
They are found mainly on antigen presenting cells
They are controlled by genes located on chromosome 6
They are involved in the T cell cytotoxicity
They are expressed by all nucleated cells
Which is NOT TRUE for MHC class I antigens?
They are found mainly on antigen presenting cells
They are controlled by genes located on chromosome 6
They are involved in the T cell cytotoxicity
They are expressed by all nucleated cells
APCs that activate CD4+ cells must express on their surface:
MHC class I antigens
IFN-Y
MHC class II antigens
Immunoglobulins
CD3 molecule
APCs that activate CD4+ cells must express on their surface:
MHC class I antigens
IFN-Y
MHC class II antigens
Immunoglobulins
CD3 molecule
If you measure the ability of cytotoxic T cells from an HLA-B18 positive individual to kill virus-X infected target cells, which statement is correct?
No HLA-B18 positive will be killed
Any HLA-B18 positive cells will be killed
Only virus-X infected HLA-B18 positive cells will be killed
Any virus-X infected cells will be killed
If you measure the ability of cytotoxic T cells from an HLA-B18 positive individual to kill virus-X infected target cells, which statement is correct?
No HLA-B18 positive will be killed
Any HLA-B18 positive cells will be killed
Only virus-X infected HLA-B18 positive cells will be killed
Any virus-X infected cells will be killed
Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT for antiphospholipid antibodies?
They are anti-HLA class I antibodies X class II
They may be directed against cardiolipin
The lupus anticoagulant is an anti-phospholipid antibody
They may be detected in autoimmune diseases
They may be against ẞ2-microglobulin X
They are antinuclear antibodies
Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT for antiphospholipid antibodies?
They are anti-HLA class I antibodies X class II
They may be directed against cardiolipin
The lupus anticoagulant is an anti-phospholipid antibody
They may be detected in autoimmune diseases
They may be against ẞ2-microglobulin X
They are antinuclear antibodies
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
Lyse virus-infected target cells
Activate complement
Process and present the antigens
Produce antibodies
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
Lyse virus-infected target cells
Activate complement
Process and present the antigens
Produce antibodies
Which of the following is NOT TRUE for the adaptive immune system?
It produces antibodies to fight disease
It responds immediately to pathogen exposure
It has memory of prior infection
It can adapt to specific threats
Which of the following is NOT TRUE for the adaptive immune system?
It produces antibodies to fight disease
It responds immediately to pathogen exposure
It has memory of prior infection
It can adapt to specific threats
The lectin pathway of the complement is activated by?
Antibodies
Antigen-antibody complexes
Mannoses on the bacterial surfaces
Factor F
The lectin pathway of the complement is activated by?
Antibodies
Antigen-antibody complexes
Mannoses on the bacterial surfaces
Factor F
Which kind of antibodies are able to activate complement?
IgG
IgD
IgM
IgA
IgE
Which kind of antibodies are able to activate complement?
IgG
IgD
IgM
IgA
IgE
Which cytokines could be classified as immunosuppressive?
INF-y
IL-10
TGF-β
IL-8
Which cytokines could be classified as immunosuppressive?
INF-y
IL-10
TGF-β
IL-8
NK cells are responsible for?
Antibody producing cells, that kill target cells by antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Cytotoxic T cells
Cells, able to kill virus-infected target cells without previous sensibilisation
Cells, increasing after immunisation
NK cells are responsible for?
Antibody producing cells, that kill target cells by antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Cytotoxic T cells
Cells, able to kill virus-infected target cells without previous sensibilisation
Cells, increasing after immunisation
Which statement is NOT TRUE about MHC molecules?
Both MHC class I and class II are expressed on virtually all nucleated cells
MHC class I molecule is composed of a large alpha chain and a small invariable beta2 microglobulin
The expression of MHC class I proteins is restricted to APCs
MHC class I bind CD8 and MHC class II bind CD4
Which statement is NOT TRUE about MHC molecules?
