Flashcards in this deck (154)

• What are the anatomical planes of the body?

  • Frontal/Coronal
  • Sagittal (mid/media)
  • Transverse
  anatomy planes
• What are the types of body movements?

  • Flexion/Extension
  • Pronation/Supination
  • Opposition/Reposition
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Inversion/Eversion
  • Medial/Lateral Rotation
  • Intorsion/Extorsion
  • Circumduction
  anatomy movements
• What are the cavities of the body?

  • Cranial
  • Dorsal
  • Thoracic
  • Abdominopelvic
  anatomy cavities
• What are the types of ventral cavity membranes?

  • Parietal Serosa: lines internal body cavity walls
  • Visceral Serosa: covers internal organs
  anatomy membranes
• What is the structural organization of the body?

  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ Systems
  • Organism
  anatomy organization
• What are the abdominal regions?

  • Right Upper Quadrant
  • Left Upper Quadrant
  • Right Lower Quadrant
  • Left Lower Quadrant
  anatomy regions
• What are the abdominal quadrants?

  • Right Hypochondriac
  • Epigastric
  • Left Hypochondriac
  • Right Lumbar
  • Umbilical
  • Left Lumbar
  • Right Iliac
  • Hypogastric
  • Left Iliac
  anatomy quadrants
• What are free nerve endings also known as?

  Nociceptors (pain sensors)
  anatomy nervous_system
• What do Merkel discs detect?

  Light touch
  anatomy sensors
• What do Meissner’s corpuscles sense?

  Light touch, movement, low frequency vibration
  anatomy sensors
• What is the function of Ruffini corpuscles?

  Pressure, heat, skin stretching
  anatomy sensors
• What do Pacinian corpuscles detect?

  Deep touch and high frequency vibrations
  anatomy sensors
• What are the two types of hair follicles?

  Vellus (fine hair) and Terminal (thicker/more pigment)
  anatomy hair
• What are the types of exocrine glands?

  Sebaceous, sweat, mammary, ceruminous
  anatomy glands
• What is the stratum corneum?

  The superficial layer of the epidermis
  anatomy skin
• What is the stratum lucidum?

  A clear layer only present in thick skin
  anatomy skin
• What is contained in the stratum granulosum?

  Contains granules
  anatomy skin
• Where do keratinocytes grow and mature?

  In the stratum spinosum
  anatomy skin
• What is the stratum basale?

  The deepest layer of the epidermis where all epidermal cells originate
  anatomy skin
• What does the hypodermis contain?

  Subcutaneous fat (adipose tissue) and many blood vessels
  anatomy skin
• What is the function of epidermal ridges?

  Increase contact area between dermis and epidermis
  anatomy skin
• What are lines of cleavage?

  Larger lines or skin tension lines formed by collagenous fiber bundles
  anatomy skin
• What are the parts of the ear?

  Auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane
  anatomy ear
• What is the palpebral fissure?

  The area between the eyelids
  anatomy eye
• What does the middle ear consist of?

  Tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), auditory tube
  anatomy ear
• What are the semicircular canals responsible for?

  Balance and spatial orientation
  anatomy ear
• What is the function of lacrimal glands?

  Produce tears
  anatomy eye
• What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

  Lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique
  anatomy eye
• What does the fibrous tunic of the eye include?

  Sclera and cornea
  anatomy eye
• What is the neural tunic of the eye?

  Retina (neural and pigment layer)
  anatomy eye
• What is the organ of Corti?

  Structure in the cochlea that contains hair cells
  anatomy ear
• What is the pathway for air flow in the upper respiratory system?

  • Nares/Nostrils
  • Nasal vestibule
  • Nasal cavity
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  respiratory anatomy
• What are the components of the lower respiratory system?

  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  respiratory anatomy
• What type of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage?

  Unpaired, hyaline
  anatomy cartilage
• What type of epithelium is found in the trachea?

  Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  histology epithelium
• What is the function of pleural fluid?

