What does experience with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) include?
perpetrating crime
receiving traffic ticket
only being a victim
only performing jury duty
only receiving a traffic ticket
performing jury duty
being victimized by crime
What does experience with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) include?
perpetrating crime
receiving traffic ticket
only being a victim
only performing jury duty
only receiving a traffic ticket
performing jury duty
being victimized by crime
What happened in the Robert Dzienski case related to the police?
He was arrested for drug possession.
He was shot by police for resisting arrest.
He was released without charges.
He was tazed to death by RCMP at the airport for violent behavior.
What happened in the Robert Dzienski case related to the police?
He was arrested for drug possession.
He was shot by police for resisting arrest.
He was released without charges.
He was tazed to death by RCMP at the airport for violent behavior.
What was the outcome of the case involving the father who let his daughters freeze to death?
He was acquitted of all charges.
He received a life sentence.
He was sentenced to community service.
He was sentenced to 3 years in prison.
What was the outcome of the case involving the father who let his daughters freeze to death?
He was acquitted of all charges.
He received a life sentence.
He was sentenced to community service.
He was sentenced to 3 years in prison.
What happened in the Ashley Smith case related to the correctional system?
She escaped from prison.
She committed suicide in prison due to guard negligence.
She was released early for good behavior.
She was transferred to a different facility.
What happened in the Ashley Smith case related to the correctional system?
She escaped from prison.
She committed suicide in prison due to guard negligence.
She was released early for good behavior.
She was transferred to a different facility.
What are the three major agencies of the CJS?
the government
the correctional system
the community
the courts
the military
the police
What are the three major agencies of the CJS?
the government
the correctional system
the community
the courts
the military
the police
What are the three types of definitions for crime?
economic
social
legal
psychological
historical
constructionist
What are the three types of definitions for crime?
economic
social
legal
psychological
historical
constructionist
What is the legal definition of crime?
A crime occurs when a law is broken or a person is deemed guilty and punished.
A crime is a moral failing.
A crime is defined by public opinion.
A crime is only when someone is caught.
What is the legal definition of crime?
A crime occurs when a law is broken or a person is deemed guilty and punished.
A crime is a moral failing.
A crime is defined by public opinion.
A crime is only when someone is caught.
What are the problems with the legal definition of crime?
Many crimes are not prosecuted even when identified.
It is too vague.
It only applies to violent crimes.
It doesn't consider societal norms.
Not every perpetrator is caught and punished.
There is no analysis for formal vs. informal crime handling.
What are the problems with the legal definition of crime?
Many crimes are not prosecuted even when identified.
It is too vague.
It only applies to violent crimes.
It doesn't consider societal norms.
Not every perpetrator is caught and punished.
There is no analysis for formal vs. informal crime handling.
What is the social definition of crime?
Crime is an act against the government.
Crime is only defined by law.
Crime is a personal moral failing.
Crime is a violation of social norms.
What is the social definition of crime?
Crime is an act against the government.
Crime is only defined by law.
Crime is a personal moral failing.
Crime is a violation of social norms.
What are the problems with the social definition of crime?
It ignores legal definitions.
Norms vary across time and place.
It applies only to certain groups.
It is too strict.
The existence of norms is debated.
What are the problems with the social definition of crime?
It ignores legal definitions.
Norms vary across time and place.
It applies only to certain groups.
It is too strict.
The existence of norms is debated.
What is the constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is the result of social interaction.
Crime is determined by genetics.
Crime is a result of economic status.
Crime is solely a legal issue.
What is the constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is the result of social interaction.
Crime is determined by genetics.
Crime is a result of economic status.
Crime is solely a legal issue.
What does 'negotiated process' in the constructionist definition of crime mean?
It means all crimes are negotiated in court.
It indicates that police never make mistakes.
It refers to plea bargains only.
Criminal behavior is not always self-evident and influenced by bias.
What does 'negotiated process' in the constructionist definition of crime mean?
It means all crimes are negotiated in court.
It indicates that police never make mistakes.
It refers to plea bargains only.
Criminal behavior is not always self-evident and influenced by bias.
What are the correlates of crime?
age
geographic location
education level
sex
race & ethnicity
employment status
class/socioeconomic status
What are the correlates of crime?
age
geographic location
education level
sex
race & ethnicity
employment status
class/socioeconomic status
What are the three main objectives of the CJS?
to prevent crime
to punish all offenders
to control crime
to maintain justice
to rehabilitate all criminals
to enforce laws strictly
What are the three main objectives of the CJS?
to prevent crime
to punish all offenders
to control crime
to maintain justice
to rehabilitate all criminals
to enforce laws strictly
True or False: Effective controls over crime result in prevention of crime.
true
false
True or False: Effective controls over crime result in prevention of crime.
true
false
True or False: Justice often refers to fairness (sameness).
true
false
True or False: Justice often refers to fairness (sameness).
true
false
What are the three characteristics of the Canadian justice model?
similar cases treated similarly
punishment should be harsh
only serious crimes should be punished
all crimes should have the same punishment
punishment should fit crime
guilt, innocence, and sentencing administered fairly
What are the three characteristics of the Canadian justice model?
similar cases treated similarly
punishment should be harsh
only serious crimes should be punished
all crimes should have the same punishment
punishment should fit crime
guilt, innocence, and sentencing administered fairly
True or False: Many Canadians adhere to the justice model of criminal justice.
false
true
True or False: Many Canadians adhere to the justice model of criminal justice.
false
true
Why is the debate about crime definitions significant?
It is only relevant to law enforcement.
It only affects academics.
It influences counting crime, explaining engagement, and designing justice policies.
It has no real impact on society.
Why is the debate about crime definitions significant?
It is only relevant to law enforcement.
It only affects academics.
It influences counting crime, explaining engagement, and designing justice policies.
It has no real impact on society.
Why do some believe we need to expand the definition of justice?
Everyone is treated the same in all cases.
CJS treats everyone equally, but circumstances differ.
Justice is already perfect as it is.
Expanding definitions complicates the system.
Why do some believe we need to expand the definition of justice?
Everyone is treated the same in all cases.
CJS treats everyone equally, but circumstances differ.
Justice is already perfect as it is.
Expanding definitions complicates the system.
What happened in the Moses Mahilal case?
He stabbed an intruder in his home; debate about self-defense or assault.
He was charged for theft.
He was acquitted of all charges.
He was attacked in his home.
What happened in the Moses Mahilal case?
He stabbed an intruder in his home; debate about self-defense or assault.
He was charged for theft.
He was acquitted of all charges.
He was attacked in his home.
What are the two types of law in Canada?
public
criminal and civil
federal and provincial
private (civil)
international and domestic
What are the two types of law in Canada?
public
criminal and civil
federal and provincial
private (civil)
international and domestic
What is public law?
It does not include criminal law.
It sets rules for individuals in society, including criminal law.
It is only about civil rights.
It governs private relationships.
What is public law?
It does not include criminal law.
It sets rules for individuals in society, including criminal law.
It is only about civil rights.
It governs private relationships.
What is private (civil) law?
It sets rules for relationships between individuals.
It governs criminal behavior.
It is the same as public law.
It is only about public safety.
What is private (civil) law?
It sets rules for relationships between individuals.
It governs criminal behavior.
It is the same as public law.
It is only about public safety.
Is criminal law static?
True
False
Is criminal law static?
True
False
How long is the Criminal Code of Canada?
Under 500 pages
About 800 pages
Around 1,500 pages
Over 1,100 pages
How long is the Criminal Code of Canada?
Under 500 pages
About 800 pages
Around 1,500 pages
Over 1,100 pages
What case study relates to difficulty with updating the criminal code?
R. v. Stinchcombe
McCann case (2010)
R. v. Jordan
R. v. McLachlin
What case study relates to difficulty with updating the criminal code?
R. v. Stinchcombe
McCann case (2010)
R. v. Jordan
R. v. McLachlin
What are the two categories used to differentiate seriousness of a crime?
summary & indictable
mala prohibita & mala in se
felony & misdemeanor
civil & criminal
What are the two categories used to differentiate seriousness of a crime?
summary & indictable
mala prohibita & mala in se
felony & misdemeanor
civil & criminal
What is mala prohibita?
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
Behavior that is immoral (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
What is mala prohibita?
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
Behavior that is immoral (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
What is mala in se?
Behavior that is immoral or evil (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
What is mala in se?
Behavior that is immoral or evil (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
What is a summary offence?
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2000 fine
Minor infraction; usually a warning
Serious crime; can lead to 10 years in prison
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
What is a summary offence?
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2000 fine
Minor infraction; usually a warning
Serious crime; can lead to 10 years in prison
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
What is an indictable offence?
Civil offence; no jail time involved
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
Minor offence; usually a fine
What is an indictable offence?
Civil offence; no jail time involved
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
Minor offence; usually a fine
What are hybrid/dual offences?
Cases that are automatically dismissed
Cases where the crown prosecutor decides whether the case will be treated as summary or indictable offence
Cases that can only be summary offences
Cases that can only be indictable offences
What are hybrid/dual offences?
Cases that are automatically dismissed
Cases where the crown prosecutor decides whether the case will be treated as summary or indictable offence
Cases that can only be summary offences
Cases that can only be indictable offences
What are the three levels of police agencies in Canada?
Community, regional, national
Local, state, national
City, county, federal
Municipal, provincial, federal
What are the three levels of police agencies in Canada?
Community, regional, national
Local, state, national
City, county, federal
Municipal, provincial, federal
At what level do most police work in Canada?
Federal
Municipal
Community
Provincial
At what level do most police work in Canada?
Federal
Municipal
Community
Provincial
How many sworn police officers were there in Canada in 2015?
~69k
~80k
~50k
~100k
How many sworn police officers were there in Canada in 2015?