Both MHC class I and class II are expressed on virtually all nucleated cells
MHC class I molecule is composed of a large alpha chain and a small invariable beta2 microglobulin
The expression of MHC class I proteins is restricted to APCs
MHC class I bind CD8 and MHC class II bind CD4
Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) and Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) tests are used for:
Assessment of Neutrophil function
Assess of T cell function
Diagnosis of autoimmune disease
Diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) and Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) tests are used for:
Assessment of Neutrophil function
Assess of T cell function
Diagnosis of autoimmune disease
Diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
What is the principal difference between cytotoxic (type II) and immune complex (type III) hypersensitivity?
The participation of complement
The site where antigen-antibody complexes are formed
The class of antibody
The participation of T cells
What is the principal difference between cytotoxic (type II) and immune complex (type III) hypersensitivity?
The participation of complement
The site where antigen-antibody complexes are formed
The class of antibody
The participation of T cells
Antiphospholipid antibodies may be detected in:
Autoimmune diseases
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Reproductive failures
None of the above
Antiphospholipid antibodies may be detected in:
Autoimmune diseases
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Reproductive failures
None of the above
What causes a positive crossmatch reaction?
Autoantibodies
Anti-HLA antibodies
Alloantibodies
Alloantibodies in the recipient against the mismatch donor's HLA antigens
What causes a positive crossmatch reaction?
Autoantibodies
Anti-HLA antibodies
Alloantibodies
Alloantibodies in the recipient against the mismatch donor's HLA antigens
What is suggested by antinuclear antibodies at high titre?
It is likely that the patient has an autoimmune disease
The primary organs of the immune system include:
Thymus, Bone marrow
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Liver
The primary organs of the immune system include:
Thymus, Bone marrow
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Liver
Phagocytosis is a major property of:
Plasmocytes
Polynuclear neutrophils
T cells
B cells
Phagocytosis is a major property of:
Plasmocytes
Polynuclear neutrophils
T cells
B cells
The classical complement pathway is activated by:
Antigen-IgG complex
Factor B
Antigens
Antigen-IgM complex
The classical complement pathway is activated by:
Antigen-IgG complex
Factor B
Antigens
Antigen-IgM complex
Where are idiotype determinants of immunoglobulins localized?
Hinge region
Constant domains of light chains
Hypervariable regions of heavy and light chains
Constant domains of heavy chains
Where are idiotype determinants of immunoglobulins localized?
Hinge region
Constant domains of light chains
Hypervariable regions of heavy and light chains
Constant domains of heavy chains
What is the T cell receptor for antigen (TCR)?
Membrane phospholipid
HLA molecule
Surface immunoglobulin
Heterodimer in complex with CD3
Of unknown nature
What is the T cell receptor for antigen (TCR)?
Membrane phospholipid
HLA molecule
Surface immunoglobulin
Heterodimer in complex with CD3
Of unknown nature
Which statements about MHC class I proteins are TRUE?
They are codominantly expressed
They are involved in the graft-vs-host disease
They are mainly found on B cells, macrophages and activated T cells
They are membrane proteins expressed on virtually all nucleated cells
They are encoded in the region III of chromosome 6
Which statements about MHC class I proteins are TRUE?
They are codominantly expressed
They are involved in the graft-vs-host disease
They are mainly found on B cells, macrophages and activated T cells
They are membrane proteins expressed on virtually all nucleated cells
They are encoded in the region III of chromosome 6
The thymus is considered to be what type of organ?
A secondary lymphoid organ
A reticuloendothelial organ
A primary lymphoid organ
A specialised lymph node
The thymus is considered to be what type of organ?
A secondary lymphoid organ
A reticuloendothelial organ
A primary lymphoid organ
A specialised lymph node
Which part of the immunoglobulin binds antigen?
Which complement component is found in both the classical and alternative pathways?
C3
Factor B
C2
C1
Which complement component is found in both the classical and alternative pathways?
C3
Factor B
C2
C1
What is the anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) test used for?
For the diagnosis of systemic vasculitis
For the diagnosis of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)
For the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
For the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection
None of the above are true
What is the anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) test used for?
