What does experience with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) include?
only being a victim
performing jury duty
perpetrating crime
only receiving a traffic ticket
receiving traffic ticket
being victimized by crime
only performing jury duty
What does experience with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) include?
only being a victim
performing jury duty
perpetrating crime
only receiving a traffic ticket
receiving traffic ticket
being victimized by crime
only performing jury duty
What happened in the Robert Dzienski case related to the police?
He was arrested for drug possession.
He was released without charges.
He was tazed to death by RCMP at the airport for violent behavior.
He was shot by police for resisting arrest.
What happened in the Robert Dzienski case related to the police?
He was arrested for drug possession.
He was released without charges.
He was tazed to death by RCMP at the airport for violent behavior.
He was shot by police for resisting arrest.
What was the outcome of the case involving the father who let his daughters freeze to death?
He was sentenced to community service.
He received a life sentence.
He was acquitted of all charges.
He was sentenced to 3 years in prison.
What was the outcome of the case involving the father who let his daughters freeze to death?
He was sentenced to community service.
He received a life sentence.
He was acquitted of all charges.
He was sentenced to 3 years in prison.
What happened in the Ashley Smith case related to the correctional system?
She escaped from prison.
She was transferred to a different facility.
She was released early for good behavior.
She committed suicide in prison due to guard negligence.
What happened in the Ashley Smith case related to the correctional system?
She escaped from prison.
She was transferred to a different facility.
She was released early for good behavior.
She committed suicide in prison due to guard negligence.
What are the three major agencies of the CJS?
the courts
the government
the correctional system
the community
the military
the police
What are the three major agencies of the CJS?
the courts
the government
the correctional system
the community
the military
the police
What are the three types of definitions for crime?
social
economic
historical
legal
constructionist
psychological
What are the three types of definitions for crime?
social
economic
historical
legal
constructionist
psychological
What is the legal definition of crime?
A crime is only when someone is caught.
A crime occurs when a law is broken or a person is deemed guilty and punished.
A crime is a moral failing.
A crime is defined by public opinion.
What is the legal definition of crime?
A crime is only when someone is caught.
A crime occurs when a law is broken or a person is deemed guilty and punished.
A crime is a moral failing.
A crime is defined by public opinion.
What are the problems with the legal definition of crime?
There is no analysis for formal vs. informal crime handling.
It only applies to violent crimes.
It doesn't consider societal norms.
Not every perpetrator is caught and punished.
Many crimes are not prosecuted even when identified.
It is too vague.
What are the problems with the legal definition of crime?
There is no analysis for formal vs. informal crime handling.
It only applies to violent crimes.
It doesn't consider societal norms.
Not every perpetrator is caught and punished.
Many crimes are not prosecuted even when identified.
It is too vague.
What is the social definition of crime?
Crime is a violation of social norms.
Crime is a personal moral failing.
Crime is only defined by law.
Crime is an act against the government.
What is the social definition of crime?
Crime is a violation of social norms.
Crime is a personal moral failing.
Crime is only defined by law.
Crime is an act against the government.
What are the problems with the social definition of crime?
Norms vary across time and place.
It applies only to certain groups.
It ignores legal definitions.
It is too strict.
The existence of norms is debated.
What are the problems with the social definition of crime?
Norms vary across time and place.
It applies only to certain groups.
It ignores legal definitions.
It is too strict.
The existence of norms is debated.
What is the constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is solely a legal issue.
Crime is the result of social interaction.
Crime is a result of economic status.
Crime is determined by genetics.
What is the constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is solely a legal issue.
Crime is the result of social interaction.
Crime is a result of economic status.
Crime is determined by genetics.
What does 'negotiated process' in the constructionist definition of crime mean?
It indicates that police never make mistakes.
It refers to plea bargains only.
Criminal behavior is not always self-evident and influenced by bias.
It means all crimes are negotiated in court.
What does 'negotiated process' in the constructionist definition of crime mean?
It indicates that police never make mistakes.
It refers to plea bargains only.
Criminal behavior is not always self-evident and influenced by bias.
It means all crimes are negotiated in court.
What are the correlates of crime?
employment status
sex
class/socioeconomic status
race & ethnicity
geographic location
age
education level
What are the correlates of crime?
employment status
sex
class/socioeconomic status
race & ethnicity
geographic location
age
education level
What are the three main objectives of the CJS?
to rehabilitate all criminals
to maintain justice
to punish all offenders
to enforce laws strictly
to prevent crime
to control crime
What are the three main objectives of the CJS?
to rehabilitate all criminals
to maintain justice
to punish all offenders
to enforce laws strictly
to prevent crime
to control crime
True or False: Effective controls over crime result in prevention of crime.
false
true
True or False: Effective controls over crime result in prevention of crime.
false
true
True or False: Justice often refers to fairness (sameness).
false
true
True or False: Justice often refers to fairness (sameness).
false
true
What are the three characteristics of the Canadian justice model?
punishment should be harsh
similar cases treated similarly
guilt, innocence, and sentencing administered fairly
punishment should fit crime
all crimes should have the same punishment
only serious crimes should be punished
What are the three characteristics of the Canadian justice model?
punishment should be harsh
similar cases treated similarly
guilt, innocence, and sentencing administered fairly
punishment should fit crime
all crimes should have the same punishment
only serious crimes should be punished
True or False: Many Canadians adhere to the justice model of criminal justice.
true
false
True or False: Many Canadians adhere to the justice model of criminal justice.
true
false
Why is the debate about crime definitions significant?
It influences counting crime, explaining engagement, and designing justice policies.
It has no real impact on society.
It is only relevant to law enforcement.
It only affects academics.
Why is the debate about crime definitions significant?
It influences counting crime, explaining engagement, and designing justice policies.
It has no real impact on society.
It is only relevant to law enforcement.
It only affects academics.
Why do some believe we need to expand the definition of justice?
Justice is already perfect as it is.
Expanding definitions complicates the system.
CJS treats everyone equally, but circumstances differ.
Everyone is treated the same in all cases.
Why do some believe we need to expand the definition of justice?
Justice is already perfect as it is.
Expanding definitions complicates the system.
CJS treats everyone equally, but circumstances differ.
Everyone is treated the same in all cases.
What happened in the Moses Mahilal case?
He stabbed an intruder in his home; debate about self-defense or assault.
He was attacked in his home.
He was charged for theft.
He was acquitted of all charges.
What happened in the Moses Mahilal case?
He stabbed an intruder in his home; debate about self-defense or assault.
He was attacked in his home.
He was charged for theft.
He was acquitted of all charges.
What are the two types of law in Canada?
international and domestic
private (civil)
federal and provincial
public
criminal and civil
What are the two types of law in Canada?
international and domestic
private (civil)
federal and provincial
public
criminal and civil
What is public law?
It sets rules for individuals in society, including criminal law.
It governs private relationships.
It is only about civil rights.
It does not include criminal law.
What is public law?
It sets rules for individuals in society, including criminal law.
It governs private relationships.
It is only about civil rights.
It does not include criminal law.
What is private (civil) law?
It is the same as public law.
It is only about public safety.
It governs criminal behavior.
It sets rules for relationships between individuals.
What is private (civil) law?
It is the same as public law.
It is only about public safety.
It governs criminal behavior.
It sets rules for relationships between individuals.
Is criminal law static?
False
True
Is criminal law static?
False
True
How long is the Criminal Code of Canada?
Over 1,100 pages
About 800 pages
Around 1,500 pages
Under 500 pages
How long is the Criminal Code of Canada?
Over 1,100 pages
About 800 pages
Around 1,500 pages
Under 500 pages
What case study relates to difficulty with updating the criminal code?
R. v. McLachlin
McCann case (2010)
R. v. Stinchcombe
R. v. Jordan
What case study relates to difficulty with updating the criminal code?
R. v. McLachlin
McCann case (2010)
R. v. Stinchcombe
R. v. Jordan
What are the two categories used to differentiate seriousness of a crime?
felony & misdemeanor
mala prohibita & mala in se
summary & indictable
civil & criminal
What are the two categories used to differentiate seriousness of a crime?
felony & misdemeanor
mala prohibita & mala in se
summary & indictable
civil & criminal
What is mala prohibita?
Behavior that is immoral (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
What is mala prohibita?
Behavior that is immoral (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
What is mala in se?
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
Behavior that is immoral or evil (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
What is mala in se?
