Flashcards in this deck (84)

• What is the most abundant element in the human body?

  Oxygen (65% of total body mass)
  biology anatomy
• What is the percentage of hydrogen in the total body mass?

  23%
  biology anatomy
• What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

  Calcium
  biology anatomy
• What are the essential chemical elements in the body?

  • Hydrogen (63%)
  • Oxygen (26%)
  • Carbon (9%)
  • Nitrogen (1%)
  biology chemistry
• What is the atomic composition of hydrogen?

  1 proton and 1 electron
  chemistry atoms
• What is the atomic composition of helium?

  2 protons, 2 electrons, and 2 neutrons
  chemistry atoms
• What are the two models of atomic structure?

  Electron cloud model and electron shell model
  chemistry atoms
• What is the maximum number of electrons each orbital can hold?

  2 electrons
  chemistry atoms
• What is ionization?

  Ions formed with the loss or gain of electrons
  chemistry terms
• What is a compound?

  A substance containing atoms of 2 or more different elements, like H2O
  chemistry terms
• What is a molecule?

  When 2 or more atoms share electrons resulting in a combination
  chemistry terms
• What is a free radical?

  A single unpaired electron in an orbital of its outer shell
  chemistry terms
• What does electronegativity measure?

  An atom's ability to attract electrons in a covalent bond
  chemistry terms
• Which element is the most electronegative on the periodic table?

  Fluorine (F)
  chemistry elements
• What are divalent cations mentioned?

  Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca)
  chemistry ions
• In physiology, what do we refer to hydrogen ions as?

  Protons
  biology physiology
• What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?

  • Hydrogen
  • Ionic
  • van der Waals
  • Covalent
  chemistry bonds
• What is the strength of hydrogen bonds?

  Weak
  chemistry bonds
• What is the characteristic of ionic bonds?

  Electrical attraction between oppositely charged ionized groups
  chemistry ionic bonds
• What type of bond is characterized by shared electrons?

  Covalent bond
  chemistry covalent bonds
• What is the difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds?

  • Nonpolar: Electrons shared equally
  • Polar: Electrons unequally shared, creating slight charges
  chemistry covalent bonds
• What is the solubility of water in the human body?

  Water accounts for 50 to 60% of total body weight
  biology solubility
• What is an electrolyte?

  An ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution
  chemistry electrolytes
• Which bond is characterized by very weak attraction?

  Ionic

  van der Waals

  Covalent

  Hydrogen
  chemistry bonds
• What is the rotation property of C=C bonds?

  Restricted

  Free

  None

  Very free
  chemistry bonds
• In covalent bonds, nonpolar bonds share electrons equally, while polar bonds have electrons that reside closer to one atom.
  chemistry covalent bonds
• The C-C bond allows for relatively free rotation, whereas the C=C bond has restricted rotation due to the pie bond.
  chemistry bonds
• What is the definition of one mol of a compound?

  One mol of a compound is the amount in grams equal to its molecular weight.
  chemistry moles
• How is a 1 mmol/L solution represented?

  A 1 mmol/L solution is written as 1 mM.
  chemistry concentration
• What is the concentration of solutes in the human body?

  The concentration of solutes in the human body is referred to as 300 mM.
  biology human_body
• What are acids?

  Molecules that release protons (hydrogen ions) in solution are called acids.
  chemistry acids
• What are bases?

  Any substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (proton) is termed a base.
  chemistry bases
• What is the physiological pH range of the body?

  The physiological pH of the body is between 7.2 and 7.4.
  biology ph
• What happens if the body's pH is outside the range of 7.2 to 7.4?

  If you are below or above this range, you are dead!
  biology ph
• What percentage of body weight do carbohydrates account for?

  Carbohydrates account for 1% of body weight.
  biology body_composition
• What percentage of body weight do lipids account for?

  Lipids account for 15% of body weight.
  biology body_composition
• What percentage of body weight do proteins account for?

  Proteins account for 17% of body weight.
  biology body_composition
• What percentage of body weight do nucleic acids account for?

  Nucleic acids account for 2% of body weight.
  biology body_composition
• What percentage of body weight is H2O?

  H2O accounts for 60% of body weight.
  biology body_composition
• What type of sugars are deoxyribose and ribose?