For the diagnosis of systemic vasculitis
For the diagnosis of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)
For the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
For the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection
None of the above are true
Which of the following is TRUE about HLA (MHC) class I antigens?
They are recognised by helper T cells
They are encoded by gene complex located on chromosome 9
They present exogenous antigens
They are found on all nucleated cells
Which of the following is TRUE about HLA (MHC) class I antigens?
They are recognised by helper T cells
They are encoded by gene complex located on chromosome 9
They present exogenous antigens
They are found on all nucleated cells
What are the components of the innate immune system?
Failure to express which molecule would have no effect on the immune system's ability to eliminate an extracellular bacterium?
MHC class II
MHC class I
Complement components
Surface-bound antibody molecules
Failure to express which molecule would have no effect on the immune system's ability to eliminate an extracellular bacterium?
MHC class II
MHC class I
Complement components
Surface-bound antibody molecules
How can you differentiate B cells from T cells?
Which immunoglobulin is in the highest concentration in serum?
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgE
IgD
Which immunoglobulin is in the highest concentration in serum?
IgA
IgM
IgG
IgE
IgD
Which of the following would not be considered to be a secondary lymphoid organ?
Tonsils
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Decreased serum levels of C3 and C4 may be due to:
Activation of the classical complement pathway
C1inh (C1 Inhibitor) deficiency
Activation of the alternative complement pathway
Activation of the mannose complement pathway
Decreased synthesis
Which statements about IL-2 are CORRECT?
IL-2 has antiviral activity
IL-2 is synthesised by T lymphocytes
IL-2 is synthesised by B lymphocytes
IL-2 stimulates T and B cell proliferation and differentiation, and NK cell activity
T lymphocytes undergo negative selection in which lymphoid organ?
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen
Thymus
Which type of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is specialised for presentation to T cells?
Mast cells
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils
NK cells
Which immunoglobulin can transfer across the placenta for maternal protection?
IgG & IgA
IgG
IgE
IgM
What happens in the case of a complete genetic deficiency of C2?
The T cell antigen recognition receptor makes contact with which part of the HLA molecule?
Areas from the antigen-binding pocket
The peptide bound by the HLA molecule
The immunoglobulin constant region
β2 microglobulin
What is the major innate mechanism that mediates destruction by lysis of foreign substances?
Interferon
Helper T cells
Complement
Regulatory T cells
Which cell can provide two signals for T cell activation?
Helper T cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Regulatory T cells
What does the Heidelberger curve represent?
The basic patterns of binding of antigens and antibodies.
What are the diagnostic criteria for primary antiphospholipid syndrome?
What is considered a miscarriage criterion in primary antiphospholipid syndrome?
One or more miscarriages of a morphologically normal embryo before g.w. 10.
What are common signs indicating hereditary deficiency of antibodies?
What conditions are indicated by T-B+NK+ phenotype in combined immunodeficiency?
Which statement about primary immunodeficiencies is true?
Which is true regarding primary and secondary immunodeficiencies?
Secondary immunodeficiencies are more common than primary
Primary immunodeficiencies are more common than secondary
Secondary immunodeficiencies are caused by inherited factors
Secondary immunodeficiencies are observed only in viral infections
What happens during organ and tissue transplantations regarding immunodeficiency?
Secondary immunodeficiencies are observed.
Corticosteroids are used most frequently for their:
anti-inflammatory effect
pain-relief effect
none of the above
pro-inflammatory effects
Which of the following factors are related to potential oncogenesis?
Chemicals
Oncogenes
Radiation
All of the above
What are the main methods of treatment for severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID)?
Which of the following is NOT a major feature of the adaptive immune response?
Speed
Memory
Specificity
Diversity
Which statements are CORRECT about IL-7?
IL-7 is synthesised by T lymphocytes
IL-7 stimulates eosinophilic differentiation and IgA switching
IL-7 is synthesised by stromal cells
IL-7 stimulates the pre-B cell growth and T cell stimulation
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding HLA molecules?