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
Behavior that is immoral or evil (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
What is a summary offence?
Serious crime; can lead to 10 years in prison
Minor infraction; usually a warning
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2000 fine
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
What is a summary offence?
Serious crime; can lead to 10 years in prison
Minor infraction; usually a warning
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2000 fine
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
What is an indictable offence?
Civil offence; no jail time involved
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
Minor offence; usually a fine
What is an indictable offence?
Civil offence; no jail time involved
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
Minor offence; usually a fine
What are hybrid/dual offences?
Cases that can only be summary offences
Cases where the crown prosecutor decides whether the case will be treated as summary or indictable offence
Cases that can only be indictable offences
Cases that are automatically dismissed
What are hybrid/dual offences?
Cases that can only be summary offences
Cases where the crown prosecutor decides whether the case will be treated as summary or indictable offence
Cases that can only be indictable offences
Cases that are automatically dismissed
What are the three levels of police agencies in Canada?
Municipal, provincial, federal
Community, regional, national
Local, state, national
City, county, federal
What are the three levels of police agencies in Canada?
Municipal, provincial, federal
Community, regional, national
Local, state, national
City, county, federal
At what level do most police work in Canada?
Federal
Provincial
Municipal
Community
At what level do most police work in Canada?
Federal
Provincial
Municipal
Community
How many sworn police officers were there in Canada in 2015?
~50k
~100k
~80k
~69k
How many sworn police officers were there in Canada in 2015?
~50k
~100k
~80k
~69k
Are Canadian courts based on English common law?
False
True
Are Canadian courts based on English common law?
False
True
How does the Canadian court system work based on English common law?
Consensus system: all parties must agree
Adversarial system: two opposing parties present their case before an impartial judge
Inquisitorial system: judge investigates the case
Bureaucratic system: decisions made by officials
How does the Canadian court system work based on English common law?
Consensus system: all parties must agree
Adversarial system: two opposing parties present their case before an impartial judge
Inquisitorial system: judge investigates the case
Bureaucratic system: decisions made by officials
Is it common in adult criminal courts for cases to involve multiple charges?
True
False
Is it common in adult criminal courts for cases to involve multiple charges?
True
False
What are the four levels of courts in Canada, listed in order of crime seriousness?
Provincial Courts, Supreme Court, Federal Courts, Municipal Courts
Superior Courts, Municipal Courts, Provincial Courts, Supreme Court
Supreme Court of Canada, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts, Provincial Courts
Provincial Courts, Superior Courts, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Supreme Court
What are the four levels of courts in Canada, listed in order of crime seriousness?
Provincial Courts, Supreme Court, Federal Courts, Municipal Courts
Superior Courts, Municipal Courts, Provincial Courts, Supreme Court
Supreme Court of Canada, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts, Provincial Courts
Provincial Courts, Superior Courts, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Supreme Court
Which court has the final say in any case?
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Provincial Court
Superior Court
Which court has the final say in any case?
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Provincial Court
Superior Court
Which court deals with appeals from the superior and provincial courts?
Supreme Court
Provincial Court
Municipal Court
Court of Appeal
Which court deals with appeals from the superior and provincial courts?
Supreme Court
Provincial Court
Municipal Court
Court of Appeal
Which court deals with serious crimes?
Supreme Court
Provincial Court
Superior Court
Court of Appeal
Which court deals with serious crimes?
Supreme Court
Provincial Court
Superior Court
Court of Appeal
Which court deals with less serious offences, such as speeding tickets?
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Provincial Court
Superior Court
Which court deals with less serious offences, such as speeding tickets?
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
Provincial Court
Superior Court
Which court deals with the most cases through what process?
Provincial Court; assembly-line justice
Court of Appeal; lengthy trials
Municipal Court; informal discussions
Supreme Court; detailed hearings
Which court deals with the most cases through what process?
Provincial Court; assembly-line justice
Court of Appeal; lengthy trials
Municipal Court; informal discussions
Supreme Court; detailed hearings
What is assembly-line justice?
Thorough investigation of each case
Rapid processing of cases
Lengthy deliberation by juries
Public trials with open debates
What is assembly-line justice?
Thorough investigation of each case
Rapid processing of cases
Lengthy deliberation by juries
Public trials with open debates
In the adversarial system, what is the prosecutor initially concerned with?
Minimizing legal fees
Maximizing sentences
That justice be done
Winning the case at all costs
In the adversarial system, what is the prosecutor initially concerned with?
Minimizing legal fees
Maximizing sentences
That justice be done
Winning the case at all costs
What is R. v. Stinchcombe's relevance to the adversarial system?
Withheld evidence from the defence; have to disclose important information
It established the right to a speedy trial
It focused on jury selection procedures
It emphasized the role of the judge in trials
What is R. v. Stinchcombe's relevance to the adversarial system?
Withheld evidence from the defence; have to disclose important information
It established the right to a speedy trial
It focused on jury selection procedures
It emphasized the role of the judge in trials
What is discretion in the context of the justice system?
The mandatory application of laws
The requirement to follow public opinion
The ability to ignore laws
The power of members of the justice system to act according to their own judgement
What is discretion in the context of the justice system?
The mandatory application of laws
The requirement to follow public opinion
The ability to ignore laws
The power of members of the justice system to act according to their own judgement
What two groups of people are evidence for the debate about discretion vs. discrimination?
Urban & Rural
Rich & Poor
First Nations & African Canadians
Women & Children
What two groups of people are evidence for the debate about discretion vs. discrimination?
Urban & Rural
Rich & Poor
First Nations & African Canadians
Women & Children
Who deals with the incarceration of serious offenders (punishment over 2 years)? Is it federal or provincial?
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC); federal
Provincial correctional services; provincial
Local jails; municipal
Community service organizations; federal
Who deals with the incarceration of serious offenders (punishment over 2 years)? Is it federal or provincial?
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC); federal
Provincial correctional services; provincial
Local jails; municipal
Community service organizations; federal
Around how many adults and youths are incarcerated on any given day in Canada?
50k adults, 5k youth
25k adults, 2k youth
40k adults, 3k youth
37k adults, 1k youth
Around how many adults and youths are incarcerated on any given day in Canada?
50k adults, 5k youth
25k adults, 2k youth
40k adults, 3k youth
37k adults, 1k youth
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence rather than receiving parole or statutory release?
True; most serve their full sentence
False; all offenders receive automatic parole
True; parole is rarely granted
False; most do not and frequently receive parole or statutory release
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence rather than receiving parole or statutory release?
True; most serve their full sentence
False; all offenders receive automatic parole
True; parole is rarely granted
False; most do not and frequently receive parole or statutory release
What determines an offender's incarceration at the provincial or federal level?
Location of crime; urban vs. rural
Seriousness of the crime; federal = more serious
Age of offender; juvenile vs. adult
Type of crime; violent vs. non-violent
What determines an offender's incarceration at the provincial or federal level?
Location of crime; urban vs. rural
Seriousness of the crime; federal = more serious
Age of offender; juvenile vs. adult
Type of crime; violent vs. non-violent
Why does bias exist in the Criminal Justice System?
Disparity (unfair treatment) and discrimination
Lack of laws
Overpopulation in prisons
Inadequate legal representation
Why does bias exist in the Criminal Justice System?
Disparity (unfair treatment) and discrimination
Lack of laws
Overpopulation in prisons
Inadequate legal representation
Why is the actual number of crimes that occur in Canada known as a 'dark figure'?
Precise number of crimes is unknown due to low reporting
Only serious crimes are counted
All crimes are reported and documented
Crime statistics are always accurate
Why is the actual number of crimes that occur in Canada known as a 'dark figure'?
Precise number of crimes is unknown due to low reporting
Only serious crimes are counted
All crimes are reported and documented
Crime statistics are always accurate
What is the criminal justice funnel?
A representation of the decrease in cases in the process of going through
A way to represent crime rates
A visual aid for court procedures
A method for increasing convictions
What is the criminal justice funnel?
A representation of the decrease in cases in the process of going through
A way to represent crime rates
A visual aid for court procedures
A method for increasing convictions
What percentage of charges receive imprisonment in Canada?
6%
15%
10%
20%
What percentage of charges receive imprisonment in Canada?
6%
15%
10%
20%
What are the five points in the criminal justice process where discretion occurs?
Police allocation only.
Only victim reporting and prosecution.