~69k
~80k
~50k
~100k
Are Canadian courts based on English common law?
True
False
Are Canadian courts based on English common law?
True
False
How does the Canadian court system work based on English common law?
Inquisitorial system: judge investigates the case
Adversarial system: two opposing parties present their case before an impartial judge
Consensus system: all parties must agree
Bureaucratic system: decisions made by officials
How does the Canadian court system work based on English common law?
Inquisitorial system: judge investigates the case
Adversarial system: two opposing parties present their case before an impartial judge
Consensus system: all parties must agree
Bureaucratic system: decisions made by officials
Is it common in adult criminal courts for cases to involve multiple charges?
True
False
Is it common in adult criminal courts for cases to involve multiple charges?
True
False
What are the four levels of courts in Canada, listed in order of crime seriousness?
Provincial Courts, Supreme Court, Federal Courts, Municipal Courts
Supreme Court of Canada, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts, Provincial Courts
Superior Courts, Municipal Courts, Provincial Courts, Supreme Court
Provincial Courts, Superior Courts, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Supreme Court
What are the four levels of courts in Canada, listed in order of crime seriousness?
Provincial Courts, Supreme Court, Federal Courts, Municipal Courts
Supreme Court of Canada, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts, Provincial Courts
Superior Courts, Municipal Courts, Provincial Courts, Supreme Court
Provincial Courts, Superior Courts, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Supreme Court
Which court has the final say in any case?
Superior Court
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Provincial Court
Which court has the final say in any case?
Superior Court
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Provincial Court
Which court deals with appeals from the superior and provincial courts?
Provincial Court
Municipal Court
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Which court deals with appeals from the superior and provincial courts?
Provincial Court
Municipal Court
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Which court deals with serious crimes?
Supreme Court
Superior Court
Provincial Court
Court of Appeal
Which court deals with serious crimes?
Supreme Court
Superior Court
Provincial Court
Court of Appeal
Which court deals with less serious offences, such as speeding tickets?
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Provincial Court
Superior Court
Which court deals with less serious offences, such as speeding tickets?
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Provincial Court
Superior Court
Which court deals with the most cases through what process?
Court of Appeal; lengthy trials
Municipal Court; informal discussions
Provincial Court; assembly-line justice
Supreme Court; detailed hearings
Which court deals with the most cases through what process?
Court of Appeal; lengthy trials
Municipal Court; informal discussions
Provincial Court; assembly-line justice
Supreme Court; detailed hearings
What is assembly-line justice?
Rapid processing of cases
Thorough investigation of each case
Lengthy deliberation by juries
Public trials with open debates
What is assembly-line justice?
Rapid processing of cases
Thorough investigation of each case
Lengthy deliberation by juries
Public trials with open debates
In the adversarial system, what is the prosecutor initially concerned with?
Minimizing legal fees
That justice be done
Maximizing sentences
Winning the case at all costs
In the adversarial system, what is the prosecutor initially concerned with?
Minimizing legal fees
That justice be done
Maximizing sentences
Winning the case at all costs
What is R. v. Stinchcombe's relevance to the adversarial system?
It established the right to a speedy trial
It focused on jury selection procedures
It emphasized the role of the judge in trials
Withheld evidence from the defence; have to disclose important information
What is R. v. Stinchcombe's relevance to the adversarial system?
It established the right to a speedy trial
It focused on jury selection procedures
It emphasized the role of the judge in trials
Withheld evidence from the defence; have to disclose important information
What is discretion in the context of the justice system?
The power of members of the justice system to act according to their own judgement
The mandatory application of laws
The requirement to follow public opinion
The ability to ignore laws
What is discretion in the context of the justice system?
The power of members of the justice system to act according to their own judgement
The mandatory application of laws
The requirement to follow public opinion
The ability to ignore laws
What two groups of people are evidence for the debate about discretion vs. discrimination?
First Nations & African Canadians
Rich & Poor
Women & Children
Urban & Rural
What two groups of people are evidence for the debate about discretion vs. discrimination?
First Nations & African Canadians
Rich & Poor
Women & Children
Urban & Rural
Who deals with the incarceration of serious offenders (punishment over 2 years)? Is it federal or provincial?
Provincial correctional services; provincial
Community service organizations; federal
Local jails; municipal
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC); federal
Who deals with the incarceration of serious offenders (punishment over 2 years)? Is it federal or provincial?
Provincial correctional services; provincial
Community service organizations; federal
Local jails; municipal
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC); federal
Around how many adults and youths are incarcerated on any given day in Canada?
50k adults, 5k youth
40k adults, 3k youth
25k adults, 2k youth
37k adults, 1k youth
Around how many adults and youths are incarcerated on any given day in Canada?
50k adults, 5k youth
40k adults, 3k youth
25k adults, 2k youth
37k adults, 1k youth
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence rather than receiving parole or statutory release?
True; most serve their full sentence
False; most do not and frequently receive parole or statutory release
False; all offenders receive automatic parole
True; parole is rarely granted
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence rather than receiving parole or statutory release?
True; most serve their full sentence
False; most do not and frequently receive parole or statutory release
False; all offenders receive automatic parole
True; parole is rarely granted
What determines an offender's incarceration at the provincial or federal level?
Seriousness of the crime; federal = more serious
Location of crime; urban vs. rural
Age of offender; juvenile vs. adult
Type of crime; violent vs. non-violent
What determines an offender's incarceration at the provincial or federal level?
Seriousness of the crime; federal = more serious
Location of crime; urban vs. rural
Age of offender; juvenile vs. adult
Type of crime; violent vs. non-violent
Why does bias exist in the Criminal Justice System?
Lack of laws
Overpopulation in prisons
Disparity (unfair treatment) and discrimination
Inadequate legal representation
Why does bias exist in the Criminal Justice System?
Lack of laws
Overpopulation in prisons
Disparity (unfair treatment) and discrimination
Inadequate legal representation
Why is the actual number of crimes that occur in Canada known as a 'dark figure'?
Crime statistics are always accurate
Only serious crimes are counted
All crimes are reported and documented
Precise number of crimes is unknown due to low reporting
Why is the actual number of crimes that occur in Canada known as a 'dark figure'?
Crime statistics are always accurate
Only serious crimes are counted
All crimes are reported and documented
Precise number of crimes is unknown due to low reporting
What is the criminal justice funnel?
A way to represent crime rates
A representation of the decrease in cases in the process of going through
A visual aid for court procedures
A method for increasing convictions
What is the criminal justice funnel?
A way to represent crime rates
A representation of the decrease in cases in the process of going through
A visual aid for court procedures
A method for increasing convictions
What percentage of charges receive imprisonment in Canada?
6%
15%
20%
10%
What percentage of charges receive imprisonment in Canada?
6%
15%
20%
10%
What are the five points in the criminal justice process where discretion occurs?
Bail hearings and sentencing only.
Police allocation only.
Victim reporting, police allocation of charges, bail hearings, prosecution, sentencing.
Only victim reporting and prosecution.
What are the five points in the criminal justice process where discretion occurs?
Bail hearings and sentencing only.
Police allocation only.
Victim reporting, police allocation of charges, bail hearings, prosecution, sentencing.
Only victim reporting and prosecution.
What is victim reporting discretion?
Victims not reporting crimes for various reasons.
Police report crimes on behalf of victims.
Victims always report crimes.
Victims report all crimes regardless of severity.
What is victim reporting discretion?
Victims not reporting crimes for various reasons.
Police report crimes on behalf of victims.
Victims always report crimes.
Victims report all crimes regardless of severity.
What is bail hearing discretion?
Bail hearings have no impact on outcomes.
Bail is always granted.
Denied bail leads to higher chances of conviction.
Bail is only considered for serious crimes.
What is bail hearing discretion?
Bail hearings have no impact on outcomes.
Bail is always granted.
Denied bail leads to higher chances of conviction.
Bail is only considered for serious crimes.
What is prosecution discretion?
Charges may be dropped due to various reasons.
Charges are always upheld.
Prosecutors never drop charges.
All charges must proceed to trial.
What is prosecution discretion?
Charges may be dropped due to various reasons.
Charges are always upheld.
Prosecutors never drop charges.
All charges must proceed to trial.
Who developed the two competing models of the CJS?
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Karl Marx
Herbert Packer
Who developed the two competing models of the CJS?
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Karl Marx
Herbert Packer
What is the crime control model of the CJS?
A model focused on legal definitions.
A model emphasizing victim rights.
A model prioritizing rehabilitation.
A 'get tough on crime' approach.
What is the crime control model of the CJS?
A model focused on legal definitions.
A model emphasizing victim rights.
A model prioritizing rehabilitation.
A 'get tough on crime' approach.
What is the due process model of the CJS?
A model prioritizing the rights of the suspect.
A model that promotes harsher sentences.
A model focused on efficiency.
A model that ignores victim rights.
What is the due process model of the CJS?
A model prioritizing the rights of the suspect.
A model that promotes harsher sentences.
A model focused on efficiency.
A model that ignores victim rights.
What concept questions the assumption of the CJS being fair?
Police discretion.
The criminal justice funnel.
The crime rate.
Victim advocacy.
What concept questions the assumption of the CJS being fair?
Police discretion.
The criminal justice funnel.
The crime rate.
Victim advocacy.
What are the three major agencies in the Canadian CJS?
Judiciary, Lawmakers, Police.
Correctional System, Courts, Victim Services.
Police, Courts, Correctional System.
Police, Social Services, Probation.
What are the three major agencies in the Canadian CJS?
Judiciary, Lawmakers, Police.
Correctional System, Courts, Victim Services.
Police, Courts, Correctional System.
Police, Social Services, Probation.
What is a social definition of crime?
Crime is defined by law enforcement only.
Crime has no social implications.
Crime is a violation of social norms.
Crime is purely a legal issue.