HLA class I molecules are expressed on almost all nucleated cells
HLA class II molecules are constitutively expressed on all cells
HLA class I molecules consist of a-chain and β2m coded by class II genes
HLA class II molecules consist of a- and β-chains encoded by genes in the class II region
What does immunophenotypisation involve?
Binding a monoclonal antibody with a corresponding antigen or receptor expressed on a cell membrane
Which statements are CORRECT about molecular-biological methods for determining HLA?
HLA methods do not amplify segments from HLA genes
Sequencing is used as a primary method for HLA typing with high differential ability
The molecular-biological methods for determining HLA are based on the chain-polymerase reaction
PCR-SSP method is not related to HLA typing
Which drug is administered as a replacement therapy in B-cell deficiency?
C1-esterase inhibitor
Human immunoglobulin preparations
Antibiotics
Corticosteroids
What are the correct treatments for T cell deficiency?
Timely vaccination according to the immunisation calendar of RB
Transplantation and haematopoietic stem cells
Gene therapy
Antibiotic and antifungal therapy
Which statement(s) about primary immunodeficiencies is/are true?
They belong to the group of rare diseases
They affect children more often
They affect equally children and adults
They have predominantly autosomal dominant inheritance pattern
What are the major consequences of secondary immunodeficiencies?
Accelerated aging
Inadequate response after vaccination
Infections
Development of haematologic malignancies
Which of the following factors have NOT been associated with autoimmune disease?
Genetic factors other than HLA
Sex
Infection
HLA
SCID
Which condition is associated with a butterfly rash on the nose and cheeks?
Pernicious anaemia
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Myasthenia gravis
Type 1 diabetes
The hyperacute rejection of the kidney graft may be due to:
Antibodies against the Rhesus system
Antibodies
Antibodies against the HLA class I antigens
It is mediated primarily by T lymphocytes
Positive crossmatch between serum of the donor and lymphocytes of the recipient
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
Alloantibodies
Transplant patients with prolonged immunosuppression require monitoring of: T- and B-cell function
Serum immunoglobulins
Autoantibodies
Which of the following is/are true about the immune system and tumors?
The immune system reacts against specific tumour antigens through humoral and cell immune responses
The immune system reacts against specific tumour antigens through cell immune responses alone
Tumour cells do not express specific antigens
The immune system does not react against tumour antigens because they are 'self'
Which interaction occurs between T cells and APC in the primary immune response?
CD28 (on T cell) and B7 (on APC)
Which properties make a substance immunogenic?
Chemical complexity
All of the above
Sufficient stability and persistence after injection
High molecular weight
What components are in an immunoglobulin molecule?
What result can complement activation by an immune complex lead to?
Opsonisation
Precipitation
Release of macrophage-inhibiting factor
Release of anaphylatoxins
What do Helper T cells not induce?
Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
Immunoglobulin class switch
V, J joining in light chains
Proliferation of B cells
The primary immune response involves: - APC presenting Ag to HLA class II - T cell recognizing the Ag-HLA complex - Th2 cells activating B cells by releasing IL-4.
In the secondary immune response, B cells act as APC presenting Ag, leading to the secretion of more antibodies.
Which of the following applies uniquely to secondary lymphoid organs?
Circulation of lymphocytes
Cellular proliferation
Terminal differentiation
Antigen-dependant response
Which statement about haptens is true?
Will not react with specific antibodies in vitro unless homologous carriers are employed
Require carrier molecules in order to be immunogenic
Can stimulate secondary antibody responses without carriers
Interact with specific antibody even if the hapten is monovalent
Where is the antigen binding site located in an Ig molecule?
Has a size that cannot be determined from studies on the binding of antigen fragments
Has a specificity determined predominantly by variations in the hypervariable regions
Is in the first domain of the N-terminal end of L and H chains
Is destroyed by removal of sugar residues
Which property is true about human IgG?
It can be elevated by pepsin and yet remain divalent
Its half-life is approximately 23 days
It can pass the placenta
It induces the formation of leukocytes
What is one function of CD4+ cells?