Victim reporting, police allocation of charges, bail hearings, prosecution, sentencing.
Bail hearings and sentencing only.
What are the five points in the criminal justice process where discretion occurs?
Police allocation only.
Only victim reporting and prosecution.
Victim reporting, police allocation of charges, bail hearings, prosecution, sentencing.
Bail hearings and sentencing only.
What is victim reporting discretion?
Police report crimes on behalf of victims.
Victims always report crimes.
Victims not reporting crimes for various reasons.
Victims report all crimes regardless of severity.
What is victim reporting discretion?
Police report crimes on behalf of victims.
Victims always report crimes.
Victims not reporting crimes for various reasons.
Victims report all crimes regardless of severity.
What is bail hearing discretion?
Bail hearings have no impact on outcomes.
Bail is only considered for serious crimes.
Denied bail leads to higher chances of conviction.
Bail is always granted.
What is bail hearing discretion?
Bail hearings have no impact on outcomes.
Bail is only considered for serious crimes.
Denied bail leads to higher chances of conviction.
Bail is always granted.
What is prosecution discretion?
Charges may be dropped due to various reasons.
Prosecutors never drop charges.
All charges must proceed to trial.
Charges are always upheld.
What is prosecution discretion?
Charges may be dropped due to various reasons.
Prosecutors never drop charges.
All charges must proceed to trial.
Charges are always upheld.
Who developed the two competing models of the CJS?
Herbert Packer
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Karl Marx
Who developed the two competing models of the CJS?
Herbert Packer
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Karl Marx
What is the crime control model of the CJS?
A model emphasizing victim rights.
A model focused on legal definitions.
A model prioritizing rehabilitation.
A 'get tough on crime' approach.
What is the crime control model of the CJS?
A model emphasizing victim rights.
A model focused on legal definitions.
A model prioritizing rehabilitation.
A 'get tough on crime' approach.
What is the due process model of the CJS?
A model that promotes harsher sentences.
A model prioritizing the rights of the suspect.
A model that ignores victim rights.
A model focused on efficiency.
What is the due process model of the CJS?
A model that promotes harsher sentences.
A model prioritizing the rights of the suspect.
A model that ignores victim rights.
A model focused on efficiency.
What concept questions the assumption of the CJS being fair?
Police discretion.
Victim advocacy.
The crime rate.
The criminal justice funnel.
What concept questions the assumption of the CJS being fair?
Police discretion.
Victim advocacy.
The crime rate.
The criminal justice funnel.
What are the three major agencies in the Canadian CJS?
Police, Courts, Correctional System.
Judiciary, Lawmakers, Police.
Correctional System, Courts, Victim Services.
Police, Social Services, Probation.
What are the three major agencies in the Canadian CJS?
Police, Courts, Correctional System.
Judiciary, Lawmakers, Police.
Correctional System, Courts, Victim Services.
Police, Social Services, Probation.
What is a social definition of crime?
Crime is defined by law enforcement only.
Crime is a violation of social norms.
Crime has no social implications.
Crime is purely a legal issue.
What is a social definition of crime?
Crime is defined by law enforcement only.
Crime is a violation of social norms.
Crime has no social implications.
Crime is purely a legal issue.
What is a constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is a universal concept.
Crime is defined by laws alone.
Crime is the result of social construction.
Crime is only what is reported.
What is a constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is a universal concept.
Crime is defined by laws alone.
Crime is the result of social construction.
Crime is only what is reported.
What do constructionist sociologists question about norms?
Their utility that neglects the reality that norms vary across time and place.
Their influence on individual morality.
Their role in defining criminal behavior.
Their absolute nature in society.
What do constructionist sociologists question about norms?
Their utility that neglects the reality that norms vary across time and place.
Their influence on individual morality.
Their role in defining criminal behavior.
Their absolute nature in society.
What do Reiman and Leighton note about crime in America?
Most Americans do not admit to engaging in crime.
Crime is solely a result of individual choices.
Crime is evenly distributed across all social classes.
There exists class and racial bias in the administration of crime.
What do Reiman and Leighton note about crime in America?
Most Americans do not admit to engaging in crime.
Crime is solely a result of individual choices.
Crime is evenly distributed across all social classes.
There exists class and racial bias in the administration of crime.
What are the three main objectives of the Canadian Criminal Justice System (CJS)?
Punish offenders, rehabilitate criminals, deter crime.
Educate the public, enforce laws, promote security.
Protect victims, support law enforcement, reduce crime rates.
Control Crime, Prevent Crime, Maintain Justice.
What are the three main objectives of the Canadian Criminal Justice System (CJS)?
Punish offenders, rehabilitate criminals, deter crime.
Educate the public, enforce laws, promote security.
Protect victims, support law enforcement, reduce crime rates.
Control Crime, Prevent Crime, Maintain Justice.
What does the justice model of criminal justice emphasize?
A focus on rehabilitation over punishment.
Strict adherence to societal norms.
Fair administration of guilt, innocence, and sentencing based on evidence.
Punishment without regard to evidence.
What does the justice model of criminal justice emphasize?
A focus on rehabilitation over punishment.
Strict adherence to societal norms.
Fair administration of guilt, innocence, and sentencing based on evidence.
Punishment without regard to evidence.
What is a significant concern regarding the definition of crime?
It affects counting crime, explaining engagement in crime, and designing justice policies.
It influences public perception of justice.
It defines the roles of law enforcement.
It determines the morality of crime.
What is a significant concern regarding the definition of crime?
It affects counting crime, explaining engagement in crime, and designing justice policies.
It influences public perception of justice.
It defines the roles of law enforcement.
It determines the morality of crime.
What is the purpose of a Crown Prosecutor?
To create laws regarding crime.
To oversee police investigations.
To bring the accused person to court and determine if there's enough evidence for trial.
To defend the accused in court.
What is the purpose of a Crown Prosecutor?
To create laws regarding crime.
To oversee police investigations.
To bring the accused person to court and determine if there's enough evidence for trial.
To defend the accused in court.
What was a major change in prostitution law in Canada in 2013?
Prostitution laws were completely abolished.
All forms of prostitution were legalized.
Only trafficking in sexual services was made illegal.
Selling sex is not illegal, but advertising and purchasing sexual services are.
What was a major change in prostitution law in Canada in 2013?
Prostitution laws were completely abolished.
All forms of prostitution were legalized.
Only trafficking in sexual services was made illegal.
Selling sex is not illegal, but advertising and purchasing sexual services are.
What is one example of a problem with updating the Criminal Code?
Criminal Code is too short to cover all crimes.
Provisions are updated regularly without issues.
Judges always follow the most recent laws.
Using provisions that have been struck down, as in the McCann (2010) case.
What is one example of a problem with updating the Criminal Code?
Criminal Code is too short to cover all crimes.
Provisions are updated regularly without issues.
Judges always follow the most recent laws.
Using provisions that have been struck down, as in the McCann (2010) case.
What are the two general categories used to differentiate the seriousness of crime?
Felonies and Misdemeanors
Summary offences and Indictable offences
Hybrid offences and Summary offences
Mala prohibita and Mala in se
What are the two general categories used to differentiate the seriousness of crime?
Felonies and Misdemeanors
Summary offences and Indictable offences
Hybrid offences and Summary offences
Mala prohibita and Mala in se
What is the punishment for summary offences?
A jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2,000 fine
Life imprisonment
Community service
A fine of $5,000
What is the punishment for summary offences?
A jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2,000 fine
Life imprisonment
Community service
A fine of $5,000
Which level of police agency employs most police officers in Canada?
Municipal
International
Federal
Provincial
Which level of police agency employs most police officers in Canada?
Municipal
International
Federal
Provincial
What system do Canadian courts operate under?
Civil system
Inquisitorial system
Judicial system
Adversarial system
What system do Canadian courts operate under?
Civil system
Inquisitorial system
Judicial system
Adversarial system
How many levels of courts are there in Canada?
Three
Five
Four
Six
How many levels of courts are there in Canada?
Three
Five
Four
Six
What is 'assembly-line' justice?
Quantity, not quality justice
Justice that focuses on serious crimes only
Quality over quantity justice
Justice that takes a long time
What is 'assembly-line' justice?
Quantity, not quality justice
Justice that focuses on serious crimes only
Quality over quantity justice
Justice that takes a long time
Who has discretion in the Canadian justice system?