What is a social definition of crime?
Crime is defined by law enforcement only.
Crime has no social implications.
Crime is a violation of social norms.
Crime is purely a legal issue.
What is a constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is a universal concept.
Crime is the result of social construction.
Crime is defined by laws alone.
Crime is only what is reported.
What is a constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is a universal concept.
Crime is the result of social construction.
Crime is defined by laws alone.
Crime is only what is reported.
What do constructionist sociologists question about norms?
Their role in defining criminal behavior.
Their absolute nature in society.
Their utility that neglects the reality that norms vary across time and place.
Their influence on individual morality.
What do constructionist sociologists question about norms?
Their role in defining criminal behavior.
Their absolute nature in society.
Their utility that neglects the reality that norms vary across time and place.
Their influence on individual morality.
What do Reiman and Leighton note about crime in America?
There exists class and racial bias in the administration of crime.
Crime is solely a result of individual choices.
Most Americans do not admit to engaging in crime.
Crime is evenly distributed across all social classes.
What do Reiman and Leighton note about crime in America?
There exists class and racial bias in the administration of crime.
Crime is solely a result of individual choices.
Most Americans do not admit to engaging in crime.
Crime is evenly distributed across all social classes.
What are the three main objectives of the Canadian Criminal Justice System (CJS)?
Educate the public, enforce laws, promote security.
Punish offenders, rehabilitate criminals, deter crime.
Control Crime, Prevent Crime, Maintain Justice.
Protect victims, support law enforcement, reduce crime rates.
What are the three main objectives of the Canadian Criminal Justice System (CJS)?
Educate the public, enforce laws, promote security.
Punish offenders, rehabilitate criminals, deter crime.
Control Crime, Prevent Crime, Maintain Justice.
Protect victims, support law enforcement, reduce crime rates.
What does the justice model of criminal justice emphasize?
Punishment without regard to evidence.
A focus on rehabilitation over punishment.
Fair administration of guilt, innocence, and sentencing based on evidence.
Strict adherence to societal norms.
What does the justice model of criminal justice emphasize?
Punishment without regard to evidence.
A focus on rehabilitation over punishment.
Fair administration of guilt, innocence, and sentencing based on evidence.
Strict adherence to societal norms.
What is a significant concern regarding the definition of crime?
It determines the morality of crime.
It influences public perception of justice.
It defines the roles of law enforcement.
It affects counting crime, explaining engagement in crime, and designing justice policies.
What is a significant concern regarding the definition of crime?
It determines the morality of crime.
It influences public perception of justice.
It defines the roles of law enforcement.
It affects counting crime, explaining engagement in crime, and designing justice policies.
What is the purpose of a Crown Prosecutor?
To bring the accused person to court and determine if there's enough evidence for trial.
To oversee police investigations.
To create laws regarding crime.
To defend the accused in court.
What is the purpose of a Crown Prosecutor?
To bring the accused person to court and determine if there's enough evidence for trial.
To oversee police investigations.
To create laws regarding crime.
To defend the accused in court.
What was a major change in prostitution law in Canada in 2013?
Prostitution laws were completely abolished.
All forms of prostitution were legalized.
Only trafficking in sexual services was made illegal.
Selling sex is not illegal, but advertising and purchasing sexual services are.
What was a major change in prostitution law in Canada in 2013?
Prostitution laws were completely abolished.
All forms of prostitution were legalized.
Only trafficking in sexual services was made illegal.
Selling sex is not illegal, but advertising and purchasing sexual services are.
What is one example of a problem with updating the Criminal Code?
Using provisions that have been struck down, as in the McCann (2010) case.
Criminal Code is too short to cover all crimes.
Provisions are updated regularly without issues.
Judges always follow the most recent laws.
What is one example of a problem with updating the Criminal Code?
Using provisions that have been struck down, as in the McCann (2010) case.
Criminal Code is too short to cover all crimes.
Provisions are updated regularly without issues.
Judges always follow the most recent laws.
What are the two general categories used to differentiate the seriousness of crime?
Summary offences and Indictable offences
Felonies and Misdemeanors
Hybrid offences and Summary offences
Mala prohibita and Mala in se
What are the two general categories used to differentiate the seriousness of crime?
Summary offences and Indictable offences
Felonies and Misdemeanors
Hybrid offences and Summary offences
Mala prohibita and Mala in se
What is the punishment for summary offences?
A jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2,000 fine
Life imprisonment
A fine of $5,000
Community service
What is the punishment for summary offences?
A jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2,000 fine
Life imprisonment
A fine of $5,000
Community service
Which level of police agency employs most police officers in Canada?
Federal
Municipal
International
Provincial
Which level of police agency employs most police officers in Canada?
Federal
Municipal
International
Provincial
What system do Canadian courts operate under?
Adversarial system
Judicial system
Civil system
Inquisitorial system
What system do Canadian courts operate under?
Adversarial system
Judicial system
Civil system
Inquisitorial system
How many levels of courts are there in Canada?
Six
Three
Four
Five
How many levels of courts are there in Canada?
Six
Three
Four
Five
What is 'assembly-line' justice?
Quality over quantity justice
Quantity, not quality justice
Justice that focuses on serious crimes only
Justice that takes a long time
What is 'assembly-line' justice?
Quality over quantity justice
Quantity, not quality justice
Justice that focuses on serious crimes only
Justice that takes a long time
Who has discretion in the Canadian justice system?
Only prosecutors
Only defence lawyers
Only judges
All key actors
Who has discretion in the Canadian justice system?
Only prosecutors
Only defence lawyers
Only judges
All key actors
Where are most offenders incarcerated in Canada?
Juvenile facilities
Provincial institutions
Federal institutions
Community centers
Where are most offenders incarcerated in Canada?
Juvenile facilities
Provincial institutions
Federal institutions
Community centers
How many adults are incarcerated in correctional facilities on any given day in Canada?
25,000
37,000
50,000
70,000
How many adults are incarcerated in correctional facilities on any given day in Canada?
25,000
37,000
50,000
70,000
Who holds ders (punishments over 2 years of incarceration)?
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC)
Local Law Enforcement
Provincial Courts
Federal Courts
Who holds ders (punishments over 2 years of incarceration)?
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC)
Local Law Enforcement
Provincial Courts
Federal Courts
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence?
Yes
No
Only in federal institutions
Only for violent crimes
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence?
Yes
No
Only in federal institutions
Only for violent crimes
What happens when the federal government tries to crack down on crime?
Crime rates decrease
More funding is provided
Prisons become less crowded
Provinces push back
What happens when the federal government tries to crack down on crime?
Crime rates decrease
More funding is provided
Prisons become less crowded
Provinces push back
What is an example of illegitimate disparity in the criminal justice system?
Geographical bias
Age bias
Social class bias
Gender bias
What is an example of illegitimate disparity in the criminal justice system?
Geographical bias
Age bias
Social class bias
Gender bias
What is considered a 'dark figure' in crime statistics?
The unknown number of crimes that occur
The number of solved cases
The number of reported crimes
The number of arrests made
What is considered a 'dark figure' in crime statistics?
The unknown number of crimes that occur
The number of solved cases
The number of reported crimes
The number of arrests made
What are the top 3 violent crimes in Canada?
Theft, Vandalism, Assault Level 1
Robbery, Homicide, Assault Level 3
Manslaughter, Burglary, Uttering Threats
Assault Level 1, Uttering Threats, Assault Level 2
What are the top 3 violent crimes in Canada?
Theft, Vandalism, Assault Level 1
Robbery, Homicide, Assault Level 3
Manslaughter, Burglary, Uttering Threats
Assault Level 1, Uttering Threats, Assault Level 2
What percentage of crime is reported?
25%
100%
50%
75%
What percentage of crime is reported?
25%
100%
50%
75%
What was the peak crime rate in Canadian society?
1991
1995
1985
2001
What was the peak crime rate in Canadian society?
1991
1995
1985
2001
What does the Criminal Justice Funnel illustrate?
More cases are processed each year
All cases are treated equally
Fewer cases reach the next screening point
Discretion is not present at any stage
What does the Criminal Justice Funnel illustrate?
More cases are processed each year
All cases are treated equally
Fewer cases reach the next screening point
Discretion is not present at any stage
What are the top 4 reasons victims do not report crimes according to the General Social Survey?
Not important enough, Nothing the police could do, Dealt with situation another way, Too personal
Fear of retaliation, Lack of trust in police, Too busy, Not knowing how to report
What are the top 4 reasons victims do not report crimes according to the General Social Survey?
Not important enough, Nothing the police could do, Dealt with situation another way, Too personal
Fear of retaliation, Lack of trust in police, Too busy, Not knowing how to report
What are two reasons police may choose not to lay charges against suspects?
Lack of witnesses, Victim's request, High-profile case
Case unfounded, Crime too minor
What are two reasons police may choose not to lay charges against suspects?
Lack of witnesses, Victim's request, High-profile case
Case unfounded, Crime too minor
What generates the greatest amount of people lost going through the CJS?
Time between laying of arrest and prosecution decision
Length of trial, Number of charges, Victim's testimony
What generates the greatest amount of people lost going through the CJS?
Time between laying of arrest and prosecution decision
Length of trial, Number of charges, Victim's testimony
What is one major reason charges are not often stayed at the prosecution level?
Police always have strong evidence
Victim may wish to testify
Quality of evidence generated by police is too poor
Accused never strikes deals
What is one major reason charges are not often stayed at the prosecution level?
Police always have strong evidence
Victim may wish to testify
Quality of evidence generated by police is too poor
Accused never strikes deals
What does the Crime Control Model emphasize?
Fairness throughout the system
Control & suppression of criminal activity
Rights of the suspect
Protecting the accused
What does the Crime Control Model emphasize?