Can process and present antigen
Can release IL-1
Can amplify activities of T cells
Can help B cells make antibody
How do CD8+ cells kill their targets?
By binding via Fc receptors to antibody coated targets
By activation of the alternative complement pathway
Following recognition of peptides on MHC class I molecules
By insertion of perforin molecules into target membranes
A sharp increase in levels of IgG, indicated by a spike in the electrophoretic pattern, suggests:
IgA and IgM deficiency
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Multiple myeloma
Macroglobulinemia
What is the most likely cause of a 2-year-old child having three episodes of pneumonia and two episodes of otitis media, all pneumococcal?
An isolated transient T-cell deficiency
Transient anaemia
A B-cell deficiency
A combined T- and B-cell deficiency
In immune complex-induced glomerulonephritis, what are the required components?
Result in increased production of urine
Are dependent on erythrocytes and complement
Require both complement and neutrophils
Are dependent on the presence of macrophages
What would a patient with DiGeorge syndrome, who survives beyond infancy, be incapable of?
Mounting DHT response to dinitrochlorobenzene
Forming antibody to T-independent antigens
Resisting intracellular parasites
Rejecting a bone marrow transplant
What does immunologic tolerance involve?
Involves only humoral immunity
May involve only some antigenic determinants on a protein
Is best achieved with particulate antigens
Involves only cell-mediated immunity
How can autoimmune diseases due to antibody occur?
As a result of all the above
As a result of antibody blocking a cell receptor
As a consequence of antigen-antibody complexes
As a result of antibody-induced complement mediated lysis
The MHC complex contains genes that encode all EXCEPT:
Genes that encode some components of complement
Genes that encode transplantation antigens
Genes that encode immunoglobulins
Genes that encode immune responsiveness
What mechanisms may be involved in transplant rejection?
The release of IFN-Y
Type III hypersensitivity
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
Cell-mediated immunity
What favours tumour progression?
Presence of interferon
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Suppressor T lymphocytes
Presence of 'blocking' factors
What may cause mononucleosis syndrome after renal transplantation?
HIV
Staphylococci
Herpes virus type 2
CMV
The cytokine profile of Th1 includes: - IL-2 stimulates B and T cell differentiation - IFN gamma promotes cell mediated immunity - TNF alpha decreases viral infections
What supports the development of virgin immunocompetent lymphocytes?
Removal of damaged erythrocytes
Source of stem cells
Infrastructure for antigenic stimulation
Germinal centre in the cortical region of lymph nodes
What describes an immunologic adjuvant?
Enhances the immune response against the immunogen
Reduces toxicity
Enhances haptens
Enhances haematopoiesis
Which chains are associated with class-specific antigenic determinants of immunoglobulins?
H chains
Disulphide bonds
L chains
J chains
Why is the level of specific IgM significant?
What will occur in a C3-deficient individual regarding immune complexes?
Production of chemotactic factors
Depression of factor B
Activation of C2
Anaphylatoxin production
In response to thymus-dependent antigens, what do B cells need?
B cells can function independently
B cells only require CD8+ T cells
Helper T cells recognize the antigen in MHC class I
Both carrier and haptenic determinants on the same molecule
What is a result of endosomal antigen processing?
Results in only one class II molecule
Does not produce peptide-MHC complexes
Activates CD4+ T cells
Activates CD8+ T cells
What is a common consequence of C3 deficiency?
Increased incidence of tumors
Increased susceptibility to fungal infections
Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
Increased susceptibility to viral infections
What caused the necrotic lesion after smallpox vaccination in the child?
Complement deficiency
B-lymphocyte deficiency
T-cell deficiency
Reaction to the adjuvant
What causes the final damage in immune complex mediated arthritis?
C5,6,7,8,9 attack complex
Cytotoxic T cells
Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes
Histamine and SRS-A
What activates macrophages to destroy bacteria in a nonspecific fashion?
Histamine
Chemokines
Cytokines from T cells
Interferon-y
What are important elements in the formation of the B- and T-cell repertoire?