Only judges
All key actors
Only prosecutors
Only defence lawyers
Who has discretion in the Canadian justice system?
Only judges
All key actors
Only prosecutors
Only defence lawyers
Where are most offenders incarcerated in Canada?
Juvenile facilities
Provincial institutions
Federal institutions
Community centers
Where are most offenders incarcerated in Canada?
Juvenile facilities
Provincial institutions
Federal institutions
Community centers
How many adults are incarcerated in correctional facilities on any given day in Canada?
50,000
25,000
70,000
37,000
How many adults are incarcerated in correctional facilities on any given day in Canada?
50,000
25,000
70,000
37,000
Who holds ders (punishments over 2 years of incarceration)?
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC)
Federal Courts
Local Law Enforcement
Provincial Courts
Who holds ders (punishments over 2 years of incarceration)?
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC)
Federal Courts
Local Law Enforcement
Provincial Courts
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence?
Only in federal institutions
Yes
Only for violent crimes
No
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence?
Only in federal institutions
Yes
Only for violent crimes
No
What happens when the federal government tries to crack down on crime?
Prisons become less crowded
Provinces push back
Crime rates decrease
More funding is provided
What happens when the federal government tries to crack down on crime?
Prisons become less crowded
Provinces push back
Crime rates decrease
More funding is provided
What is an example of illegitimate disparity in the criminal justice system?
Geographical bias
Gender bias
Social class bias
Age bias
What is an example of illegitimate disparity in the criminal justice system?
Geographical bias
Gender bias
Social class bias
Age bias
What is considered a 'dark figure' in crime statistics?
The number of solved cases
The unknown number of crimes that occur
The number of arrests made
The number of reported crimes
What is considered a 'dark figure' in crime statistics?
The number of solved cases
The unknown number of crimes that occur
The number of arrests made
The number of reported crimes
What are the top 3 violent crimes in Canada?
Theft, Vandalism, Assault Level 1
Assault Level 1, Uttering Threats, Assault Level 2
Robbery, Homicide, Assault Level 3
Manslaughter, Burglary, Uttering Threats
What are the top 3 violent crimes in Canada?
Theft, Vandalism, Assault Level 1
Assault Level 1, Uttering Threats, Assault Level 2
Robbery, Homicide, Assault Level 3
Manslaughter, Burglary, Uttering Threats
What percentage of crime is reported?
75%
100%
25%
50%
What percentage of crime is reported?
75%
100%
25%
50%
What was the peak crime rate in Canadian society?
1985
1991
2001
1995
What was the peak crime rate in Canadian society?
1985
1991
2001
1995
What does the Criminal Justice Funnel illustrate?
Fewer cases reach the next screening point
Discretion is not present at any stage
More cases are processed each year
All cases are treated equally
What does the Criminal Justice Funnel illustrate?
Fewer cases reach the next screening point
Discretion is not present at any stage
More cases are processed each year
All cases are treated equally
What are the top 4 reasons victims do not report crimes according to the General Social Survey?
Fear of retaliation, Lack of trust in police, Too busy, Not knowing how to report
Not important enough, Nothing the police could do, Dealt with situation another way, Too personal
What are the top 4 reasons victims do not report crimes according to the General Social Survey?
Fear of retaliation, Lack of trust in police, Too busy, Not knowing how to report
Not important enough, Nothing the police could do, Dealt with situation another way, Too personal
What are two reasons police may choose not to lay charges against suspects?
Case unfounded, Crime too minor
Lack of witnesses, Victim's request, High-profile case
What are two reasons police may choose not to lay charges against suspects?
Case unfounded, Crime too minor
Lack of witnesses, Victim's request, High-profile case
What generates the greatest amount of people lost going through the CJS?
Time between laying of arrest and prosecution decision
Length of trial, Number of charges, Victim's testimony
What generates the greatest amount of people lost going through the CJS?
Time between laying of arrest and prosecution decision
Length of trial, Number of charges, Victim's testimony
What is one major reason charges are not often stayed at the prosecution level?
Victim may wish to testify
Quality of evidence generated by police is too poor
Accused never strikes deals
Police always have strong evidence
What is one major reason charges are not often stayed at the prosecution level?
Victim may wish to testify
Quality of evidence generated by police is too poor
Accused never strikes deals
Police always have strong evidence
What does the Crime Control Model emphasize?
Fairness throughout the system
Control & suppression of criminal activity
Protecting the accused
Rights of the suspect
What does the Crime Control Model emphasize?
Fairness throughout the system
Control & suppression of criminal activity
Protecting the accused
Rights of the suspect
What is a key goal of the Crime Control Model?
Rights protection
Prevention
Fairness
Speed
What is a key goal of the Crime Control Model?
Rights protection
Prevention
Fairness
Speed
What is the Due Process Model primarily concerned with?
Efficiency of the system
Speed of trials
Protecting the rights of the accused
Incarceration rates
What is the Due Process Model primarily concerned with?
Efficiency of the system
Speed of trials
Protecting the rights of the accused
Incarceration rates
What is the definition of crime from a legal perspective?
An act deemed immoral
A result of social interaction
A violation of social norms
A law is broken
What is the definition of crime from a legal perspective?
An act deemed immoral
A result of social interaction
A violation of social norms
A law is broken
What type of law involves individuals in society versus the government?
Civil law
Public law
Private law
Criminal law
What type of law involves individuals in society versus the government?
Civil law
Public law
Private law
Criminal law
What are mala in se offenses?
Offenses that are immoral or evil
Offenses prohibited by law
Traffic violations
Minor offenses
What are mala in se offenses?
Offenses that are immoral or evil
Offenses prohibited by law
Traffic violations
Minor offenses
Which of the following is an example of a summary offence?
Murder
A serious criminal offence
A fine of $2000 and 6 months or less in prison
A long prison sentence
Which of the following is an example of a summary offence?
Murder
A serious criminal offence
A fine of $2000 and 6 months or less in prison
A long prison sentence
What are the three major agencies of the criminal justice system?
The police, The community, The correctional system
The police, The courts, The correctional system
The police, The government, The media
The courts, The media, The correctional system
What are the three major agencies of the criminal justice system?
The police, The community, The correctional system
The police, The courts, The correctional system
The police, The government, The media
The courts, The media, The correctional system
What does the criminal justice funnel illustrate?
The success rates of convictions
The increase in crime rates over time
The number of police officers hired
The rapid drop from the number of actual crimes committed to the number of offenders incarcerated
What does the criminal justice funnel illustrate?
The success rates of convictions
The increase in crime rates over time
The number of police officers hired
The rapid drop from the number of actual crimes committed to the number of offenders incarcerated
What is the primary focus of the adversarial system?
Antagonistic, competitive
Equal representation for both sides
Focus on rehabilitation
Cooperation and teamwork
What is the primary focus of the adversarial system?
Antagonistic, competitive
Equal representation for both sides
Focus on rehabilitation
Cooperation and teamwork
What is the primary focus of the Crime Control Model?
Control and suppression of crime
Due process for all offenders
Rehabilitation of offenders
Protection of individual rights
What is the primary focus of the Crime Control Model?
Control and suppression of crime
Due process for all offenders
Rehabilitation of offenders
Protection of individual rights
Which of the following is NOT a source of discretion in the criminal justice system?
Sentencing
Bail hearings
Police
Victims
Which of the following is NOT a source of discretion in the criminal justice system?
Sentencing
Bail hearings
Police
Victims
What is defined as a crime involving threat or use of force?
Property crime
Violent crime
Victimless crime
White collar crime
What is defined as a crime involving threat or use of force?
Property crime
Violent crime
Victimless crime
White collar crime
What does CUCR stand for?
Uniform Crime Reporting
Common Uniform Crime Reporting
Criminal Uniform Code Reporting
Centralized Uniform Crime Reporting
What does CUCR stand for?
Uniform Crime Reporting
Common Uniform Crime Reporting
Criminal Uniform Code Reporting
Centralized Uniform Crime Reporting
Which of the following is a criticism of CUCR?
All crimes are reported accurately
It only reports violent crimes
A lot of crime goes unreported
It provides too much detail
Which of the following is a criticism of CUCR?
All crimes are reported accurately
It only reports violent crimes
A lot of crime goes unreported
It provides too much detail
What is the role of a correctional centre?