  Reduces friction
  respiratory function
• Which bronchi is steeper and larger?

  Right main bronchi
  respiratory anatomy
• How many lobes does the right lung have?

  3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
  respiratory anatomy
• What is the function of alveoli?

  Gas exchange
  respiratory function
• What are the layers of the heart?

  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
  cardiology anatomy
• What separates the atria in the heart?

  Interatrial groove
  cardiology anatomy
• What is the function of the SA node?

  Pacemaker of the heart
  cardiology function
• What do papillary muscles do?

  Support the AV valves
  cardiology anatomy
• What is the coronary sinus?

  Drains blood from the heart muscle
  cardiology anatomy
• What type of muscle tissue is found in the myocardium?

  Cardiac muscle
  cardiology tissue
• What is the purpose of cordae tendineae?

  Connects papillary muscles to AV valves
  cardiology anatomy
• What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

  • Anterior interventricular branch
  • Circumflex branch
  • Left marginal branch
  cardiology anatomy
• What is the function of nodal cells?

  Conduct electrical signals in the heart
  cardiology function
• What is the function of the coronary sinus?

  Drains blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium
  anatomy cardiology
• What are the AV values?

  Ring of connective tissue, cusps
  anatomy heart
• What are cordae tendineae?

  Tendinous cords that connect papillary muscles to heart valves
  anatomy heart
• What are nodal cells?

  Cells in the heart that regulate heartbeat: SA node, AV node
  anatomy cardiology
• What is Bachmann's bundle?

  A pathway for electrical conduction between the atria
  anatomy heart
• What do Purkinje fibers do?

  Conduct electrical impulses to the ventricles
  anatomy cardiology
• What percentage of blood is plasma?

  55%
  physiology blood
• What are the primary structures of the lymphatic system?

  Thymus, red bone marrow, pharyngeal tonsil
  anatomy lymphatic
• What types of lymphocytes are present in the lymphatic system?

  B cells, T cells, NK cells
  anatomy lymphatic
• What is the function of lymph nodes?

  Filter lymph and house immune cells
  anatomy lymphatic
• What do erythrocytes do?

  Transport oxygen using hemoglobin
  anatomy blood
• What is the role of platelets?

  Involved in blood clotting
  physiology blood
• What are the three layers of blood vessels?

  Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
  anatomy blood_vessels
• What is the function of vasa vasorum?

  Supply blood to the walls of larger blood vessels
  anatomy blood_vessels
• What is the function of the thoracic duct?

  Drains lymph from the lower body and left side of the upper body
  anatomy lymphatic
• What is the function of the spleen?

  Filters blood and recycles iron from erythrocytes
  anatomy lymphatic
• What is the composition of blood?

  45% formed elements, 55% plasma
  physiology blood
• What are granulocytes?

  Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  anatomy blood
• What is the function of monocytes?

  Large phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens
  anatomy blood
• What is the role of albumin in blood?

  Maintains osmotic pressure and transports substances
  physiology blood
• What are thymic lobes?

  Left and right lobes of the thymus gland
  anatomy lymphatic
• What is the function of the internal carotid artery?

  Supplies blood to the brain
  anatomy blood_vessels
• What do neutrophils do?

  Engulf and digest pathogens
  anatomy blood
• What is the function of the facial artery?

  Supplies blood to the face
  anatomy blood_vessels
• What are the pleated folds in the endothelial lining?

  They are present in elastic arteries but absent in other types of arteries.
  anatomy vascular
• What do the one-way valves in veins prevent?

  They prevent backflow of blood.
  anatomy vascular
• What are pooling vessels?

  They act as blood reservoirs.
  anatomy vascular
• What is the difference between elastic and muscular arteries?

  Elastic arteries have elastic membranes, while muscular arteries have a thicker media.
  anatomy vascular
• What is the thickest layer in veins?

  The tunica adventitia is the thickest layer in veins.
  anatomy vascular
• What type of arteries control blood flow?