What are possible mechanisms for the development of autoimmune diseases?
What is the most common serologic test for detecting HLA antigens on lymphocytes?
What role do cytotoxic antibodies play in clinical transplantation?
In which cases have tumour antigens shown cross-reactivity immunologically?
Which are non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases?
What causes graft-vs-host reactions (GvHR) in transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells?
Which examination determines the level of repopulation of donor cells after stem cell transplantation?
CRP
Chimerism
Lymphocyte subpopulations
Immunoglobulins
Which of the following statements about human MHC (HLA) genes is NOT true?
Located on same chromosome
Polymorphic
X-linked
Codominant
Autosomal
Which immune deficiency disorder is linked exclusively to humoral immune response abnormalities?
Hereditary angioneurotic oedema
DiGeorge syndrome
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Why might patients with DiGeorge syndrome fail to produce IgG in response to T-dependent antigens?
They cannot produce IgM during primary responses
They have abnormal APCs
They have a decreased number of B cells which produce IgG
They have increased numbers of suppressor T cells
They have decreased numbers of helper T cells
Which antibody can visualize glomerular lesions in immune complex disease?
K-light chains
C3
C1
IgG heavy chains
All of the above
Cell-mediated immune responses are suppressed by which substance?
Depletion of complement
Depletion of macrophages
Depletion of T cells
Cortisone
Antihistamine
How does drug-induced immunologic unresponsiveness differ from immunological tolerance?
Only T cells are affected by the drugs
Liver enzymes are involved in the former and not in the latter
Only B cells are affected by the drugs
Drug-induced unresponsiveness is not antigen-specific, but tolerance is
Which statement about tumor development is TRUE?
Initial uncontrolled monoclonal proliferation stable in time
Initial uncontrolled monoclonal proliferation followed by polyclonal proliferation
Initial uncontrolled polyclonal proliferation followed by monoclonal proliferation
Initial uncontrolled polyclonal proliferation
What are the components of HLA class I molecules?
Rheumatoid factor is most frequently found to be:
IgM reacting with K-chain of IgG
IgE reacting with bacterial antigens
Antibody to collagen
IgM reacting with H-chain determinants of IgG
What could cause kidney rejection despite serological matching?
There could have been a mismatch, which would have been detected by a mixed lymphocyte reaction
There was insufficient blood supply to the graft
The recipient developed blocking antibodies
The donor was agammaglobulinemic
What is required for GvH Disease?
Requires suppressor T cells
Requires MHC difference between donor and recipient
May result from infusion of blood products that contain viable lymphocytes into an immunologically incompetent recipient
Requires immunocompetent donor cell
What types of mechanisms may involve tumor rejection?
Destruction of tumor cells by phagocytic cells
T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
What is necessary for GvHR in HSC transplantation?
What does periodic post-transplantation immunological monitoring aid?
Which statements about IL-4 are CORRECT?
How are cells marked with monoclonal antibodies?
Direct and indirect
Indirect and non-competitive
Direct and competitive
What may cause immunodeficiency diseases?
Which statement about deficiencies of phagocytic cells is NOT TRUE?
There are disorders in the secretion of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines
In these deficiencies leukocytosis is usually observed
Low expression of CD18 and CD11b molecules can be observed
In these deficiencies leukopenia is usually observed
Which is not typical for secondary immunodeficiency?
Severe burns
Uraemia
Congenital defect in the complement system
Protracted infection with Epstein-Barr virus
Glomerulonephritis with pulmonary hemorrhage is called:
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Pemphigus vulgaris
Goodpasture's syndrome
Wegener's granulomatosis
What may rejection reactions be caused by?
Immunosuppressive therapy increases the risk of:
EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorder
Skin cancer
Haemolytic anaemia
Infections (including opportunistic)
What is the role of IgG in the immune system?
IgG is the major serum immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta, providing immunity to the neonate and has the longest half-life of 23 days.
What is the significance of IgM?