To detain individuals awaiting trial
To provide community service
To serve as a juvenile detention
To hold offenders for a period of imprisonment
What is the role of a correctional centre?
To detain individuals awaiting trial
To provide community service
To serve as a juvenile detention
To hold offenders for a period of imprisonment
What is 'statutory release'?
Release at the end of the sentence
Release after serving two-thirds of a sentence
Release without conditions
Release after serving half of a sentence
What is 'statutory release'?
Release at the end of the sentence
Release after serving two-thirds of a sentence
Release without conditions
Release after serving half of a sentence
What is the purpose of an Alternative Measures Program?
To punish repeat offenders
To provide community service for non-violent offenders
To incarcerate violent offenders
To expedite court processes
What is the purpose of an Alternative Measures Program?
To punish repeat offenders
To provide community service for non-violent offenders
To incarcerate violent offenders
To expedite court processes
What is first degree murder?
A crime of passion
The deliberate killing of a person
An unplanned act of violence
A planned act of violence
What is first degree murder?
A crime of passion
The deliberate killing of a person
An unplanned act of violence
A planned act of violence
Which of the following describes criminal negligence?
Reckless disregard for life
Accidental harm
Negligence without consequence
Intent to kill
Which of the following describes criminal negligence?
Reckless disregard for life
Accidental harm
Negligence without consequence
Intent to kill
What is the most common property crime?
Arson
Burglary
Theft under $5000
Fraud
What is the most common property crime?
Arson
Burglary
Theft under $5000
Fraud
What does the term 'assembly line justice' refer to?
Individual assessment of defendants
Focus on rehabilitation of offenders
Thorough investigation of each case
Fast and efficient movement of cases in court
What does the term 'assembly line justice' refer to?
Individual assessment of defendants
Focus on rehabilitation of offenders
Thorough investigation of each case
Fast and efficient movement of cases in court
What is negligence defined as?
A type of racism
An act that shows reckless regard for their life or other lives
A crime committed by high social position individuals
A measure of crime severity
What is negligence defined as?
A type of racism
An act that shows reckless regard for their life or other lives
A crime committed by high social position individuals
A measure of crime severity
What does the Crime Severity Index measure?
The volume and seriousness of crime reported to the police
The number of crimes per 100,000 residents
The difference between reported and unreported crimes
The types of violent crimes
What does the Crime Severity Index measure?
The volume and seriousness of crime reported to the police
The number of crimes per 100,000 residents
The difference between reported and unreported crimes
The types of violent crimes
What is the dark figure of crime?
The severity of crimes committed
The total number of crimes reported
The difference between crimes that occur vs crimes that are reported
The number of violent crimes
What is the dark figure of crime?
The severity of crimes committed
The total number of crimes reported
The difference between crimes that occur vs crimes that are reported
The number of violent crimes
What is Bill C 127 known for?
A measure for crime severity
A law restricting full disclosure of victims' records
A bill addressing institutional racism
The rape shield provision that prevents using victims' sexual history as evidence
What is Bill C 127 known for?
A measure for crime severity
A law restricting full disclosure of victims' records
A bill addressing institutional racism
The rape shield provision that prevents using victims' sexual history as evidence
Which of the following is a type of interpersonal racism?
Hate explicit
Everyday language
Systematic unintentional
Ideological racial views
Which of the following is a type of interpersonal racism?
Hate explicit
Everyday language
Systematic unintentional
Ideological racial views
What does the absolutist perspective of deviance argue?
Deviance is culturally diverse
Deviance is labeled by social audiences
It is a violation of universal cultural standards
Power decides what is deviant
What does the absolutist perspective of deviance argue?
Deviance is culturally diverse
Deviance is labeled by social audiences
It is a violation of universal cultural standards
Power decides what is deviant
What does the conflict perspective emphasize?
The interactions and communications in society
The role of power struggles between different groups in shaping society
The stability of societal functions
The absolute standards of morality
What does the conflict perspective emphasize?
The interactions and communications in society
The role of power struggles between different groups in shaping society
The stability of societal functions
The absolute standards of morality
What is a positive social sanction?
Expressions of disapproval by ordinary people
Formal rewards given by authority
Rewards that encourage conformity to social norms
Punishments for violating social norms
What is a positive social sanction?
Expressions of disapproval by ordinary people
Formal rewards given by authority
Rewards that encourage conformity to social norms
Punishments for violating social norms
What is the definition of empiricism?
Making assumptions based on opinion
Knowledge exists outside the self
Knowledge is constructed by individuals
Learning comes from experience and observations
What is the definition of empiricism?
Making assumptions based on opinion
Knowledge exists outside the self
Knowledge is constructed by individuals
Learning comes from experience and observations
What does the term 'situational deviance' refer to?
Nonconformity positively evaluated
Actions that are only appropriate depending on your setting and social group
Deviance seen as unacceptable to the majority
Statistically rare deviance
What does the term 'situational deviance' refer to?
Nonconformity positively evaluated
Actions that are only appropriate depending on your setting and social group
Deviance seen as unacceptable to the majority
Statistically rare deviance
What is negative deviance?
Nonconformity that is positively evaluated
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
Over conformity that is negatively viewed
Over conformity that is positively viewed
What is negative deviance?
Nonconformity that is positively evaluated
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
Over conformity that is negatively viewed
Over conformity that is positively viewed
What is positive deviance?
Over conformity that is positively viewed
Rate busting
Negative deviance
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
What is positive deviance?
Over conformity that is positively viewed
Rate busting
Negative deviance
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
What are the three major agencies of the justice system?
The police, The judges, The correctional system
The courts, The judges, The correctional system
The police, The judges, The lawyers
The police, The courts, The correctional system
What are the three major agencies of the justice system?
The police, The judges, The correctional system
The courts, The judges, The correctional system
The police, The judges, The lawyers
The police, The courts, The correctional system
What is the jail sentence for a misdemeanor?
Up to 6 months in jail or a $2000 fine
No jail time
1 year in jail
Life imprisonment
What is the jail sentence for a misdemeanor?
Up to 6 months in jail or a $2000 fine
No jail time
1 year in jail
Life imprisonment
What is a hybrid offence?
An offence that is always a misdemeanor
Where the crown prosecutor decides the type of offence
An offence that is both civil and criminal
An offence that is not prosecuted
What is a hybrid offence?
An offence that is always a misdemeanor
Where the crown prosecutor decides the type of offence
An offence that is both civil and criminal
An offence that is not prosecuted
What are the four levels of courts in Canada?
Supreme, Court of Appeal, Superior court, Provincial court
Supreme, District, Municipal, Family
Superior, Provincial, Federal, Appeal
Municipal, County, State, Supreme
What are the four levels of courts in Canada?
Supreme, Court of Appeal, Superior court, Provincial court
Supreme, District, Municipal, Family
Superior, Provincial, Federal, Appeal
Municipal, County, State, Supreme
How many adults are incarcerated in Canada daily?
50,000
10,000
25,000
37,000
How many adults are incarcerated in Canada daily?
50,000
10,000
25,000
37,000
What are the two models developed by Herbert Packer?
Crime control model
Restorative model
Retributive model
Due process model
Preventive model
What are the two models developed by Herbert Packer?
Crime control model
Restorative model
Retributive model
Due process model
Preventive model
What is the CUCR designed to do?
Reduce crime rates
Increase police presence
Generate reliable crime statistics
Train law enforcement
What is the CUCR designed to do?
Reduce crime rates
Increase police presence
Generate reliable crime statistics
Train law enforcement
When was CUCR 2 implemented?
1988
1990
1992
1985
When was CUCR 2 implemented?
1988
1990
1992
1985
What is a basic purpose of a defense lawyer?
Ensure the rights of the client are protected
Convict the accused
Gather evidence
Negotiate plea deals
What is a basic purpose of a defense lawyer?
Ensure the rights of the client are protected
Convict the accused
Gather evidence
Negotiate plea deals
What does the Crown Prosecutor do?
Advocate for victims
Provide legal advice
Enforce the Law
Defend the accused
What does the Crown Prosecutor do?
Advocate for victims
Provide legal advice
Enforce the Law
Defend the accused
What is a plea bargain?
An agreement to plead guilty for a benefit
A defense strategy
A trial process
A type of sentencing
What is a plea bargain?
An agreement to plead guilty for a benefit
A defense strategy
A trial process
A type of sentencing
Which of the following is a type of plea bargaining?