Fairness throughout the system
Control & suppression of criminal activity
Rights of the suspect
Protecting the accused
What is a key goal of the Crime Control Model?
Fairness
Rights protection
Prevention
Speed
What is a key goal of the Crime Control Model?
Fairness
Rights protection
Prevention
Speed
What is the Due Process Model primarily concerned with?
Efficiency of the system
Speed of trials
Incarceration rates
Protecting the rights of the accused
What is the Due Process Model primarily concerned with?
Efficiency of the system
Speed of trials
Incarceration rates
Protecting the rights of the accused
What is the definition of crime from a legal perspective?
A law is broken
An act deemed immoral
A violation of social norms
A result of social interaction
What is the definition of crime from a legal perspective?
A law is broken
An act deemed immoral
A violation of social norms
A result of social interaction
What type of law involves individuals in society versus the government?
Criminal law
Public law
Civil law
Private law
What type of law involves individuals in society versus the government?
Criminal law
Public law
Civil law
Private law
What are mala in se offenses?
Traffic violations
Offenses that are immoral or evil
Minor offenses
Offenses prohibited by law
What are mala in se offenses?
Traffic violations
Offenses that are immoral or evil
Minor offenses
Offenses prohibited by law
Which of the following is an example of a summary offence?
Murder
A serious criminal offence
A fine of $2000 and 6 months or less in prison
A long prison sentence
Which of the following is an example of a summary offence?
Murder
A serious criminal offence
A fine of $2000 and 6 months or less in prison
A long prison sentence
What are the three major agencies of the criminal justice system?
The police, The government, The media
The police, The courts, The correctional system
The courts, The media, The correctional system
The police, The community, The correctional system
What are the three major agencies of the criminal justice system?
The police, The government, The media
The police, The courts, The correctional system
The courts, The media, The correctional system
The police, The community, The correctional system
What does the criminal justice funnel illustrate?
The success rates of convictions
The number of police officers hired
The rapid drop from the number of actual crimes committed to the number of offenders incarcerated
The increase in crime rates over time
What does the criminal justice funnel illustrate?
The success rates of convictions
The number of police officers hired
The rapid drop from the number of actual crimes committed to the number of offenders incarcerated
The increase in crime rates over time
What is the primary focus of the adversarial system?
Equal representation for both sides
Antagonistic, competitive
Cooperation and teamwork
Focus on rehabilitation
What is the primary focus of the adversarial system?
Equal representation for both sides
Antagonistic, competitive
Cooperation and teamwork
Focus on rehabilitation
What is the primary focus of the Crime Control Model?
Protection of individual rights
Due process for all offenders
Rehabilitation of offenders
Control and suppression of crime
What is the primary focus of the Crime Control Model?
Protection of individual rights
Due process for all offenders
Rehabilitation of offenders
Control and suppression of crime
Which of the following is NOT a source of discretion in the criminal justice system?
Sentencing
Victims
Police
Bail hearings
Which of the following is NOT a source of discretion in the criminal justice system?
Sentencing
Victims
Police
Bail hearings
What is defined as a crime involving threat or use of force?
Violent crime
White collar crime
Victimless crime
Property crime
What is defined as a crime involving threat or use of force?
Violent crime
White collar crime
Victimless crime
Property crime
What does CUCR stand for?
Centralized Uniform Crime Reporting
Common Uniform Crime Reporting
Criminal Uniform Code Reporting
Uniform Crime Reporting
What does CUCR stand for?
Centralized Uniform Crime Reporting
Common Uniform Crime Reporting
Criminal Uniform Code Reporting
Uniform Crime Reporting
Which of the following is a criticism of CUCR?
A lot of crime goes unreported
It provides too much detail
All crimes are reported accurately
It only reports violent crimes
Which of the following is a criticism of CUCR?
A lot of crime goes unreported
It provides too much detail
All crimes are reported accurately
It only reports violent crimes
What is the role of a correctional centre?
To provide community service
To detain individuals awaiting trial
To hold offenders for a period of imprisonment
To serve as a juvenile detention
What is the role of a correctional centre?
To provide community service
To detain individuals awaiting trial
To hold offenders for a period of imprisonment
To serve as a juvenile detention
What is 'statutory release'?
Release after serving two-thirds of a sentence
Release without conditions
Release at the end of the sentence
Release after serving half of a sentence
What is 'statutory release'?
Release after serving two-thirds of a sentence
Release without conditions
Release at the end of the sentence
Release after serving half of a sentence
What is the purpose of an Alternative Measures Program?
To punish repeat offenders
To provide community service for non-violent offenders
To expedite court processes
To incarcerate violent offenders
What is the purpose of an Alternative Measures Program?
To punish repeat offenders
To provide community service for non-violent offenders
To expedite court processes
To incarcerate violent offenders
What is first degree murder?
An unplanned act of violence
The deliberate killing of a person
A planned act of violence
A crime of passion
What is first degree murder?
An unplanned act of violence
The deliberate killing of a person
A planned act of violence
A crime of passion
Which of the following describes criminal negligence?
Intent to kill
Reckless disregard for life
Negligence without consequence
Accidental harm
Which of the following describes criminal negligence?
Intent to kill
Reckless disregard for life
Negligence without consequence
Accidental harm
What is the most common property crime?
Arson
Theft under $5000
Burglary
Fraud
What is the most common property crime?
Arson
Theft under $5000
Burglary
Fraud
What does the term 'assembly line justice' refer to?
Fast and efficient movement of cases in court
Individual assessment of defendants
Thorough investigation of each case
Focus on rehabilitation of offenders
What does the term 'assembly line justice' refer to?
Fast and efficient movement of cases in court
Individual assessment of defendants
Thorough investigation of each case
Focus on rehabilitation of offenders
What is negligence defined as?
A type of racism
An act that shows reckless regard for their life or other lives
A crime committed by high social position individuals
A measure of crime severity
What is negligence defined as?
A type of racism
An act that shows reckless regard for their life or other lives
A crime committed by high social position individuals
A measure of crime severity
What does the Crime Severity Index measure?
The difference between reported and unreported crimes
The volume and seriousness of crime reported to the police
The number of crimes per 100,000 residents
The types of violent crimes
What does the Crime Severity Index measure?
The difference between reported and unreported crimes
The volume and seriousness of crime reported to the police
The number of crimes per 100,000 residents
The types of violent crimes
What is the dark figure of crime?
The number of violent crimes
The difference between crimes that occur vs crimes that are reported
The severity of crimes committed
The total number of crimes reported
What is the dark figure of crime?
The number of violent crimes
The difference between crimes that occur vs crimes that are reported
The severity of crimes committed
The total number of crimes reported
What is Bill C 127 known for?
The rape shield provision that prevents using victims' sexual history as evidence
A bill addressing institutional racism
A law restricting full disclosure of victims' records
A measure for crime severity
What is Bill C 127 known for?
The rape shield provision that prevents using victims' sexual history as evidence
A bill addressing institutional racism
A law restricting full disclosure of victims' records
A measure for crime severity
Which of the following is a type of interpersonal racism?
Systematic unintentional
Hate explicit
Everyday language
Ideological racial views
Which of the following is a type of interpersonal racism?
Systematic unintentional
Hate explicit
Everyday language
Ideological racial views
What does the absolutist perspective of deviance argue?
Deviance is culturally diverse
Power decides what is deviant
Deviance is labeled by social audiences
It is a violation of universal cultural standards
What does the absolutist perspective of deviance argue?
Deviance is culturally diverse
Power decides what is deviant
Deviance is labeled by social audiences
It is a violation of universal cultural standards
What does the conflict perspective emphasize?
The interactions and communications in society
The role of power struggles between different groups in shaping society
The absolute standards of morality
The stability of societal functions
What does the conflict perspective emphasize?
The interactions and communications in society
The role of power struggles between different groups in shaping society
The absolute standards of morality
The stability of societal functions
What is a positive social sanction?
Punishments for violating social norms
Formal rewards given by authority
Expressions of disapproval by ordinary people
Rewards that encourage conformity to social norms
What is a positive social sanction?
Punishments for violating social norms
Formal rewards given by authority
Expressions of disapproval by ordinary people
Rewards that encourage conformity to social norms
What is the definition of empiricism?
Making assumptions based on opinion
Knowledge exists outside the self
Learning comes from experience and observations
Knowledge is constructed by individuals
What is the definition of empiricism?
Making assumptions based on opinion
Knowledge exists outside the self
Learning comes from experience and observations
Knowledge is constructed by individuals
What does the term 'situational deviance' refer to?
Statistically rare deviance
Deviance seen as unacceptable to the majority
Nonconformity positively evaluated
Actions that are only appropriate depending on your setting and social group
What does the term 'situational deviance' refer to?
Statistically rare deviance
Deviance seen as unacceptable to the majority
Nonconformity positively evaluated
Actions that are only appropriate depending on your setting and social group
What is negative deviance?
Over conformity that is positively viewed
Nonconformity that is positively evaluated
Over conformity that is negatively viewed
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
What is negative deviance?
Over conformity that is positively viewed
Nonconformity that is positively evaluated
Over conformity that is negatively viewed
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
What is positive deviance?
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
Over conformity that is positively viewed
Rate busting
Negative deviance
What is positive deviance?
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
Over conformity that is positively viewed
Rate busting
Negative deviance
What are the three major agencies of the justice system?
The police, The courts, The correctional system
The courts, The judges, The correctional system
The police, The judges, The correctional system
The police, The judges, The lawyers
What are the three major agencies of the justice system?
The police, The courts, The correctional system
The courts, The judges, The correctional system
The police, The judges, The correctional system
The police, The judges, The lawyers
What is the jail sentence for a misdemeanor?
Life imprisonment
No jail time
Up to 6 months in jail or a $2000 fine
1 year in jail
What is the jail sentence for a misdemeanor?