  Deoxyribose and ribose are 5 carbon sugars (pentoses).
  biology carbohydrates
• What are examples of 6 carbon sugars (hexoses)?

  Examples include glucose, galactose, and fructose.
  biology carbohydrates
• What is the physiological pH range of the human body?

  7.2 to 7.4

  7.0 to 7.2

  6.5 to 7.0

  7.4 to 8.0
  biology ph
• What is the concentration of solutes in the human body?

  300 mM

  350 mM

  200 mM

  250 mM
  biology human_body
• The percentage of body weight for various categories includes: - Carbohydrates: 1% - Lipids: 15% - Proteins: 17% - Nucleic acids: 2% - H2O: 60% - Other: 5% (minerals)
  biology body_composition
• Women have 10% more body fat than men.
  biology gender_differences
• Monosaccharides include: - 5 carbon sugars (pentoses): Deoxyribose and ribose - 6 carbon sugars (hexoses): Glucose, galactose, and fructose.
  biology carbohydrates
• A 1 mmol/L solution is written as 1 mM.
  chemistry concentration
• What are the two monosaccharides that make up lactose?

  Galactose + Glucose
  carbohydrates disaccharides
• What is the disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules?

  Maltose
  carbohydrates disaccharides
• What are the main types of polysaccharides?

  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
  carbohydrates polysaccharides
• What is glycogen primarily used for in the body?

  Form of glucose 'animal starch'
  carbohydrates glycogen
• What are the main types of lipids in the body?

  • Fatty acids
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
  lipids biochemistry
• What do triglycerides and phospholipids provide in the body?

  Protection, insulation, and energy storage
  lipids function
• What is the caloric value of 1g of lipids?

  9 kcal
  nutrition calories
• What is the caloric value of 1g of carbohydrates?

  4 cal
  nutrition calories
• What is the caloric value of 1g of protein?

  4 cal
  nutrition calories
• What are the four protein conformations?

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
  proteins structure
• What can misfolded proteins lead to?

  Diseases such as sickle cell (tissue death)
  proteins diseases
• What are the structural components of hemoglobin?

  4 subunits - 2 alpha helices and 2 beta pleated sheets
  proteins hemoglobin
• What are the key structural features of proteins?

  Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
  proteins structure
• What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

  Nucleotides
  nucleic_acids biochemistry
• What percentage of body weight do nucleotides make up?

  2%
  biology nucleotides
• What are nucleic acids made of?

  Polymers made up of nucleotides
  biology nucleic_acids
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Double Helix
  biology dna
• How many genes does the human genome have?

  20,000 genes
  biology genome
• How many base pairs are in the human genome?

  3 billion base pairs
  biology genome
• How many copies of DNA are in every nucleus?

  2 copies
  biology nucleus
• What is the total number of base pairs in the human nucleus?

  6 billion base pairs
  biology nucleus
• The two types of nucleotide bases are purines and pyrimidines.
  biology nucleotides
• What sugar is found in DNA?

  Deoxyribose
  biology dna
• What sugar is found in RNA?

  Ribose
  biology rna
• Which base is a purine?

  Uracil

  Adenine

  Thymine

  Cytosine
  biology nucleotide_bases
• Which base is a pyrimidine?

  Cytosine

  Thymine

  Guanine

  Adenine
  biology nucleotide_bases
• How many chains does DNA have?

  Two
  biology dna
• How many chains does RNA have?

  One
  biology rna
• What is the function of nucleotides in the body?

  Storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information
  biology nucleotides
• What is the main difference between DNA and RNA in terms of chains?

  DNA has two chains, RNA has one chain
  biology dna rna
• What are the two copies of DNA in the nucleus responsible for?

  Total of 6 billion base pairs
  biology nucleus dna
• What is the role of nucleic acids?

  Storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information
  biology nucleic_acids
• What are the two types of nucleotide sugars?

  Deoxyribose and Ribose
  biology nucleotide_sugars
• What are the components of nucleic acids?

  Nucleotides
  biology nucleic_acids
• What are the nucleotide bases in DNA?

  Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
  biology nucleotide_bases
• What are the nucleotide bases in RNA?

  Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
  biology nucleotide_bases
• What is the comparison between DNA and RNA?

  See the table
  biology dna rna