  Arterioles control blood flow.
  anatomy vascular
• What are the three types of capillaries?

  Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoids.
  anatomy vascular
• What is the function of the ductus venosus?

  It bypasses the liver in fetal circulation.
  anatomy fetal_circulation
• What does the foramen ovale do?

  It bypasses the lungs in fetal circulation.
  anatomy fetal_circulation
• What is the ductus arteriosus?

  It connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs.
  anatomy fetal_circulation
• What are the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes?

  They are anatomical planes used to describe body orientation.
  anatomy planes
• What is circumduction?

  It is a circular movement of a body part.
  anatomy movement
• What does pronation refer to?

  It refers to the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces downwards.
  anatomy movement
• What is adduction?

  It is the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
  anatomy movement
• What is the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral?

  Ipsilateral means same side of the body; contralateral means opposite side.
  anatomy terms
• What are the types of connective tissue mentioned?

  Loose, dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissues.
  anatomy connective_tissue
• What is the structure of compact bone?

  It consists of osteons, central canals, and lamellae.
  anatomy bone
• What are striations in muscle fibers?

  They are the alternating light and dark bands seen in skeletal muscle.
  anatomy muscle
• What are the types of muscle cells?

  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Cardiac muscle cells
  anatomy muscle
• What are the features of cardiac muscle cells?

  • Nuclei
  • Intercalated discs
  • Striations
  anatomy muscle
• What are the layers of the skin?

  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  anatomy skin
• What are the types of epithelial tissue?

  • Simple squamous
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Simple columnar with microvilli
  • Stratified squamous
  • Transitional
  • Pseudostratified columnar with cilia and microvilli
  anatomy epithelium
• What structures are associated with hair follicles?

  • Sebaceous gland
  • Connective tissue sheath
  • Root hair plexus
  anatomy hair
• What are the parts of the outer ear?

  • Helix
  • Antihelix
  • Concha
  • Lobule of auricle
  anatomy ear
• What are the components of the middle ear?

  • Tympanic cavity
  • Auditory ossicles
  • Tympanic membrane
  anatomy ear
• What are the ossicles in the middle ear?

  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
  anatomy ear
• What structures are found in the inner ear?

  • Cochlea
  • Semicircular canals
  • Vestibular apparatus
  anatomy ear
• What is the function of hair cells in the ear?

  • Transduce sound vibrations
  • Detect motion
  anatomy ear
• What are the chambers of the cochlea?

  • Vestibular duct
  • Cochlear duct
  • Tympanic duct
  anatomy ear
• What structures are found in the organ of Corti?

  • Inner hair cell
  • Outer hair cells
  • Tectorial membrane
  anatomy ear
• What are the parts of a hair cell?

  • Stereocilia
  • Kinocilium
  • Supporting cells
  anatomy hair_cell
• What is the organ of hearing in the cochlea?

  Organ of Corti
  anatomy hearing
• What fills the anterior chamber of the eye?

  Aqueous humor
  anatomy eye
• Which muscle moves the eye upward?

  Superior rectus
  anatomy eye muscles
• What is the function of the iris?

  Controls the size of the pupil
  anatomy eye iris
• What is the sclera?

  The white outer coat of the eyeball
  anatomy eye
• What is the function of the choroid?

  Provides nourishment to the outer layers of the retina
  anatomy eye
• What is the structure that connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear?

  Eustachian tube
  anatomy ear nasopharynx
• Where is the vocal fold located?

  In the larynx
  anatomy larynx voice
• What is the function of the epiglottis?

  Prevents food from entering the trachea
  anatomy digestive respiratory
• What are the parts of the respiratory system?

  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  anatomy respiratory
• What is the function of the nasal conchae?

  Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
  anatomy respiratory
• What are the sinuses in the skull?

  • Frontal sinus
  • Maxillary sinus
  • Ethmoid sinus
  • Sphenoid sinus
  anatomy sinuses
• What is the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?

