Flashcards in this deck (121)

• What is the first step in the vision pathway?

  Retina (nasal or temporal half)
  neuroscience vision
• What follows the retina in the vision pathway?

  Optic nerve (through optic canal)
  neuroscience vision
• What is the third component of the vision pathway?

  Optic chiasm
  neuroscience vision
• After the optic chiasm, what is the next part in the vision pathway?

  Optic tract
  neuroscience vision
• What part of the thalamus is involved in the vision pathway?

  Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
  neuroscience vision
• What comes after the lateral geniculate nucleus in the vision pathway?

  Optic radiation
  neuroscience vision
• Where does the vision pathway end?

  Occipital lobe's visual cortex
  neuroscience vision
• What visual information travels from the retina to the visual cortex?

  Information flows from the retina through the optic nerve, chiasm, tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiation, to the visual cortex.
  neuroscience vision
• What does the optic chiasm do?

  It allows nasal visual information to cross, entering the contralateral optic tract.
  neuroscience vision
• How does information from the temporal side of the visual field travel?

  It enters the ipsilateral optic tract.
  neuroscience vision
• Describe the path of nasal visual information.

  It crosses at the optic chiasm and enters the contralateral optic tract.
  neuroscience vision
• What happens to visual fields during processing?

  They converge at the optic chiasm, allowing for visual integration.
  neuroscience vision
• What visual loss occurs with an optic nerve lesion?

  Visual loss in one eye
  vision anatomy
• What is the result of an optic chiasm lesion?

  Bitemporal hemianopia 3!

  
  vision anatomy
• What vision deficit is associated with lesions in optic radiation or occipital lobe?

  Contralateral homonymous hemianopia 6,7
  vision anatomy
• What is an ipsilateral monocular scotoma?

  Visual field deficit in one eye
  vision anatomy
• What does bitemporal hemianopia indicate?

  Loss of peripheral vision in both eyes
  vision anatomy
• What does bilateral central scotoma indicate?

  Loss of central vision in both eyes
  vision anatomy
• When does the development of the eye begin?

  In the 4th week of development.
  development anatomy
• What forms the retina during eye development?

  It forms from the developing brain.
  development retina
• What extends from the developing diencephalon?

  The optic vesicles.
  anatomy diencephalon
• What does the optic cup form?

  It forms a double layered neural tunic And anterior surface
  anatomy optic_cup
• What does the optic stalk become?

  It becomes the optic nerve.
  anatomy optic_nerve
• What induces the formation of the lens in eye development?

  Overlying ectoderm forms lens pit, inducing lens formation.
  embryology eye
• From what does the sclera and choroid develop?

  They form from mesenchyme surrounding the optic cup.
  embryology eye
• What does the choroid give rise to?

  • Iris
  • Ciliary body
  • Suspensory ligaments
  embryology eye
• What tissues form the eyelids, conjunctiva, and cornea?

  Surrounding mesenchyme and ectoderm.
  embryology eye
• What is the function of the external ear?

  Transfer of sound - Bound internally by tympanic membrane
  anatomy ear senses
• What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

  Pharyngotympanic tube
  anatomy ear senses
• What does the internal ear transfer to the CNS?

  Sound
  anatomy ear senses
• What sensations are produced by fluid movement in the internal ear?

  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium (balance)
  anatomy ear senses
• What is the external ear primarily composed of?

  • Elastic cartilage
  • Temporal bone
  • auricle (pinna)
  • External acoustic meatus: Outside-ear-hole, Contains ceruminous (produce cerumen/earwax) and sebaceous glands
  • Tympanic membrane (ear drum): Oriented like a mini radar or satellite dish to receive sound waves
  anatomy ear
• What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

  Receives sound waves
  anatomy ear
• What does the external acoustic meatus contain?

  • Ceruminous glands (produce earwax)
  • Sebaceous glands
  anatomy ear
• What does the middle ear consist of?

  • Tympanic cavity: Lined with mucous membrane
  • openings: mastoid air cells, pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube/auditory tube)
  • ear bones (malleus, incus, stapes)
  anatomy ear
• What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

  Equalizes pressure in the middle ear
  anatomy ear
• What structure allows the pharyngotympanic tube to open?

  Muscle contraction in the soft palate
  anatomy ear
• What are the openings in the middle ear?

  • Mastoid air cells
  • Pharyngotympanic tube
  anatomy ear
• What is the anatomical role of the tympanic membrane?

  Oriented to receive sound (like radar dish)
  anatomy ear
• What connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity?

  Pharyngotympanic tube
  anatomy ear
• Which structure in the middle ear is responsible for pressure equalization?

  Pharyngotympanic tube
  anatomy ear
• What are the auditory ossicles in the middle ear?