Trial bargaining
Evidence bargaining
Charge bargaining
Witness bargaining
Which of the following is a type of plea bargaining?
Trial bargaining
Evidence bargaining
Charge bargaining
Witness bargaining
What is a preliminary hearing used for?
To present the case to a jury
To determine if there is enough evidence for a case
To finalize sentencing
To negotiate pleas
What is a preliminary hearing used for?
To present the case to a jury
To determine if there is enough evidence for a case
To finalize sentencing
To negotiate pleas
What is the burden of the court regarding self-representation?
No impact on workload
More work due to assistance needed
Less work due to efficiency
Easier for officials
What is the burden of the court regarding self-representation?
No impact on workload
More work due to assistance needed
Less work due to efficiency
Easier for officials
How many criminal courts are there in Canada?
20
14
10
12
How many criminal courts are there in Canada?
20
14
10
12
What is the role of judges in criminal courts?
Negotiate plea deals
Convict the guilty
Uphold rights of the accused
Defend the innocent
What is the role of judges in criminal courts?
Negotiate plea deals
Convict the guilty
Uphold rights of the accused
Defend the innocent
What percentage of criminal trials are heard at the superior level in Canada?
2%
10%
1%
5%
What percentage of criminal trials are heard at the superior level in Canada?
2%
10%
1%
5%
What is a common reason for plea bargaining?
Reduce evidence gathering
Increase trial length
Encourage more trials
Improve administrative efficiency
What is a common reason for plea bargaining?
Reduce evidence gathering
Increase trial length
Encourage more trials
Improve administrative efficiency
What is the standard for conviction in a criminal trial?
clear and convincing evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt
probable cause
preponderance of evidence
What is the standard for conviction in a criminal trial?
clear and convincing evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt
probable cause
preponderance of evidence
What is the purpose of the presumption of innocence?
to prevent appeals
to allow the prosecution to present evidence first
to ensure a speedy trial
to protect the accused until proven guilty
What is the purpose of the presumption of innocence?
to prevent appeals
to allow the prosecution to present evidence first
to ensure a speedy trial
to protect the accused until proven guilty
Which section of the Charter addresses the rights of the accused when detained?
Section 10
Section 15
Section 9
Section 5
Which section of the Charter addresses the rights of the accused when detained?
Section 10
Section 15
Section 9
Section 5
What must the state prove in a criminal case?
Legality, Mens rea, Actus reus, Harm, Causation
Only Mens rea and Harm
Only Legality
Only Actus reus and Causation
What must the state prove in a criminal case?
Legality, Mens rea, Actus reus, Harm, Causation
Only Mens rea and Harm
Only Legality
Only Actus reus and Causation
Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
Gang activity
Use/threat of a weapon
First-time offender
Previous convictions
Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
Gang activity
Use/threat of a weapon
First-time offender
Previous convictions
What is the maximum punishment for a Summary Conviction offense?
up to five years imprisonment
a maximum fine of $5,000
up to six months imprisonment
up to one year imprisonment
What is the maximum punishment for a Summary Conviction offense?
up to five years imprisonment
a maximum fine of $5,000
up to six months imprisonment
up to one year imprisonment
What is the main goal of sentencing according to US participants?
rehabilitation
restoration
punishment
deterrence
What is the main goal of sentencing according to US participants?
rehabilitation
restoration
punishment
deterrence
What is the legal term for 'the body of crime'?
Corpus Delecti
Causation
Actus reus
Mens rea
What is the legal term for 'the body of crime'?
Corpus Delecti
Causation
Actus reus
Mens rea
Which of the following is NOT an excuse defense?
Mistake of fact
Duress
Age
Mental disorder
Which of the following is NOT an excuse defense?
Mistake of fact
Duress
Age
Mental disorder
What is a justification defense?
Automatism
Mental disorder
Mistake of law
Self-defense
What is a justification defense?
Automatism
Mental disorder
Mistake of law
Self-defense
What is the role of the judge regarding trial evidence?
Decides the verdict
Presents evidence
Cross-examines witnesses
Arbitrates what evidence may be included or excluded
What is the role of the judge regarding trial evidence?
Decides the verdict
Presents evidence
Cross-examines witnesses
Arbitrates what evidence may be included or excluded
What must happen before the prosecution addresses the jury in closing arguments?
The jury must request it
Defense must present evidence or the defendant testifies
Prosecution goes first by default
The judge must approve the order
What must happen before the prosecution addresses the jury in closing arguments?
The jury must request it
Defense must present evidence or the defendant testifies
Prosecution goes first by default
The judge must approve the order
What is the purpose of a pre-sentencing report?
To recommend a plea deal
To determine the guilt of the accused
To provide evidence for the prosecution
To inform judges about the offender's background
What is the purpose of a pre-sentencing report?
To recommend a plea deal
To determine the guilt of the accused
To provide evidence for the prosecution
To inform judges about the offender's background
What is one of the aggravating circumstances in sentencing?
Planning and organization
Employment record
Rehabilitative efforts
Good character
What is one of the aggravating circumstances in sentencing?
Planning and organization
Employment record
Rehabilitative efforts
Good character
When was the Charter enacted?
April 17th, 1980
April 17th, 1982
April 17th, 1985
April 17th, 1990
When was the Charter enacted?
April 17th, 1980
April 17th, 1982
April 17th, 1985
April 17th, 1990
What percentage of PEI drunk driving charges result in incarceration?
40%
35%
25%
30%
What percentage of PEI drunk driving charges result in incarceration?
40%
35%
25%
30%
What is the purpose of the Safe Streets and Communities Act (Bill C-12)?
To increase judicial discretion
To reduce prison overcrowding
To eliminate plea agreements
To establish mandatory minimum penalties
What is the purpose of the Safe Streets and Communities Act (Bill C-12)?
To increase judicial discretion
To reduce prison overcrowding
To eliminate plea agreements
To establish mandatory minimum penalties
What is a common cause of wrongful convictions according to Huff (1986)?
Jury bias
Insufficient evidence
Eyewitness error
Lack of legal representation
What is a common cause of wrongful convictions according to Huff (1986)?
Jury bias
Insufficient evidence
Eyewitness error
Lack of legal representation
What do presumptive sentences aim to eliminate?
Judicial discretion
Plea deals
Public opinion
Mandatory minimums
What do presumptive sentences aim to eliminate?
Judicial discretion
Plea deals
Public opinion
Mandatory minimums
Which province first introduced victim participation in 1986?
Manitoba
Alberta
British Columbia
Ontario
Which province first introduced victim participation in 1986?
Manitoba
Alberta
British Columbia
Ontario
What is the role of a justice of the peace?
To authorize searches and review detentions
To serve as a jury member
To act as a prosecutor
To provide legal representation
What is the role of a justice of the peace?
To authorize searches and review detentions
To serve as a jury member
To act as a prosecutor
To provide legal representation
What does 'going rate' refer to in a courtroom context?
The average punishment for a crime
The number of jurors
The maximum sentence allowed
The minimum bail amount
What does 'going rate' refer to in a courtroom context?
The average punishment for a crime
The number of jurors
The maximum sentence allowed
The minimum bail amount
What is the role of Indigenous Court Workers?
To serve as judges
To advocate for Indigenous accused individuals
To provide legal representation
To conduct trials
What is the role of Indigenous Court Workers?
To serve as judges
To advocate for Indigenous accused individuals
To provide legal representation
To conduct trials
What is a surety in a legal context?
A courtroom official
A responsible person ensuring court appearance
A type of bail
A legal document
What is a surety in a legal context?
A courtroom official
A responsible person ensuring court appearance
A type of bail
A legal document
What do specialized courts focus on?
Distinctive groups of offenders
General criminal cases
Civil disputes
Traffic violations
What do specialized courts focus on?
Distinctive groups of offenders
General criminal cases
Civil disputes
Traffic violations
What are specialized courts also known as?
Therapeutic courts
Problem-solving courts
Criminal courts
Family courts
What are specialized courts also known as?
Therapeutic courts
Problem-solving courts
Criminal courts
Family courts
What do graduated sanctions begin with?
The least restrictive response
The most severe punishment
Probation
Community service
What do graduated sanctions begin with?
The least restrictive response
The most severe punishment
Probation
Community service
What is a failure to comply?
Completing a sentence
Complying with probation
Submitting a case plan
Violating probation conditions
What is a failure to comply?