  Drains tears into the nasal cavity
  anatomy eye
• What is the primary function of the trachea?

  Conducts air to the lungs
  anatomy respiratory
• What are the lobes of the right lung?

  • Superior lobe
  • Middle lobe
  • Inferior lobe
  anatomy lungs
• What is the function of the ciliary body?

  Controls lens shape for focusing
  anatomy eye
• What is the function of the lacrimal gland?

  Produces tears
  anatomy eye
• What is the function of the retina?

  Converts light into neural signals
  anatomy vision
• What is the main artery supplying the head and neck?

  Common carotid artery
  anatomy circulatory
• What is the function of the bronchioles?

  Conduct air to the alveoli
  anatomy respiratory
• What are the parts of the larynx?

  • Epiglottis
  • Vocal folds
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage
  anatomy larynx
• What are the two types of vena cava?

  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  anatomy veins
• What is the main artery that carries blood away from the heart?

  Aorta
  anatomy arteries
• What is the function of the pulmonary trunk?

  Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
  anatomy circulatory
• What are the formed elements of blood?

  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • Basophils
  • Lymphocytes
  biology blood
• What is the composition of plasma?

  • Water (92%)
  • Proteins (Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen)
  • Nutrients
  • Electrolytes
  biology plasma
• What are the major plasma electrolytes?

  • Na+
  • K+
  • Ca++
  • Mg
  • Cl-
  • HCO3-
  • HPO4
  • SO4-
  biology electrolytes
• What is the function of albumins in plasma?

  Contribute to osmotic pressure and transport lipids
  biology plasma
• What is the average diameter of large veins like the vena cavae?

  About 2 cm
  anatomy veins
• What is the average wall thickness of large veins?

  About 2 mm
  anatomy veins
• What distinguishes medium-sized veins from large veins?

  Thinner media with fewer smooth muscle cells
  anatomy veins
• What are venules?

  Smallest veins that collect blood from capillaries
  anatomy veins
• What are fenestrated capillaries?

  Capillaries with pores in their walls for increased permeability
  anatomy capillaries
• What is the internal elastic membrane?

  A network of elastic fibers between the intima and media of blood vessels
  anatomy blood_vessels
• What is the function of the moderator band?

  Conducts electrical impulses in the heart's right ventricle
  anatomy heart
• What are trabeculae carneae?

  Muscular ridges in the ventricles of the heart
  anatomy heart
• What is the average luminal diameter of elastic arteries?

  1.5 cm
  anatomy vascular
• What is the wall thickness of elastic arteries?

  1 mm
  anatomy vascular
• What do muscular arteries have more of compared to elastic arteries?

  A greater percentage of smooth muscle cells
  anatomy vascular
• What is the average luminal diameter of muscular arteries?

  4 mm
  anatomy vascular
• What is the average luminal diameter of arterioles?

  30 µm
  anatomy vascular
• What is the wall thickness of arterioles?

  6 µm
  anatomy vascular
• What do continuous capillaries have that surrounds their lumen?

  An endothelium that completely surrounds the lumen
  anatomy vascular
• What connects the endothelial cells in continuous capillaries?

  Tight junctions and desmosomes
  anatomy vascular
• What supplies the muscles and skin of the chest and abdomen?

  Lateral thoracic artery
  anatomy vascular
• What artery supplies the spinal cord and cervical vertebrae on the right side?

  Vertebral artery
  anatomy vascular
• What forms the basilar artery after entering the cranium?

  Vertebral arteries fuse with left vertebral
  anatomy vascular
• What is the function of the Circle of Willis?

  It provides collateral circulation to the brain
  anatomy vascular
• What are the branches of the Circle of Willis?

  Anterior communicating, anterior cerebral, internal carotid, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral
  anatomy vascular
• What vein is a major superficial vein in the leg?

  Great saphenous vein
  anatomy vascular
• What is the function of collateral arteries?

  To provide more blood supply when needed
  anatomy vascular