  • Malleus (hammer)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stapes (stirrup)
  anatomy middle_ear
• What is the function of the malleus?

  Moves with the tympanic membrane.
  anatomy physiology
• What is the function of the stapes?

  Connects to the oval window.
  anatomy physiology
• How does the base of the stapes compare to the tympanic membrane?

  Its base is smaller than the tympanic membrane, increasing vibratory force by 10x.
  anatomy physics
• What is the function of the Stapedius muscle?

  Prevents excessive movement of the stapes.
  anatomy middle_ear
• What does the Tensor tympani muscle do?

  Reduces amplitude to prevent damage.
  anatomy middle_ear
• Which cranial nerve provides the Chorda tympani nerve?

  Branch of CN VII.
  anatomy nerves
• Which cranial nerve is part of the Tympanic plexus?

  From CN IX.
  anatomy nerves
• What organ is contained in the inner ear?

  Vestibulocochlear organ
  anatomy ear
• What are the functions of the vestibulocochlear organ?

  • Reception of sound
  • Maintenance of balance
  anatomy function
• What protects the inner ear?

  Petrous part of temporal bone
  anatomy protection
• What fluid fills the bony labyrinth?

  Perilymph
  anatomy fluid
• What comprises the bony labyrinth?

  Surrounding cranial bone (otic capsule)
  anatomy structure
• What fluid fills the membranous labyrinth?

  Endolymph
  anatomy fluid
• What are the components of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear?

  • Cochlea
  • Vestibule
  • Semicircular canal
  anatomy ear inner_ear
• What are the components of the membranous labyrinth in the inner ear?

  • Cochlear labyrinth
  • Vestibular labyrinth
  • Semicircular ducts
  anatomy ear inner_ear
• What is the primary function of the cochlea?

  Hearing
  anatomy hearing
• What fills the cochlea?

  Perilymph
  anatomy cochlea
• What are the three distinct parts of the cochlea?

  • Cochlear duct
  • Scala tympani
  • Scala vestibuli
  anatomy cochlea
• What carries the cochlear nerve within the cochlea?

  Modiolus (bony core) carries branch of CN VIII
  anatomy nerves
• What structure does the cochlea communicate with?

  Round window containing a secondary tympanic membrane
  anatomy cochlea
• What does the cochlear labyrinth contain?

  • Membranous structure
  • Filled with endolymph
  anatomy hearing
• What is the cochlear labyrinth comprised of?

  • Cochlear duct
  anatomy hearing
• Where is the spiral organ located?

  In the cochlear labyrinth
  anatomy hearing
• What is the shape of the cochlear duct?

  Triangular in cross section
  anatomy ear
• What is the apex of the cochlear duct called?

  Helicotrema
  anatomy ear
• What organ sits on the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct?

  Spiral organ (organ of Corti)
  anatomy ear hearing
• What types of cells are contained within the spiral organ?

  • Supporting cells
  • Outer hair cells
  • Inner hair cells
  anatomy ear cells
• Which nerve synapses with the cells in the spiral organ?

  Cochlear nerve
  anatomy ear nervous_system
• What membranes are associated with the cochlear duct?

  • Tectorial membrane
  • Basilar membrane
  anatomy ear membranes
• What structure is involved in the hearing process found in the cochlear duct?

  Spiral organ (organ of Corti)
  anatomy ear hearing
• What are the first steps in sound transmission?

  • Vibrations
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Ossicles
  • Base of stapes at oval window
  biology hearing
• How do vibrations transfer into fluid in the ear?

  Vibrations transfer into hydraulic waves in perilymph of scala vestibuli
  biology hearing
• What leads to hair cells deflection?

  Deformation of cochlear duct causes endolymph to deflect hair cells, activating cochlear nerve fibers (CN VIII)
  biology hearing
• What happens to hydraulic waves after the cochlear duct?

  Hydraulic waves continue through to scala tympani and reach the secondary tympanic membrane in round window
  biology hearing
• What fluid is involved in sound transmission?

  Endolymph
  anatomy audio
• How do high frequency sounds affect the basilar membrane?

  Displace closer to the oval window (shorter distance)
  anatomy audio
• How do low frequency sounds affect the basilar membrane?

  Displace closer to helicotrema (longer distance)
  anatomy audio
• What follows after synapsing on cochlear nerve fibers?

  Spiral ganglion → Sound is interpreted by CNS
  anatomy audio
• What are the steps in the auditory pathway?

  1. Hair cells in spiral organ

  2. Spiral ganglion (primary neurons)

  3. Cochlear nerve

  4. CN VIII

  5. Cochlear nuclei in brain stem (synapse- secondary neurons)

  6. Superior olivary nuclei (auditory acuity and localizing of sound)

  7. Inferior colliculi

  8. Thalamus (tertiary neurons)

  9. Primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe
  anatomy auditory
• Which nerve is responsible for transmitting auditory signals?