Life imprisonment
No jail time
Up to 6 months in jail or a $2000 fine
1 year in jail
What is a hybrid offence?
Where the crown prosecutor decides the type of offence
An offence that is not prosecuted
An offence that is both civil and criminal
An offence that is always a misdemeanor
What is a hybrid offence?
Where the crown prosecutor decides the type of offence
An offence that is not prosecuted
An offence that is both civil and criminal
An offence that is always a misdemeanor
What are the four levels of courts in Canada?
Municipal, County, State, Supreme
Supreme, District, Municipal, Family
Superior, Provincial, Federal, Appeal
Supreme, Court of Appeal, Superior court, Provincial court
What are the four levels of courts in Canada?
Municipal, County, State, Supreme
Supreme, District, Municipal, Family
Superior, Provincial, Federal, Appeal
Supreme, Court of Appeal, Superior court, Provincial court
How many adults are incarcerated in Canada daily?
25,000
10,000
37,000
50,000
How many adults are incarcerated in Canada daily?
25,000
10,000
37,000
50,000
What are the two models developed by Herbert Packer?
Due process model
Crime control model
Retributive model
Preventive model
Restorative model
What are the two models developed by Herbert Packer?
Due process model
Crime control model
Retributive model
Preventive model
Restorative model
What is the CUCR designed to do?
Increase police presence
Generate reliable crime statistics
Train law enforcement
Reduce crime rates
What is the CUCR designed to do?
Increase police presence
Generate reliable crime statistics
Train law enforcement
Reduce crime rates
When was CUCR 2 implemented?
1990
1992
1985
1988
When was CUCR 2 implemented?
1990
1992
1985
1988
What is a basic purpose of a defense lawyer?
Ensure the rights of the client are protected
Convict the accused
Gather evidence
Negotiate plea deals
What is a basic purpose of a defense lawyer?
Ensure the rights of the client are protected
Convict the accused
Gather evidence
Negotiate plea deals
What does the Crown Prosecutor do?
Enforce the Law
Provide legal advice
Defend the accused
Advocate for victims
What does the Crown Prosecutor do?
Enforce the Law
Provide legal advice
Defend the accused
Advocate for victims
What is a plea bargain?
A trial process
A type of sentencing
An agreement to plead guilty for a benefit
A defense strategy
What is a plea bargain?
A trial process
A type of sentencing
An agreement to plead guilty for a benefit
A defense strategy
Which of the following is a type of plea bargaining?
Witness bargaining
Trial bargaining
Charge bargaining
Evidence bargaining
Which of the following is a type of plea bargaining?
Witness bargaining
Trial bargaining
Charge bargaining
Evidence bargaining
What is a preliminary hearing used for?
To determine if there is enough evidence for a case
To present the case to a jury
To finalize sentencing
To negotiate pleas
What is a preliminary hearing used for?
To determine if there is enough evidence for a case
To present the case to a jury
To finalize sentencing
To negotiate pleas
What is the burden of the court regarding self-representation?
More work due to assistance needed
No impact on workload
Easier for officials
Less work due to efficiency
What is the burden of the court regarding self-representation?
More work due to assistance needed
No impact on workload
Easier for officials
Less work due to efficiency
How many criminal courts are there in Canada?
14
10
20
12
How many criminal courts are there in Canada?
14
10
20
12
What is the role of judges in criminal courts?
Defend the innocent
Uphold rights of the accused
Negotiate plea deals
Convict the guilty
What is the role of judges in criminal courts?
Defend the innocent
Uphold rights of the accused
Negotiate plea deals
Convict the guilty
What percentage of criminal trials are heard at the superior level in Canada?
5%
1%
2%
10%
What percentage of criminal trials are heard at the superior level in Canada?
5%
1%
2%
10%
What is a common reason for plea bargaining?
Increase trial length
Reduce evidence gathering
Improve administrative efficiency
Encourage more trials
What is a common reason for plea bargaining?
Increase trial length
Reduce evidence gathering
Improve administrative efficiency
Encourage more trials
What is the standard for conviction in a criminal trial?
probable cause
beyond a reasonable doubt
clear and convincing evidence
preponderance of evidence
What is the standard for conviction in a criminal trial?
probable cause
beyond a reasonable doubt
clear and convincing evidence
preponderance of evidence
What is the purpose of the presumption of innocence?
to prevent appeals
to protect the accused until proven guilty
to allow the prosecution to present evidence first
to ensure a speedy trial
What is the purpose of the presumption of innocence?
to prevent appeals
to protect the accused until proven guilty
to allow the prosecution to present evidence first
to ensure a speedy trial
Which section of the Charter addresses the rights of the accused when detained?
Section 9
Section 15
Section 5
Section 10
Which section of the Charter addresses the rights of the accused when detained?
Section 9
Section 15
Section 5
Section 10
What must the state prove in a criminal case?
Only Mens rea and Harm
Only Legality
Legality, Mens rea, Actus reus, Harm, Causation
Only Actus reus and Causation
What must the state prove in a criminal case?
Only Mens rea and Harm
Only Legality
Legality, Mens rea, Actus reus, Harm, Causation
Only Actus reus and Causation
Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
Previous convictions
Use/threat of a weapon
Gang activity
First-time offender
Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
Previous convictions
Use/threat of a weapon
Gang activity
First-time offender
What is the maximum punishment for a Summary Conviction offense?
up to one year imprisonment
up to six months imprisonment
a maximum fine of $5,000
up to five years imprisonment
What is the maximum punishment for a Summary Conviction offense?
up to one year imprisonment
up to six months imprisonment
a maximum fine of $5,000
up to five years imprisonment
What is the main goal of sentencing according to US participants?
rehabilitation
restoration
punishment
deterrence
What is the main goal of sentencing according to US participants?
rehabilitation
restoration
punishment
deterrence
What is the legal term for 'the body of crime'?
Corpus Delecti
Mens rea
Causation
Actus reus
What is the legal term for 'the body of crime'?
Corpus Delecti
Mens rea
Causation
Actus reus
Which of the following is NOT an excuse defense?
Mental disorder
Age
Duress
Mistake of fact
Which of the following is NOT an excuse defense?
Mental disorder
Age
Duress
Mistake of fact
What is a justification defense?
Automatism
Mistake of law
Self-defense
Mental disorder
What is a justification defense?
Automatism
Mistake of law
Self-defense
Mental disorder
What is the role of the judge regarding trial evidence?
Cross-examines witnesses
Presents evidence
Decides the verdict
Arbitrates what evidence may be included or excluded
What is the role of the judge regarding trial evidence?
Cross-examines witnesses
Presents evidence
Decides the verdict
Arbitrates what evidence may be included or excluded
What must happen before the prosecution addresses the jury in closing arguments?
The jury must request it
Defense must present evidence or the defendant testifies
The judge must approve the order
Prosecution goes first by default
What must happen before the prosecution addresses the jury in closing arguments?
The jury must request it
Defense must present evidence or the defendant testifies
The judge must approve the order
Prosecution goes first by default
What is the purpose of a pre-sentencing report?
To recommend a plea deal
To inform judges about the offender's background
To provide evidence for the prosecution
To determine the guilt of the accused
What is the purpose of a pre-sentencing report?
To recommend a plea deal
To inform judges about the offender's background
To provide evidence for the prosecution
To determine the guilt of the accused
What is one of the aggravating circumstances in sentencing?
Good character
Planning and organization
Rehabilitative efforts
Employment record
What is one of the aggravating circumstances in sentencing?
Good character
Planning and organization
Rehabilitative efforts
Employment record
When was the Charter enacted?
April 17th, 1980
April 17th, 1985
April 17th, 1990
April 17th, 1982
When was the Charter enacted?
April 17th, 1980
April 17th, 1985
April 17th, 1990
April 17th, 1982
What percentage of PEI drunk driving charges result in incarceration?
40%
30%
35%
25%
What percentage of PEI drunk driving charges result in incarceration?
40%
30%
35%
25%
What is the purpose of the Safe Streets and Communities Act (Bill C-12)?
To reduce prison overcrowding
To eliminate plea agreements
To increase judicial discretion
To establish mandatory minimum penalties
What is the purpose of the Safe Streets and Communities Act (Bill C-12)?
To reduce prison overcrowding
To eliminate plea agreements
To increase judicial discretion
To establish mandatory minimum penalties
What is a common cause of wrongful convictions according to Huff (1986)?
Jury bias
Lack of legal representation
Insufficient evidence
Eyewitness error
What is a common cause of wrongful convictions according to Huff (1986)?
Jury bias
Lack of legal representation
Insufficient evidence
Eyewitness error
What do presumptive sentences aim to eliminate?
Plea deals
Public opinion
Mandatory minimums
Judicial discretion
What do presumptive sentences aim to eliminate?
Plea deals
Public opinion
Mandatory minimums
Judicial discretion
Which province first introduced victim participation in 1986?
Manitoba
Ontario
Alberta
British Columbia
Which province first introduced victim participation in 1986?
Manitoba
Ontario
Alberta
British Columbia
What is the role of a justice of the peace?
To act as a prosecutor
To provide legal representation
To serve as a jury member
To authorize searches and review detentions
What is the role of a justice of the peace?
To act as a prosecutor
To provide legal representation
To serve as a jury member
To authorize searches and review detentions
What does 'going rate' refer to in a courtroom context?
The maximum sentence allowed
The number of jurors
The minimum bail amount
The average punishment for a crime
What does 'going rate' refer to in a courtroom context?
The maximum sentence allowed
The number of jurors
The minimum bail amount
The average punishment for a crime
What is the role of Indigenous Court Workers?
To advocate for Indigenous accused individuals
To conduct trials
To serve as judges
To provide legal representation
What is the role of Indigenous Court Workers?
To advocate for Indigenous accused individuals
To conduct trials
To serve as judges
To provide legal representation
What is a surety in a legal context?
