Flashcards in this deck (99)

• What is osteoarthritis?

  A common orthopedic condition diagnosed based on clinical presentation.
  orthopedics osteoarthritis
• What are common symptoms of osteoarthritis?

  Joint pain with use, relieved by rest, limited range of motion, swelling, deformity.
  symptoms osteoarthritis
• What are Heberden and Bouchard nodes?

  Bouchard nodes are in the middle joint of fingers; Heberden nodes are at the distal joint.
  orthopedics nodes
• What joints are typically affected by osteoarthritis?

  Knees, hips, interphalangeal joints, first CMC joints, first MTP joints, cervical and lumbar spine.
  joints osteoarthritis
• What age is a risk factor for osteoarthritis?

  45 years or older.
  age osteoarthritis
• What is a key sign of osteoarthritis upon waking?

  Stiffness that lasts no more than 30 minutes.
  signs osteoarthritis
• When are X-rays indicated for osteoarthritis?

  For uncertain diagnoses, younger patients, systemic symptoms, or atypical symptoms.
  diagnosis osteoarthritis
• What findings might X-rays show in osteoarthritis?

  Osteophytes and joint space narrowing.
  x-rays osteoarthritis
• What is the first-line treatment for osteoarthritis?

  Non-pharmacological treatments like exercise, weight loss, knee braces, and walking aids.
  treatment osteoarthritis
• What is a useful splinting technique for osteoarthritis?

  Splinting of the thumb.
  treatment osteoarthritis
• What is the treatment for osteoarthritis when symptoms are not improving?

  Topical and oral NSAIDs, capsaicin.
  osteoarthritis treatment
• When are topical NSAIDs or capsaicin used for osteoarthritis?

  When one or minimal joints are affected, especially hands or knees.
  osteoarthritis treatment
• What is the role of oral NSAIDs in osteoarthritis?

  Used when topical treatments are ineffective or multiple joints are affected.
  osteoarthritis treatment
• What is the third line treatment if NSAIDs are contraindicated in osteoarthritis?

  Duloxetine (Cymbalta).
  osteoarthritis treatment
• What characterizes rheumatoid arthritis?

  Inflammatory, autoimmune, bilateral, polyarthritis.
  rheumatoid_arthritis characteristics
• What is a key symptom of rheumatoid arthritis in the morning?

  Pain lasts longer than 30 minutes.
  rheumatoid_arthritis symptoms
• What duration of symptoms may indicate viral polyarthritis?

  Symptoms lasting six weeks or less.
  rheumatoid_arthritis diagnosis
• What are the diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis?

  Polyarthritis (three or more joints), positive rheumatoid factor, elevated CRP or ESR.
  rheumatoid_arthritis diagnosis
• What is the primary care role in rheumatoid arthritis?

  Identify and refer to rheumatology for DMARD treatment.
  rheumatoid_arthritis treatment
• What is gout characterized by?

  Painful, warm, red, swollen joint, often the first MTP joint (podagra).
  gout characteristics
• What causes gout?

  Urate crystal depositions.
  gout causes
• What is hyperuricemia in relation to gout?

  All patients will experience it at some stage of the disease.
  gout symptoms
• What are tophi in gout?

  Chronic changes, yellow in appearance, generally not painful.
  gout symptoms
• Where can tophi commonly appear?

  On the ear.
  gout symptoms
• What typically precipitates a gout flare?

  Change in patient's urate concentration.
  gout triggers
• What joint is typically involved in gout?

  First MTP joint or podagra
  gout joints
• What can precipitate a gout flare-up?

  Trauma, anorexia, malnutrition, fatty foods, alcohol, diuretics, aspirin
  gout triggers
• What is the clinical diagnosis point threshold for gout?

  8 or higher indicates high likelihood
  gout diagnosis
• What are some risk factors for gout?

  Onset within 24 hours, joint redness, history of hypertension, previous flare, male, first MTP joint, serum urate > 5.88
  gout risk_factors
• What treatments are available for gout?

  Systemic glucocorticoids, injection glucocorticoids, NSAIDs, colchicine
  gout treatment
• What is a common side effect of colchicine?

  Diarrhea
  gout side_effects
• What are the grades of ankle sprains?

  Grade 1: mild, Grade 2: moderate, Grade 3: severe
  ankle_injuries sprains
• What characterizes a Grade 1 ankle sprain?

  Some swelling, tenderness, no joint instability
  ankle_injuries grade_1
• What characterizes a Grade 2 ankle sprain?

  Moderate swelling, tenderness, joint instability, loss of function
  ankle_injuries grade_2
• What characterizes a Grade 3 ankle sprain?

  Complete ligament tear, severe swelling, instability, unable to bear weight
  ankle_injuries grade_3
• What is the most common cause of ankle sprains?

  Inversion injury
  ankle_injuries causes
• What should be palpated in an ankle injury assessment?

  Distal and proximal to the injury
  ankle_injuries assessment
• What indicates a possible fracture in an ankle injury?

  Tenderness to the malleolar area or inability to bear weight
  ankle_injuries diagnosis
• What imaging might be needed for ankle injuries?

  X-ray of the ankle
  ankle_injuries imaging
• What should be done immediately after an injury to check for fractures?

  Get an x-ray of the ankle.
  injury fracture x-ray
• What are red flags for midfoot injuries?

  Pain at the top midfoot, tenderness at fifth metatarsal or navicular.
  injury midfoot red_flags
• What indicates the need for imaging after an injury?