  Cochlear nerve (branch of CNVIII)—> to CN VIII
  anatomy nerves
• What is the role of the Cochlear nuclei?

  They act as secondary neurons in the brain stem.
  anatomy auditory brainstem
• What structure helps with auditory acuity and sound localization?

  Superior olivary nuclei
  anatomy auditory brainstem
• Which part of the brain is responsible for processing auditory information after superior olivary nuclei—> inferior colliculi?

  Thalamus (tertiary neurons)
  anatomy auditory thalamus
• Where does the auditory perception occur in the brain?

  Primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
  anatomy auditory cortex
• What type of hearing loss is linked to the external or middle ear?

  Conductive hearing loss
  hearing anatomy
• What are examples of conductive hearing loss?

  • Otitis media
  • Cerumen impaction
  hearing examples
• Which parts of the ear are affected in sensorineural hearing loss?

  Cochlea or CN VIII
  hearing anatomy
• What examples are associated with sensorineural hearing loss?

  • Noise damage
  • Age
  • Drugs
  hearing examples
• What is the location of conductive hearing loss lesions?

  External or middle ear
  hearing anatomy
• What is the location of sensorineural hearing loss lesions?

  Cochlea or CN VIII
  hearing anatomy
• What is the function of the vestibule?

  Balance and equilibrium
  anatomy equilibrium
• What does the vestibule contain?

  • Utricle
  • Saccule
  anatomy vestibule
• What is the structure of the vestibular labyrinth?

  • Utricle
  • Saccule
  anatomy vestibular_labyrinth
• What are maculae?

  Specialized epithelium with hair cells in utricle and saccule
  anatomy maculae
• How many semicircular canals are there?

  There are three semicircular canals.
  anatomy ear
• What is the orientation of the semicircular canals?

  They are oriented at right angles to occupy three planes in space.
  anatomy ear
• What is the bony ampulla?

  It's an expansion at the base of the semicircular canals.
  anatomy ear
• What are semicircular ducts?

  They are portions of the membranous labyrinth within the semicircular canals.
  anatomy ear
• What is contained in the ampulla of the semicircular ducts?

  Hair cells for sensation are contained in the ampulla.
  anatomy ear sensation
• Where do the semicircular ducts open?

  They open into the utricle.
  anatomy ear
• What nerve innervates the vestibular system?

  Vestibular nerve (branch of CN VIII)
  anatomy nervous_system
• How does the vestibular system sense motion?

  By recording movement of endolymph via hair cells
  physiology sensation
• What structures are sensitive to gravity and acceleration?

  Utricle and saccule
  anatomy vestibular
• What is the specialized epithelium containing hair cells in the utricle and saccule?

  Maculae
  anatomy vestibular
• What do hair cells project into?

  Otolithic membrane
  anatomy vestibular
• What are the mineralized structures in the otolithic membrane?

  Otoliths
  anatomy vestibular
• What is the function of the otolithic membrane?

  Helps in sensing gravity and linear acceleration
  physiology vestibular
• What is the role of hair cells in the vestibular system?

  Transduce mechanical changes into neural signals
  physiology neuroscience
• What do the ampullae contain?

  • Crista ampullaris: Contains hair cells, Projects into cupula
  anatomy inner_ear
• What do the ampullae sense?

  • Rotational acceleration
  • Deceleration of the head
  physiology vestibular
• How do ampullae sense rotations?

  Due to movement of endolymph in semicircular ducts
  physiology inner_ear
• What initiates the vestibular sensation pathway?

  • Hair cells in maculae of utricle
  • Hair cells in saccule
  • Hair cells in ampulla
  anatomy vestibular
• What represents the primary neurons in the vestibular pathway?

  • Vestibular ganglion
  anatomy vestibular
• What is the function of the vestibular nerve?

  • Transmits information from vestibular apparatus to brain
  neuroanatomy vestibular
• Which cranial nerve is involved in the vestibular sensation pathway?

  CN VIII
  neuroanatomy cranial_nerves
• Where do the secondary neurons synapse in the vestibular pathway?

  Vestibular nuclei in the medulla
  anatomy vestibular
• What is the role of the vestibulospinal tract?

  • Regulates muscle tone
  • Helps maintain balance
  physiology vestibular
• What does the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) coordinate?

  • Reflexive motor activities
  • Coordinates eye (CN III and CN VI), head, and neck movements
  physiology vestibular
• Which brain structures receive projections from vestibular signals?

  Tertiary neurons

  • Cerebellum
  • Thalamus
  • Cerebral cortex
  anatomy vestibular