A type of bail
A responsible person ensuring court appearance
A courtroom official
A legal document
What is a surety in a legal context?
A type of bail
A responsible person ensuring court appearance
A courtroom official
A legal document
What do specialized courts focus on?
Traffic violations
Civil disputes
General criminal cases
Distinctive groups of offenders
What do specialized courts focus on?
Traffic violations
Civil disputes
General criminal cases
Distinctive groups of offenders
What are specialized courts also known as?
Therapeutic courts
Problem-solving courts
Family courts
Criminal courts
What are specialized courts also known as?
Therapeutic courts
Problem-solving courts
Family courts
Criminal courts
What do graduated sanctions begin with?
Probation
The least restrictive response
Community service
The most severe punishment
What do graduated sanctions begin with?
Probation
The least restrictive response
Community service
The most severe punishment
What is a failure to comply?
Complying with probation
Violating probation conditions
Submitting a case plan
Completing a sentence
What is a failure to comply?
Complying with probation
Violating probation conditions
Submitting a case plan
Completing a sentence
What are administration of justice offences?
Complying with probation
Disobeying court conditions
Following court orders
Serving a sentence
What are administration of justice offences?
Complying with probation
Disobeying court conditions
Following court orders
Serving a sentence
What is a conditional sentence?
Custodial sentences served in the community
Fines
Prison sentences longer than two years
Probation sentences
What is a conditional sentence?
Custodial sentences served in the community
Fines
Prison sentences longer than two years
Probation sentences
What is a concurrent sentence?
Multiple sentences served at the same time
Sentences served one after the other
Community service
Probation sentences
What is a concurrent sentence?
Multiple sentences served at the same time
Sentences served one after the other
Community service
Probation sentences
What is an absolute discharge?
A severe punishment
A community service requirement
The least severe sanction with no conviction
A type of probation
What is an absolute discharge?
A severe punishment
A community service requirement
The least severe sanction with no conviction
A type of probation
What does proportionality in sentencing mean?
Sentences are based on personal circumstances
Sentences are determined by public opinion
Sentence is proportionate to the offence
All sentences are the same
What does proportionality in sentencing mean?
Sentences are based on personal circumstances
Sentences are determined by public opinion
Sentence is proportionate to the offence
All sentences are the same
What is the caseload?
The number of inmates in prison
The number of individuals under supervision
The number of cases in court
The number of probation officers
What is the caseload?
The number of inmates in prison
The number of individuals under supervision
The number of cases in court
The number of probation officers
What is a case plan?
A legal document for court
A community service plan
A punishment guide
A roadmap for rehabilitation
What is a case plan?
A legal document for court
A community service plan
A punishment guide
A roadmap for rehabilitation
What is provincial parole?
Federal parole for long-term inmates
Probation for first-time offenders
Community service for minor offences
Parole for prisoners in provincial correctional centres
What is provincial parole?
Federal parole for long-term inmates
Probation for first-time offenders
Community service for minor offences
Parole for prisoners in provincial correctional centres
What do fine option programs allow individuals to do?
Avoid paying fines
Complete probation requirements
Serve longer sentences
Pay fines through community service
What do fine option programs allow individuals to do?
Avoid paying fines
Complete probation requirements
Serve longer sentences
Pay fines through community service
What is Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)?
Low supervision for first-time offenders
Higher supervision for high-risk probationers
Community service requirements
Standard probation for all offenders
What is Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)?
Low supervision for first-time offenders
Higher supervision for high-risk probationers
Community service requirements
Standard probation for all offenders
What does warehousing refer to in corrections?
Inmates receiving rehabilitation
Inmates attending educational programs
Inmates receiving only basic needs
Inmates working in the community
What does warehousing refer to in corrections?
Inmates receiving rehabilitation
Inmates attending educational programs
Inmates receiving only basic needs
Inmates working in the community
What is new generation design in correctional facilities?
High-security units
Isolation cells
Cells arranged on the perimeter with common areas
Traditional cell blocks
What is new generation design in correctional facilities?
High-security units
Isolation cells
Cells arranged on the perimeter with common areas
Traditional cell blocks
What is the role of an ombudsman?
Defending individuals in court
Creating laws
Prosecuting criminal cases
Investigating complaints against government organizations
What is the role of an ombudsman?
Defending individuals in court
Creating laws
Prosecuting criminal cases
Investigating complaints against government organizations
What does experience with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) include?
being victimized by crime
only receiving a traffic ticket
performing jury duty
receiving traffic ticket
perpetrating crime
only being a victim
only performing jury duty
What happened in the Robert Dzienski case related to the police?
He was arrested for drug possession.
He was shot by police for resisting arrest.
He was tazed to death by RCMP at the airport for violent behavior.
He was released without charges.
What was the outcome of the case involving the father who let his daughters freeze to death?
He was sentenced to 3 years in prison.
He was sentenced to community service.
He was acquitted of all charges.
He received a life sentence.
What happened in the Ashley Smith case related to the correctional system?
She committed suicide in prison due to guard negligence.
She was released early for good behavior.
She escaped from prison.
She was transferred to a different facility.
What are the three major agencies of the CJS?
the police
the community
the military
the government
the courts
the correctional system
What are the three types of definitions for crime?
social
psychological
legal
economic
constructionist
historical
What is the legal definition of crime?
A crime is a moral failing.
A crime is only when someone is caught.
A crime is defined by public opinion.
A crime occurs when a law is broken or a person is deemed guilty and punished.
What are the problems with the legal definition of crime?
Not every perpetrator is caught and punished.
It only applies to violent crimes.
It is too vague.
It doesn't consider societal norms.
There is no analysis for formal vs. informal crime handling.
Many crimes are not prosecuted even when identified.
What is the social definition of crime?
Crime is a violation of social norms.
Crime is a personal moral failing.
Crime is an act against the government.
Crime is only defined by law.
What are the problems with the social definition of crime?
It applies only to certain groups.
It ignores legal definitions.
It is too strict.
Norms vary across time and place.
The existence of norms is debated.
What is the constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is a result of economic status.
Crime is the result of social interaction.
Crime is solely a legal issue.
Crime is determined by genetics.
What does 'negotiated process' in the constructionist definition of crime mean?
It means all crimes are negotiated in court.
It refers to plea bargains only.
Criminal behavior is not always self-evident and influenced by bias.
It indicates that police never make mistakes.
What are the correlates of crime?
employment status
sex
age
geographic location
race & ethnicity
education level
class/socioeconomic status
What are the three main objectives of the CJS?
to prevent crime
to maintain justice
to enforce laws strictly
to punish all offenders
to control crime
to rehabilitate all criminals
What are the three characteristics of the Canadian justice model?
similar cases treated similarly
all crimes should have the same punishment
only serious crimes should be punished
punishment should fit crime
guilt, innocence, and sentencing administered fairly
punishment should be harsh
Why is the debate about crime definitions significant?
It influences counting crime, explaining engagement, and designing justice policies.
It has no real impact on society.
It is only relevant to law enforcement.
It only affects academics.
Why do some believe we need to expand the definition of justice?
CJS treats everyone equally, but circumstances differ.
Expanding definitions complicates the system.
Everyone is treated the same in all cases.
Justice is already perfect as it is.
What happened in the Moses Mahilal case?
He was charged for theft.
He was acquitted of all charges.
He was attacked in his home.
He stabbed an intruder in his home; debate about self-defense or assault.
What are the two types of law in Canada?
criminal and civil
international and domestic
federal and provincial
public
private (civil)
What is public law?
It sets rules for individuals in society, including criminal law.
It governs private relationships.
It does not include criminal law.
It is only about civil rights.
What is private (civil) law?
It is only about public safety.
It is the same as public law.
It governs criminal behavior.
It sets rules for relationships between individuals.
How long is the Criminal Code of Canada?
Over 1,100 pages
Around 1,500 pages
About 800 pages
Under 500 pages
What case study relates to difficulty with updating the criminal code?
R. v. McLachlin
R. v. Jordan
McCann case (2010)
R. v. Stinchcombe
What are the two categories used to differentiate seriousness of a crime?
felony & misdemeanor
civil & criminal
mala prohibita & mala in se
summary & indictable
What is mala prohibita?
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
Behavior that is immoral (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
What is mala in se?
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
Behavior that is immoral or evil (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
What is a summary offence?
Serious crime; can lead to 10 years in prison
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2000 fine
Minor infraction; usually a warning
What is an indictable offence?
Minor offence; usually a fine
Civil offence; no jail time involved
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months
What are hybrid/dual offences?
Cases that can only be summary offences
Cases that are automatically dismissed
Cases that can only be indictable offences
Cases where the crown prosecutor decides whether the case will be treated as summary or indictable offence
What are the three levels of police agencies in Canada?
Community, regional, national
City, county, federal
Municipal, provincial, federal
Local, state, national
How does the Canadian court system work based on English common law?
Bureaucratic system: decisions made by officials
Inquisitorial system: judge investigates the case
Consensus system: all parties must agree
Adversarial system: two opposing parties present their case before an impartial judge
What are the four levels of courts in Canada, listed in order of crime seriousness?
Superior Courts, Municipal Courts, Provincial Courts, Supreme Court
Provincial Courts, Superior Courts, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Supreme Court
Provincial Courts, Supreme Court, Federal Courts, Municipal Courts
Supreme Court of Canada, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts, Provincial Courts
Which court has the final say in any case?
Supreme Court
Provincial Court
Court of Appeal
Superior Court
Which court deals with appeals from the superior and provincial courts?
Court of Appeal
Municipal Court
Supreme Court
Provincial Court
Which court deals with serious crimes?
Superior Court
Court of Appeal
Supreme Court
Provincial Court
Which court deals with less serious offences, such as speeding tickets?