IgM is the second highest in serum, the first immunoglobulin produced by the fetus, and indicates recent or active infection.
What is the primary function of IgA?
IgA is the highest in secretions and provides mucosal immunity by being present in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital secretions.
What does IgE indicate?
IgE is the lowest in serum and is increased in allergies and parasitic infections.
What is the primary purpose of the complement-dependent microlymphocytotoxic test?
For HLA class I typing
To determine blood type
For diagnosing allergies
For HLA class II typing
Which of the following statements about HLA molecules is TRUE?
HLA class I molecules are exclusively exo-antigens for CD4+ T cells
HLA class III molecules are not immune-related
HLA class I and class II molecules are involved in antigen presentation
HLA class II molecules consist of two ẞ chains
What are monoclonal immunoglobulins used for?
Serving as general antibodies
Used in disease treatment
Naturally occurring in the body
Produced by B lymphocytes
AIDS is caused by a virus that specifically kills which cells?
CD8+ T cells
CD4+ T cells
B lymphocytes
Neutrophils
What is a characteristic of NK cells?
Have phagocytic functions
Able to kill virus-infected cells without prior sensitization
Require immunization to increase
Produce antibodies
If an individual is genetically unable to make J chains, which immunoglobulin(s) will be affected?
IgG
IgM
IgG and IgM
IgM and IgA
Which statement concerning HLA class II molecules is correct EXCEPT?
They have a binding site for CD4 molecules
They have a high degree of polymorphism
They are found on the surface of all B and T cells
Basic methods for assessment of immune complexes in vasculitis include?
Immunohistochemical methods
Immunoturbidimetry
Radial immunodiffusion
Flow cytometry
Match the following innate immune system cell type with their function. Neutrophils are associated with?
Release of histamine and other mediators
Killing of parasites
Phagocytosis and bactericidal mechanisms
Lysis of some virally infected cells
Which of the following regarding effect antigens is NOT TRUE?
Foreign to the host
Fairly large (molecular weight >10,000)
Chemically complex
Requires a carrier-conjugate to cause the generation of antibodies
Indicate which of the following components of the complement system are anaphylatoxins?
C5b
C5a
C3a
C3b
The adaptive defence system includes?
Immunohistochemical methods
Acute inflammatory response
Acquired immune response
Skin and mucous membranes
What is the purpose of a crossmatch?
Immunological findings in severe combined immunodeficiencies include: - Reduced serum level of immunoglobulins - Abnormalities in leukocyte adhesion - Decreased/lacking T lymphocytes - Prevalence of memory phenotype when T lymphocytes are present
Describe cells that possess phagocytosis.
What is the sequence of T cell activation marker expression?
CD25, CD71, HLA-DR
CD71, HLA-DR, CD25
HLA-DR, CD25, CD71
Which diseases can be treated with stem cell therapies?
Parkinson's disease
Heart disease
Spinal cord injury
Alzheimer's disease
Severe burns
Diabetes
Cord blood stem cells can treat more than 45 malignant and genetic diseases. Which of the following diseases are included?
aplastic anemia
SCID
Leukaemia
Which of the following is NOT a property of the innate immune system?
Employs specific defence mechanisms
Uses physical barriers such as skin and certain cells of the body
It is the body's primary line of defence
Has a fast response
Employs non-specific defence mechanisms
Mark tests used for investigations of the humoral immunity:
Radial immunodiffusion
ELISA
Immunophenotyping
Nephelometry
HLA typing
Agglutination
Which of the genes encoding the following proteins is not located on chromosome 6?
C2
C4
HLA class II
TNF
HSP-70
HLA class I
Beta2-microglobulin
During B cells maturation the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesised is:
Gamma (γ) chain
Mu (μ) chain
Alpha (a) chain
Epsilon (ε) chain
Delta (d) chain
Which is NOT TRUE for MHC class I antigens?