Completing a sentence
Complying with probation
Submitting a case plan
Violating probation conditions
What are administration of justice offences?
Complying with probation
Following court orders
Disobeying court conditions
Serving a sentence
What are administration of justice offences?
Complying with probation
Following court orders
Disobeying court conditions
Serving a sentence
What is a conditional sentence?
Prison sentences longer than two years
Custodial sentences served in the community
Fines
Probation sentences
What is a conditional sentence?
Prison sentences longer than two years
Custodial sentences served in the community
Fines
Probation sentences
What is a concurrent sentence?
Multiple sentences served at the same time
Sentences served one after the other
Community service
Probation sentences
What is a concurrent sentence?
Multiple sentences served at the same time
Sentences served one after the other
Community service
Probation sentences
What is an absolute discharge?
A severe punishment
A community service requirement
A type of probation
The least severe sanction with no conviction
What is an absolute discharge?
A severe punishment
A community service requirement
A type of probation
The least severe sanction with no conviction
What does proportionality in sentencing mean?
Sentences are determined by public opinion
Sentences are based on personal circumstances
Sentence is proportionate to the offence
All sentences are the same
What does proportionality in sentencing mean?
Sentences are determined by public opinion
Sentences are based on personal circumstances
Sentence is proportionate to the offence
All sentences are the same
What is the caseload?
The number of probation officers
The number of inmates in prison
The number of cases in court
The number of individuals under supervision
What is the caseload?
The number of probation officers
The number of inmates in prison
The number of cases in court
The number of individuals under supervision
What is a case plan?
A punishment guide
A roadmap for rehabilitation
A community service plan
A legal document for court
What is a case plan?
A punishment guide
A roadmap for rehabilitation
A community service plan
A legal document for court
What is provincial parole?
Probation for first-time offenders
Community service for minor offences
Federal parole for long-term inmates
Parole for prisoners in provincial correctional centres
What is provincial parole?
Probation for first-time offenders
Community service for minor offences
Federal parole for long-term inmates
Parole for prisoners in provincial correctional centres
What do fine option programs allow individuals to do?
Avoid paying fines
Serve longer sentences
Pay fines through community service
Complete probation requirements
What do fine option programs allow individuals to do?
Avoid paying fines
Serve longer sentences
Pay fines through community service
Complete probation requirements
What is Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)?
Community service requirements
Low supervision for first-time offenders
Standard probation for all offenders
Higher supervision for high-risk probationers
What is Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)?
Community service requirements
Low supervision for first-time offenders
Standard probation for all offenders
Higher supervision for high-risk probationers
What does warehousing refer to in corrections?
Inmates working in the community
Inmates receiving rehabilitation
Inmates receiving only basic needs
Inmates attending educational programs
What does warehousing refer to in corrections?
Inmates working in the community
Inmates receiving rehabilitation
Inmates receiving only basic needs
Inmates attending educational programs
What is new generation design in correctional facilities?
High-security units
Traditional cell blocks
Isolation cells
Cells arranged on the perimeter with common areas
What is new generation design in correctional facilities?
High-security units
Traditional cell blocks
Isolation cells
Cells arranged on the perimeter with common areas
What is the role of an ombudsman?
Investigating complaints against government organizations
Creating laws
Defending individuals in court
Prosecuting criminal cases
What is the role of an ombudsman?
Investigating complaints against government organizations
Creating laws
Defending individuals in court
Prosecuting criminal cases
What does experience with the Criminal Justice System (CJS) include?
perpetrating crime
being victimized by crime
receiving traffic ticket
only being a victim
only performing jury duty
performing jury duty
only receiving a traffic ticket
What happened in the Robert Dzienski case related to the police?
He was released without charges.
He was arrested for drug possession.
He was shot by police for resisting arrest.
He was tazed to death by RCMP at the airport for violent behavior.
What was the outcome of the case involving the father who let his daughters freeze to death?
He was sentenced to community service.
He was sentenced to 3 years in prison.
He was acquitted of all charges.
He received a life sentence.
What happened in the Ashley Smith case related to the correctional system?
She escaped from prison.
She committed suicide in prison due to guard negligence.
She was transferred to a different facility.
She was released early for good behavior.
What are the three major agencies of the CJS?
the courts
the community
the correctional system
the police
the government
the military
What are the three types of definitions for crime?
economic
social
constructionist
historical
legal
psychological
What is the legal definition of crime?
A crime is only when someone is caught.
A crime occurs when a law is broken or a person is deemed guilty and punished.
A crime is defined by public opinion.
A crime is a moral failing.
What are the problems with the legal definition of crime?
There is no analysis for formal vs. informal crime handling.
Many crimes are not prosecuted even when identified.
It only applies to violent crimes.
It is too vague.
Not every perpetrator is caught and punished.
It doesn't consider societal norms.
What is the social definition of crime?
Crime is a personal moral failing.
Crime is a violation of social norms.
Crime is only defined by law.
Crime is an act against the government.
What are the problems with the social definition of crime?
It ignores legal definitions.
The existence of norms is debated.
It applies only to certain groups.
It is too strict.
Norms vary across time and place.
What is the constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is a result of economic status.
Crime is determined by genetics.
Crime is solely a legal issue.
Crime is the result of social interaction.
What does 'negotiated process' in the constructionist definition of crime mean?
Criminal behavior is not always self-evident and influenced by bias.
It indicates that police never make mistakes.
It means all crimes are negotiated in court.
It refers to plea bargains only.
What are the correlates of crime?
race & ethnicity
age
geographic location
sex
employment status
class/socioeconomic status
education level
What are the three main objectives of the CJS?
to maintain justice
to enforce laws strictly
to prevent crime
to control crime
to punish all offenders
to rehabilitate all criminals
What are the three characteristics of the Canadian justice model?
only serious crimes should be punished
guilt, innocence, and sentencing administered fairly
punishment should be harsh
all crimes should have the same punishment
similar cases treated similarly
punishment should fit crime
Why is the debate about crime definitions significant?
It has no real impact on society.
It is only relevant to law enforcement.
It influences counting crime, explaining engagement, and designing justice policies.
It only affects academics.
Why do some believe we need to expand the definition of justice?
Justice is already perfect as it is.
CJS treats everyone equally, but circumstances differ.
Everyone is treated the same in all cases.
Expanding definitions complicates the system.
What happened in the Moses Mahilal case?
He stabbed an intruder in his home; debate about self-defense or assault.
He was charged for theft.
He was attacked in his home.
He was acquitted of all charges.
What are the two types of law in Canada?
private (civil)
criminal and civil
federal and provincial
public
international and domestic
What is public law?
It sets rules for individuals in society, including criminal law.
It is only about civil rights.
It does not include criminal law.
It governs private relationships.
What is private (civil) law?
It sets rules for relationships between individuals.
It is the same as public law.
It is only about public safety.
It governs criminal behavior.
How long is the Criminal Code of Canada?
Over 1,100 pages
About 800 pages
Under 500 pages
Around 1,500 pages
What case study relates to difficulty with updating the criminal code?
R. v. Stinchcombe
R. v. McLachlin
McCann case (2010)
R. v. Jordan
What are the two categories used to differentiate seriousness of a crime?
felony & misdemeanor
mala prohibita & mala in se
summary & indictable
civil & criminal
What is mala prohibita?
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
Behavior that is immoral (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
What is mala in se?
Behavior that is immoral or evil (e.g. murder)
Behavior that is prohibited by law (e.g. speeding)
Behavior that is non-violent (e.g. theft)
Behavior that is legal (e.g. drinking)
What is a summary offence?
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2000 fine
Serious crime; can lead to 10 years in prison
Minor infraction; usually a warning
What is an indictable offence?
Misdemeanor; can lead to a jail sentence of up to 6 months
Civil offence; no jail time involved
Felony; can result in life imprisonment
Minor offence; usually a fine
What are hybrid/dual offences?
Cases that are automatically dismissed
Cases that can only be indictable offences
Cases that can only be summary offences
Cases where the crown prosecutor decides whether the case will be treated as summary or indictable offence
What are the three levels of police agencies in Canada?
Local, state, national
City, county, federal
Community, regional, national
Municipal, provincial, federal
How does the Canadian court system work based on English common law?
Adversarial system: two opposing parties present their case before an impartial judge
Inquisitorial system: judge investigates the case
Bureaucratic system: decisions made by officials
Consensus system: all parties must agree
What are the four levels of courts in Canada, listed in order of crime seriousness?