Court of Appeal
Superior Court
Supreme Court
Provincial Court
Which court deals with the most cases through what process?
Supreme Court; detailed hearings
Provincial Court; assembly-line justice
Court of Appeal; lengthy trials
Municipal Court; informal discussions
What is assembly-line justice?
Thorough investigation of each case
Rapid processing of cases
Public trials with open debates
Lengthy deliberation by juries
In the adversarial system, what is the prosecutor initially concerned with?
Maximizing sentences
That justice be done
Winning the case at all costs
Minimizing legal fees
What is R. v. Stinchcombe's relevance to the adversarial system?
It focused on jury selection procedures
It emphasized the role of the judge in trials
Withheld evidence from the defence; have to disclose important information
It established the right to a speedy trial
What is discretion in the context of the justice system?
The ability to ignore laws
The power of members of the justice system to act according to their own judgement
The requirement to follow public opinion
The mandatory application of laws
What two groups of people are evidence for the debate about discretion vs. discrimination?
Women & Children
Rich & Poor
First Nations & African Canadians
Urban & Rural
Who deals with the incarceration of serious offenders (punishment over 2 years)? Is it federal or provincial?
Community service organizations; federal
Provincial correctional services; provincial
Local jails; municipal
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC); federal
Around how many adults and youths are incarcerated on any given day in Canada?
25k adults, 2k youth
50k adults, 5k youth
40k adults, 3k youth
37k adults, 1k youth
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence rather than receiving parole or statutory release?
False; most do not and frequently receive parole or statutory release
True; parole is rarely granted
False; all offenders receive automatic parole
True; most serve their full sentence
What determines an offender's incarceration at the provincial or federal level?
Age of offender; juvenile vs. adult
Type of crime; violent vs. non-violent
Location of crime; urban vs. rural
Seriousness of the crime; federal = more serious
Why does bias exist in the Criminal Justice System?
Overpopulation in prisons
Lack of laws
Disparity (unfair treatment) and discrimination
Inadequate legal representation
Why is the actual number of crimes that occur in Canada known as a 'dark figure'?
Only serious crimes are counted
Crime statistics are always accurate
Precise number of crimes is unknown due to low reporting
All crimes are reported and documented
What is the criminal justice funnel?
A way to represent crime rates
A representation of the decrease in cases in the process of going through
A visual aid for court procedures
A method for increasing convictions
What are the five points in the criminal justice process where discretion occurs?
Only victim reporting and prosecution.
Victim reporting, police allocation of charges, bail hearings, prosecution, sentencing.
Bail hearings and sentencing only.
Police allocation only.
What is victim reporting discretion?
Victims always report crimes.
Victims report all crimes regardless of severity.
Victims not reporting crimes for various reasons.
Police report crimes on behalf of victims.
What is bail hearing discretion?
Denied bail leads to higher chances of conviction.
Bail is always granted.
Bail hearings have no impact on outcomes.
Bail is only considered for serious crimes.
What is prosecution discretion?
Prosecutors never drop charges.
Charges are always upheld.
All charges must proceed to trial.
Charges may be dropped due to various reasons.
Who developed the two competing models of the CJS?
Thomas Hobbes
Herbert Packer
John Locke
Karl Marx
What is the crime control model of the CJS?
A model focused on legal definitions.
A model emphasizing victim rights.
A model prioritizing rehabilitation.
A 'get tough on crime' approach.
What is the due process model of the CJS?
A model prioritizing the rights of the suspect.
A model that ignores victim rights.
A model that promotes harsher sentences.
A model focused on efficiency.
What concept questions the assumption of the CJS being fair?
The criminal justice funnel.
Police discretion.
The crime rate.
Victim advocacy.
What are the three major agencies in the Canadian CJS?
Correctional System, Courts, Victim Services.
Judiciary, Lawmakers, Police.
Police, Social Services, Probation.
Police, Courts, Correctional System.
What is a social definition of crime?
Crime is a violation of social norms.
Crime is purely a legal issue.
Crime has no social implications.
Crime is defined by law enforcement only.
What is a constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is only what is reported.
Crime is a universal concept.
Crime is defined by laws alone.
Crime is the result of social construction.
What do constructionist sociologists question about norms?
Their absolute nature in society.
Their role in defining criminal behavior.
Their influence on individual morality.
Their utility that neglects the reality that norms vary across time and place.
What do Reiman and Leighton note about crime in America?
Crime is solely a result of individual choices.
Crime is evenly distributed across all social classes.
There exists class and racial bias in the administration of crime.
Most Americans do not admit to engaging in crime.
What are the three main objectives of the Canadian Criminal Justice System (CJS)?
Control Crime, Prevent Crime, Maintain Justice.
Protect victims, support law enforcement, reduce crime rates.
Punish offenders, rehabilitate criminals, deter crime.
Educate the public, enforce laws, promote security.
What does the justice model of criminal justice emphasize?
Punishment without regard to evidence.
Fair administration of guilt, innocence, and sentencing based on evidence.
A focus on rehabilitation over punishment.
Strict adherence to societal norms.
What is a significant concern regarding the definition of crime?
It defines the roles of law enforcement.
It affects counting crime, explaining engagement in crime, and designing justice policies.
It determines the morality of crime.
It influences public perception of justice.
What is the purpose of a Crown Prosecutor?
To defend the accused in court.
To create laws regarding crime.
To bring the accused person to court and determine if there's enough evidence for trial.
To oversee police investigations.
What was a major change in prostitution law in Canada in 2013?
Only trafficking in sexual services was made illegal.
All forms of prostitution were legalized.
Selling sex is not illegal, but advertising and purchasing sexual services are.
Prostitution laws were completely abolished.
What is one example of a problem with updating the Criminal Code?
Judges always follow the most recent laws.
Criminal Code is too short to cover all crimes.
Provisions are updated regularly without issues.
Using provisions that have been struck down, as in the McCann (2010) case.
What are the two general categories used to differentiate the seriousness of crime?
Felonies and Misdemeanors
Mala prohibita and Mala in se
Summary offences and Indictable offences
Hybrid offences and Summary offences
What is the punishment for summary offences?
A fine of $5,000
A jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2,000 fine
Community service
Life imprisonment
Which level of police agency employs most police officers in Canada?
Provincial
International
Federal
Municipal
What system do Canadian courts operate under?
Judicial system
Civil system
Adversarial system
Inquisitorial system
What is 'assembly-line' justice?
Quality over quantity justice
Justice that focuses on serious crimes only
Quantity, not quality justice
Justice that takes a long time
Who has discretion in the Canadian justice system?
Only defence lawyers
Only judges
Only prosecutors
All key actors
Where are most offenders incarcerated in Canada?
Federal institutions
Community centers
Provincial institutions
Juvenile facilities
How many adults are incarcerated in correctional facilities on any given day in Canada?
70,000
37,000
50,000
25,000
Who holds ders (punishments over 2 years of incarceration)?
Federal Courts
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC)
Local Law Enforcement
Provincial Courts
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence?
No
Only for violent crimes
Only in federal institutions
Yes
What happens when the federal government tries to crack down on crime?
Prisons become less crowded
Provinces push back
Crime rates decrease
More funding is provided
What is an example of illegitimate disparity in the criminal justice system?
Gender bias
Geographical bias
Age bias
Social class bias
What is considered a 'dark figure' in crime statistics?
The number of solved cases
The unknown number of crimes that occur
The number of reported crimes
The number of arrests made
What are the top 3 violent crimes in Canada?
Theft, Vandalism, Assault Level 1
Robbery, Homicide, Assault Level 3
Assault Level 1, Uttering Threats, Assault Level 2
Manslaughter, Burglary, Uttering Threats
What does the Criminal Justice Funnel illustrate?
Discretion is not present at any stage
More cases are processed each year
Fewer cases reach the next screening point
All cases are treated equally
What are the top 4 reasons victims do not report crimes according to the General Social Survey?
Not important enough, Nothing the police could do, Dealt with situation another way, Too personal
Fear of retaliation, Lack of trust in police, Too busy, Not knowing how to report
What are two reasons police may choose not to lay charges against suspects?
Case unfounded, Crime too minor
Lack of witnesses, Victim's request, High-profile case
What generates the greatest amount of people lost going through the CJS?
Time between laying of arrest and prosecution decision
Length of trial, Number of charges, Victim's testimony
What is one major reason charges are not often stayed at the prosecution level?
Police always have strong evidence
Victim may wish to testify
Quality of evidence generated by police is too poor
Accused never strikes deals
What does the Crime Control Model emphasize?
Rights of the suspect
Protecting the accused
Fairness throughout the system
Control & suppression of criminal activity
What is the Due Process Model primarily concerned with?
Speed of trials
Protecting the rights of the accused
Efficiency of the system
Incarceration rates
What is the definition of crime from a legal perspective?
A violation of social norms
A result of social interaction
An act deemed immoral
A law is broken
What type of law involves individuals in society versus the government?
Criminal law
Public law
Private law
Civil law
What are mala in se offenses?
Traffic violations
Offenses prohibited by law
Offenses that are immoral or evil
Minor offenses
Which of the following is an example of a summary offence?
A long prison sentence
Murder
A fine of $2000 and 6 months or less in prison
A serious criminal offence
What are the three major agencies of the criminal justice system?
The courts, The media, The correctional system
The police, The community, The correctional system
The police, The government, The media
The police, The courts, The correctional system
What does the criminal justice funnel illustrate?
The number of police officers hired
The success rates of convictions
The rapid drop from the number of actual crimes committed to the number of offenders incarcerated
The increase in crime rates over time
What is the primary focus of the adversarial system?
Equal representation for both sides
Focus on rehabilitation
Antagonistic, competitive
Cooperation and teamwork
What is the primary focus of the Crime Control Model?