They are controlled by genes located on chromosome 6
They are expressed by all nucleated cells
They are involved in the T cell cytotoxicity
They are found mainly on antigen presenting cells
APCs that activate CD4+ cells must express on their surface:
IFN-Y
Immunoglobulins
MHC class II antigens
MHC class I antigens
CD3 molecule
If you measure the ability of cytotoxic T cells from an HLA-B18 positive individual to kill virus-X infected target cells, which statement is correct?
Only virus-X infected HLA-B18 positive cells will be killed
Any HLA-B18 positive cells will be killed
Any virus-X infected cells will be killed
No HLA-B18 positive will be killed
Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT for antiphospholipid antibodies?
They are anti-HLA class I antibodies X class II
The lupus anticoagulant is an anti-phospholipid antibody
They may be detected in autoimmune diseases
They are antinuclear antibodies
They may be against ẞ2-microglobulin X
They may be directed against cardiolipin
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
Process and present the antigens
Activate complement
Lyse virus-infected target cells
Produce antibodies
Which of the following is NOT TRUE for the adaptive immune system?
It produces antibodies to fight disease
It can adapt to specific threats
It has memory of prior infection
It responds immediately to pathogen exposure
The lectin pathway of the complement is activated by?
Mannoses on the bacterial surfaces
Antigen-antibody complexes
Antibodies
Factor F
NK cells are responsible for?
Cells, able to kill virus-infected target cells without previous sensibilisation
Cells, increasing after immunisation
Cytotoxic T cells
Antibody producing cells, that kill target cells by antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Which statement is NOT TRUE about MHC molecules?
MHC class I bind CD8 and MHC class II bind CD4
Both MHC class I and class II are expressed on virtually all nucleated cells
MHC class I molecule is composed of a large alpha chain and a small invariable beta2 microglobulin
The expression of MHC class I proteins is restricted to APCs
Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) and Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) tests are used for:
Assessment of Neutrophil function
Diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
Diagnosis of autoimmune disease
Assess of T cell function
What is the principal difference between cytotoxic (type II) and immune complex (type III) hypersensitivity?
The site where antigen-antibody complexes are formed
The participation of T cells
The class of antibody
The participation of complement
Antiphospholipid antibodies may be detected in:
Reproductive failures
Autoimmune diseases
Antiphospholipid syndrome
None of the above
What causes a positive crossmatch reaction?
Alloantibodies in the recipient against the mismatch donor's HLA antigens
Alloantibodies
Autoantibodies
Anti-HLA antibodies
What is suggested by antinuclear antibodies at high titre?
It is likely that the patient has an autoimmune disease
The classical complement pathway is activated by:
Factor B
Antigen-IgG complex
Antigen-IgM complex
Antigens
Where are idiotype determinants of immunoglobulins localized?
Constant domains of heavy chains
Constant domains of light chains
Hinge region
Hypervariable regions of heavy and light chains
What is the T cell receptor for antigen (TCR)?
Heterodimer in complex with CD3
Of unknown nature
Membrane phospholipid
Surface immunoglobulin
HLA molecule
Which statements about MHC class I proteins are TRUE?
They are involved in the graft-vs-host disease
They are mainly found on B cells, macrophages and activated T cells
They are encoded in the region III of chromosome 6
They are codominantly expressed
They are membrane proteins expressed on virtually all nucleated cells
The thymus is considered to be what type of organ?
A specialised lymph node
A primary lymphoid organ
A secondary lymphoid organ
A reticuloendothelial organ
Which part of the immunoglobulin binds antigen?
Which complement component is found in both the classical and alternative pathways?
C1
C3
Factor B
C2
What is the anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) test used for?
For the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
None of the above are true
For the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection
For the diagnosis of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)
For the diagnosis of systemic vasculitis
Which of the following is TRUE about HLA (MHC) class I antigens?
They are found on all nucleated cells
They present exogenous antigens
They are encoded by gene complex located on chromosome 9
They are recognised by helper T cells
What are the components of the innate immune system?
Failure to express which molecule would have no effect on the immune system's ability to eliminate an extracellular bacterium?
MHC class I
Surface-bound antibody molecules
Complement components
MHC class II
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