  Inability to bear weight immediately after injury.
  injury imaging weight_bearing
• What does RICE stand for in treatment?

  Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.
  treatment rice
• What is the role of NSAIDs in injury treatment?

  Used as needed for pain relief.
  treatment nsaids
• Do grade one sprains require mobilization?

  No, they do not require mobilization.
  sprain grade_one
• What support is needed for grade two sprains?

  Some support like an air cast or splint.
  sprain grade_two support
• What new method may help prevent lateral ankle sprains?

  Padding on the lateral aspect of the shoe.
  prevention ankle_sprain
• How is chronic wrist pain defined?

  Pain lasting more than three months.
  wrist_pain chronic
• What common injury results from a FOOSH incident?

  Scaphoid fracture.
  wrist_injury foosh scaphoid
• What is evaluated for a possible scaphoid fracture?

  Snuff box tenderness.
  diagnosis scaphoid tenderness
• What test is useful for diagnosing de Quervain's tendinopathy?

  Finkelstein test.
  diagnosis tendinopathy finkelstein
• What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

  Compression of the median nerve.
  wrist_pain carpal_tunnel
• What tests support a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome?

  Tinel sign and Phalen sign.
  diagnosis carpal_tunnel tests
• How can Tinel and Phalen tests be remembered?

  Tinel for tapping, Phalen for praying.
  memory tests carpal_tunnel
• What condition is related to carpal tunnel?

  Carpal tunnel syndrome
  health carpal_tunnel
• What are the two main tests for carpal tunnel?

  Tinel's test and Phalen's test
  health tests
• What is a common treatment for carpal tunnel?

  Splinting
  health treatment
• What injections can be used for carpal tunnel?

  Glucocorticoid injections
  health treatment
• What is the last resort treatment for carpal tunnel?

  Surgery
  health treatment
• What imaging is needed for wrist pain diagnosis?

  AP and lateral views
  health imaging
• What view is needed if snuff box tenderness is present?

  Scaphoid view
  health imaging
• When should you repeat a negative scaphoid x-ray?

  In 5 to 7 days
  health imaging
• What is tendinitis?

  Inflammation of the tendon
  health tendinitis
• What causes tendinitis?

  Overuse injuries or repetitive movements
  health causes
• What is medial epicondylitis also known as?

  Golfer's elbow
  health epicondylitis
• What is lateral epicondylitis also known as?

  Tennis elbow
  health epicondylitis
• What is a common treatment for epicondylitis?

  Activity modification
  health treatment
• What should be assessed for knee pain?

  Acute or chronic issue and knee effusion
  health knee_pain
• What are two common injuries related to knee pain?

  ACL tear and meniscus tear
  health injuries
• What are the two common knee injuries mentioned?

  ACL tear and meniscus tear
  knee injuries
• What often causes an ACL tear?

  Sudden change in direction
  acl causes
• What sound might a patient hear during an ACL tear?

  A pop sound
  acl symptoms
• What is a common immediate symptom of an ACL tear?

  Swelling at the affected knee
  acl symptoms
• What tests indicate an ACL tear?

  Positive Lachman test, anterior drawer test, pivot shift test
  acl tests
• What is the key test for diagnosing a meniscus tear?

  McMurray test
  meniscus tests
• What often causes a meniscus tear?

  Sudden twisting
  meniscus causes
• What sensation might a patient feel with a meniscus tear?

  Tearing sensation
  meniscus symptoms
• What are common symptoms of a meniscus tear?

  Pain, swelling, joint tenderness
  meniscus symptoms
• What treatment is recommended for knee injuries?

  RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
  treatment knee
• What characterizes acute lower back pain?

  Lasting four weeks or less
  back_pain acute
• What characterizes chronic lower back pain?

  Lasting longer than 12 weeks
  back_pain chronic
• What percentage of lower back pain is non-specific?

  More than 85 percent
  back_pain statistics
• What are some treatments for lower back pain?

  Heat, massage, acupuncture, exercise, physical therapy, NSAIDs
  treatment back_pain
• What is a method to inspect for scoliosis?

  Patient bends over to touch toes
  scoliosis inspection
• What defines adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

  Onset at 10 years or older with >10 degree curvature
  scoliosis diagnosis
• What are the two terms related to spinal curvature?

  Lordosis and kyphosis
  spine terms
• What is lordosis associated with?

  Lower back
  anatomy spine
• What is kyphosis associated with?

  Curvature of the upper back
  anatomy spine
• When is imaging warranted for back pain?

  If there are red flags
  diagnosis imaging
• What is a red flag for imaging?

  Pain from trauma or accident
  diagnosis imaging
• What is cauda equina syndrome?

  Emergency requiring immediate MRI
  emergency neurology
• What are symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?

  Saddle anesthesia, incontinence, motor deficits
  symptoms neurology
• What is lumbar radiculopathy commonly associated with?

  L5-S1 nerve root
  neurology spine
• What test can indicate lumbar radiculopathy?

  Straight leg raise test
  diagnosis tests
• What indicates a positive straight leg raise test?

  Pain between 10 and 60 degrees
  diagnosis tests
• What is included in the first dump sheet?

  Orthopedic conditions
  study resources
• What types of arthritis are mentioned?

  Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis
  conditions arthritis
• Where can you find the dump sheets?

  In the Facebook group called 'the new NP'
  resources community
• What is requested in exchange for the dump sheets?

  Subscription to the channel
  community resources