Due process for all offenders
Protection of individual rights
Control and suppression of crime
Rehabilitation of offenders
Which of the following is NOT a source of discretion in the criminal justice system?
Victims
Sentencing
Police
Bail hearings
What is defined as a crime involving threat or use of force?
White collar crime
Victimless crime
Violent crime
Property crime
What does CUCR stand for?
Criminal Uniform Code Reporting
Common Uniform Crime Reporting
Uniform Crime Reporting
Centralized Uniform Crime Reporting
Which of the following is a criticism of CUCR?
A lot of crime goes unreported
It provides too much detail
All crimes are reported accurately
It only reports violent crimes
What is the role of a correctional centre?
To hold offenders for a period of imprisonment
To detain individuals awaiting trial
To provide community service
To serve as a juvenile detention
What is 'statutory release'?
Release after serving half of a sentence
Release at the end of the sentence
Release after serving two-thirds of a sentence
Release without conditions
What is the purpose of an Alternative Measures Program?
To expedite court processes
To provide community service for non-violent offenders
To punish repeat offenders
To incarcerate violent offenders
What is first degree murder?
A planned act of violence
The deliberate killing of a person
A crime of passion
An unplanned act of violence
Which of the following describes criminal negligence?
Accidental harm
Intent to kill
Reckless disregard for life
Negligence without consequence
What does the term 'assembly line justice' refer to?
Focus on rehabilitation of offenders
Thorough investigation of each case
Fast and efficient movement of cases in court
Individual assessment of defendants
What is negligence defined as?
An act that shows reckless regard for their life or other lives
A measure of crime severity
A type of racism
A crime committed by high social position individuals
What does the Crime Severity Index measure?
The number of crimes per 100,000 residents
The difference between reported and unreported crimes
The volume and seriousness of crime reported to the police
The types of violent crimes
What is the dark figure of crime?
The severity of crimes committed
The number of violent crimes
The total number of crimes reported
The difference between crimes that occur vs crimes that are reported
What is Bill C 127 known for?
A law restricting full disclosure of victims' records
The rape shield provision that prevents using victims' sexual history as evidence
A bill addressing institutional racism
A measure for crime severity
Which of the following is a type of interpersonal racism?
Everyday language
Systematic unintentional
Hate explicit
Ideological racial views
What does the absolutist perspective of deviance argue?
Deviance is labeled by social audiences
Power decides what is deviant
Deviance is culturally diverse
It is a violation of universal cultural standards
What does the conflict perspective emphasize?
The interactions and communications in society
The absolute standards of morality
The role of power struggles between different groups in shaping society
The stability of societal functions
What is a positive social sanction?
Expressions of disapproval by ordinary people
Punishments for violating social norms
Formal rewards given by authority
Rewards that encourage conformity to social norms
What is the definition of empiricism?
Making assumptions based on opinion
Learning comes from experience and observations
Knowledge is constructed by individuals
Knowledge exists outside the self
What does the term 'situational deviance' refer to?
Statistically rare deviance
Deviance seen as unacceptable to the majority
Nonconformity positively evaluated
Actions that are only appropriate depending on your setting and social group
What is negative deviance?
Over conformity that is positively viewed
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
Over conformity that is negatively viewed
Nonconformity that is positively evaluated
What is positive deviance?
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
Rate busting
Negative deviance
Over conformity that is positively viewed
What are the three major agencies of the justice system?
The police, The judges, The lawyers
The police, The courts, The correctional system
The police, The judges, The correctional system
The courts, The judges, The correctional system
What is the jail sentence for a misdemeanor?
1 year in jail
No jail time
Life imprisonment
Up to 6 months in jail or a $2000 fine
What is a hybrid offence?
An offence that is not prosecuted
An offence that is both civil and criminal
Where the crown prosecutor decides the type of offence
An offence that is always a misdemeanor
What are the four levels of courts in Canada?
Superior, Provincial, Federal, Appeal
Municipal, County, State, Supreme
Supreme, District, Municipal, Family
Supreme, Court of Appeal, Superior court, Provincial court
What are the two models developed by Herbert Packer?
Crime control model
Restorative model
Due process model
Preventive model
Retributive model
What is the CUCR designed to do?
Train law enforcement
Reduce crime rates
Increase police presence
Generate reliable crime statistics
What is a basic purpose of a defense lawyer?
Gather evidence
Convict the accused
Ensure the rights of the client are protected
Negotiate plea deals
What does the Crown Prosecutor do?
Advocate for victims
Enforce the Law
Defend the accused
Provide legal advice
What is a plea bargain?
An agreement to plead guilty for a benefit
A type of sentencing
A defense strategy
A trial process
Which of the following is a type of plea bargaining?
Evidence bargaining
Trial bargaining
Witness bargaining
Charge bargaining
What is a preliminary hearing used for?
To present the case to a jury
To determine if there is enough evidence for a case
To negotiate pleas
To finalize sentencing
What is the burden of the court regarding self-representation?
Easier for officials
Less work due to efficiency
No impact on workload
More work due to assistance needed
What is the role of judges in criminal courts?
Convict the guilty
Negotiate plea deals
Defend the innocent
Uphold rights of the accused
What is a common reason for plea bargaining?
Reduce evidence gathering
Encourage more trials
Increase trial length
Improve administrative efficiency
What is the standard for conviction in a criminal trial?
clear and convincing evidence
preponderance of evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt
probable cause
What is the purpose of the presumption of innocence?
to protect the accused until proven guilty
to ensure a speedy trial
to allow the prosecution to present evidence first
to prevent appeals
Which section of the Charter addresses the rights of the accused when detained?
Section 10
Section 5
Section 15
Section 9
What must the state prove in a criminal case?
Only Actus reus and Causation
Legality, Mens rea, Actus reus, Harm, Causation
Only Legality
Only Mens rea and Harm
Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
First-time offender
Use/threat of a weapon
Gang activity
Previous convictions
What is the maximum punishment for a Summary Conviction offense?
up to six months imprisonment
up to one year imprisonment
up to five years imprisonment
a maximum fine of $5,000
What is the main goal of sentencing according to US participants?
punishment
restoration
deterrence
rehabilitation
What is the role of the judge regarding trial evidence?
Presents evidence
Decides the verdict
Arbitrates what evidence may be included or excluded
Cross-examines witnesses
What must happen before the prosecution addresses the jury in closing arguments?
The jury must request it
The judge must approve the order
Prosecution goes first by default
Defense must present evidence or the defendant testifies
What is the purpose of a pre-sentencing report?
To determine the guilt of the accused
To inform judges about the offender's background
To provide evidence for the prosecution
To recommend a plea deal
What is one of the aggravating circumstances in sentencing?
Rehabilitative efforts
Planning and organization
Good character
Employment record
What is the purpose of the Safe Streets and Communities Act (Bill C-12)?
To increase judicial discretion
To reduce prison overcrowding
To eliminate plea agreements
To establish mandatory minimum penalties
What is a common cause of wrongful convictions according to Huff (1986)?
Jury bias
Insufficient evidence
Lack of legal representation
Eyewitness error
What do presumptive sentences aim to eliminate?
Mandatory minimums
Plea deals
Judicial discretion
Public opinion
Which province first introduced victim participation in 1986?
Ontario
British Columbia
Alberta
Manitoba
What is the role of a justice of the peace?
To provide legal representation
To act as a prosecutor
To serve as a jury member
To authorize searches and review detentions
What does 'going rate' refer to in a courtroom context?
The maximum sentence allowed
The minimum bail amount
The number of jurors
The average punishment for a crime
What is the role of Indigenous Court Workers?
To serve as judges
To conduct trials
To provide legal representation
To advocate for Indigenous accused individuals
What is a surety in a legal context?
A courtroom official
A legal document
A responsible person ensuring court appearance
A type of bail
What do specialized courts focus on?
Traffic violations
General criminal cases
Civil disputes
Distinctive groups of offenders
What are specialized courts also known as?
Family courts
Therapeutic courts
Problem-solving courts
Criminal courts
What do graduated sanctions begin with?
Probation
The least restrictive response
The most severe punishment
Community service
What is a failure to comply?
Submitting a case plan
Completing a sentence
Violating probation conditions
Complying with probation
What are administration of justice offences?
Disobeying court conditions
Serving a sentence
Following court orders
Complying with probation
What is a conditional sentence?
Custodial sentences served in the community
Fines
Prison sentences longer than two years
Probation sentences
What is a concurrent sentence?
Probation sentences
Community service
Sentences served one after the other
Multiple sentences served at the same time
What is an absolute discharge?
A type of probation
The least severe sanction with no conviction
A community service requirement
A severe punishment
What does proportionality in sentencing mean?
Sentences are based on personal circumstances
Sentence is proportionate to the offence
Sentences are determined by public opinion
All sentences are the same
What is the caseload?
The number of individuals under supervision
The number of cases in court
The number of inmates in prison
The number of probation officers
What is a case plan?
A roadmap for rehabilitation
A punishment guide
A legal document for court
A community service plan
What is provincial parole?
Community service for minor offences
Probation for first-time offenders
Parole for prisoners in provincial correctional centres
Federal parole for long-term inmates
What do fine option programs allow individuals to do?
Avoid paying fines
Serve longer sentences
Complete probation requirements
Pay fines through community service
What is Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)?
Standard probation for all offenders
Higher supervision for high-risk probationers
Community service requirements
Low supervision for first-time offenders
What does warehousing refer to in corrections?
Inmates receiving rehabilitation
Inmates receiving only basic needs
Inmates attending educational programs
Inmates working in the community
What is new generation design in correctional facilities?
High-security units
Isolation cells
Cells arranged on the perimeter with common areas
Traditional cell blocks
What is the role of an ombudsman?
Investigating complaints against government organizations
Creating laws
Prosecuting criminal cases
Defending individuals in court
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