Superior Courts, Municipal Courts, Provincial Courts, Supreme Court
Provincial Courts, Superior Courts, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Supreme Court
Provincial Courts, Supreme Court, Federal Courts, Municipal Courts
Supreme Court of Canada, Provincial Courts of Appeal, Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts, Provincial Courts
Which court has the final say in any case?
Provincial Court
Court of Appeal
Supreme Court
Superior Court
Which court deals with appeals from the superior and provincial courts?
Court of Appeal
Provincial Court
Supreme Court
Municipal Court
Which court deals with serious crimes?
Superior Court
Supreme Court
Provincial Court
Court of Appeal
Which court deals with less serious offences, such as speeding tickets?
Supreme Court
Provincial Court
Superior Court
Court of Appeal
Which court deals with the most cases through what process?
Supreme Court; detailed hearings
Municipal Court; informal discussions
Court of Appeal; lengthy trials
Provincial Court; assembly-line justice
What is assembly-line justice?
Rapid processing of cases
Public trials with open debates
Lengthy deliberation by juries
Thorough investigation of each case
In the adversarial system, what is the prosecutor initially concerned with?
Minimizing legal fees
Winning the case at all costs
Maximizing sentences
That justice be done
What is R. v. Stinchcombe's relevance to the adversarial system?
It focused on jury selection procedures
Withheld evidence from the defence; have to disclose important information
It established the right to a speedy trial
It emphasized the role of the judge in trials
What is discretion in the context of the justice system?
The mandatory application of laws
The power of members of the justice system to act according to their own judgement
The ability to ignore laws
The requirement to follow public opinion
What two groups of people are evidence for the debate about discretion vs. discrimination?
Rich & Poor
Urban & Rural
Women & Children
First Nations & African Canadians
Who deals with the incarceration of serious offenders (punishment over 2 years)? Is it federal or provincial?
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC); federal
Community service organizations; federal
Provincial correctional services; provincial
Local jails; municipal
Around how many adults and youths are incarcerated on any given day in Canada?
40k adults, 3k youth
37k adults, 1k youth
25k adults, 2k youth
50k adults, 5k youth
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence rather than receiving parole or statutory release?
False; all offenders receive automatic parole
True; parole is rarely granted
True; most serve their full sentence
False; most do not and frequently receive parole or statutory release
What determines an offender's incarceration at the provincial or federal level?
Age of offender; juvenile vs. adult
Location of crime; urban vs. rural
Seriousness of the crime; federal = more serious
Type of crime; violent vs. non-violent
Why does bias exist in the Criminal Justice System?
Disparity (unfair treatment) and discrimination
Inadequate legal representation
Lack of laws
Overpopulation in prisons
Why is the actual number of crimes that occur in Canada known as a 'dark figure'?
All crimes are reported and documented
Only serious crimes are counted
Crime statistics are always accurate
Precise number of crimes is unknown due to low reporting
What is the criminal justice funnel?
A method for increasing convictions
A representation of the decrease in cases in the process of going through
A visual aid for court procedures
A way to represent crime rates
What are the five points in the criminal justice process where discretion occurs?
Only victim reporting and prosecution.
Victim reporting, police allocation of charges, bail hearings, prosecution, sentencing.
Police allocation only.
Bail hearings and sentencing only.
What is victim reporting discretion?
Victims always report crimes.
Victims not reporting crimes for various reasons.
Victims report all crimes regardless of severity.
Police report crimes on behalf of victims.
What is bail hearing discretion?
Bail is only considered for serious crimes.
Bail is always granted.
Bail hearings have no impact on outcomes.
Denied bail leads to higher chances of conviction.
What is prosecution discretion?
Prosecutors never drop charges.
Charges may be dropped due to various reasons.
All charges must proceed to trial.
Charges are always upheld.
Who developed the two competing models of the CJS?
Karl Marx
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Herbert Packer
What is the crime control model of the CJS?
A model emphasizing victim rights.
A 'get tough on crime' approach.
A model focused on legal definitions.
A model prioritizing rehabilitation.
What is the due process model of the CJS?
A model prioritizing the rights of the suspect.
A model that promotes harsher sentences.
A model that ignores victim rights.
A model focused on efficiency.
What concept questions the assumption of the CJS being fair?
The crime rate.
The criminal justice funnel.
Victim advocacy.
Police discretion.
What are the three major agencies in the Canadian CJS?
Police, Courts, Correctional System.
Judiciary, Lawmakers, Police.
Correctional System, Courts, Victim Services.
Police, Social Services, Probation.
What is a social definition of crime?
Crime has no social implications.
Crime is purely a legal issue.
Crime is a violation of social norms.
Crime is defined by law enforcement only.
What is a constructionist definition of crime?
Crime is defined by laws alone.
Crime is only what is reported.
Crime is a universal concept.
Crime is the result of social construction.
What do constructionist sociologists question about norms?
Their utility that neglects the reality that norms vary across time and place.
Their absolute nature in society.
Their role in defining criminal behavior.
Their influence on individual morality.
What do Reiman and Leighton note about crime in America?
Crime is evenly distributed across all social classes.
Most Americans do not admit to engaging in crime.
Crime is solely a result of individual choices.
There exists class and racial bias in the administration of crime.
What are the three main objectives of the Canadian Criminal Justice System (CJS)?
Protect victims, support law enforcement, reduce crime rates.
Control Crime, Prevent Crime, Maintain Justice.
Punish offenders, rehabilitate criminals, deter crime.
Educate the public, enforce laws, promote security.
What does the justice model of criminal justice emphasize?
Strict adherence to societal norms.
Fair administration of guilt, innocence, and sentencing based on evidence.
A focus on rehabilitation over punishment.
Punishment without regard to evidence.
What is a significant concern regarding the definition of crime?
It affects counting crime, explaining engagement in crime, and designing justice policies.
It influences public perception of justice.
It determines the morality of crime.
It defines the roles of law enforcement.
What is the purpose of a Crown Prosecutor?
To oversee police investigations.
To bring the accused person to court and determine if there's enough evidence for trial.
To create laws regarding crime.
To defend the accused in court.
What was a major change in prostitution law in Canada in 2013?
Prostitution laws were completely abolished.
All forms of prostitution were legalized.
Selling sex is not illegal, but advertising and purchasing sexual services are.
Only trafficking in sexual services was made illegal.
What is one example of a problem with updating the Criminal Code?
Provisions are updated regularly without issues.
Judges always follow the most recent laws.
Criminal Code is too short to cover all crimes.
Using provisions that have been struck down, as in the McCann (2010) case.
What are the two general categories used to differentiate the seriousness of crime?
Summary offences and Indictable offences
Hybrid offences and Summary offences
Felonies and Misdemeanors
Mala prohibita and Mala in se
What is the punishment for summary offences?
A fine of $5,000
Life imprisonment
A jail sentence of up to 6 months and a $2,000 fine
Community service
Which level of police agency employs most police officers in Canada?
International
Federal
Municipal
Provincial
What system do Canadian courts operate under?
Judicial system
Civil system
Inquisitorial system
Adversarial system
What is 'assembly-line' justice?
Quantity, not quality justice
Justice that focuses on serious crimes only
Justice that takes a long time
Quality over quantity justice
Who has discretion in the Canadian justice system?
Only defence lawyers
Only judges
All key actors
Only prosecutors
Where are most offenders incarcerated in Canada?
Provincial institutions
Juvenile facilities
Federal institutions
Community centers
How many adults are incarcerated in correctional facilities on any given day in Canada?
50,000
37,000
25,000
70,000
Who holds ders (punishments over 2 years of incarceration)?
Federal Courts
Provincial Courts
Local Law Enforcement
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC)
Do most offenders in Canada serve out their full sentence?
No
Only in federal institutions
Only for violent crimes
Yes
What happens when the federal government tries to crack down on crime?
Crime rates decrease
More funding is provided
Prisons become less crowded
Provinces push back
What is an example of illegitimate disparity in the criminal justice system?
Social class bias
Gender bias
Geographical bias
Age bias
What is considered a 'dark figure' in crime statistics?
The number of arrests made
The number of solved cases
The number of reported crimes
The unknown number of crimes that occur
What are the top 3 violent crimes in Canada?
Theft, Vandalism, Assault Level 1
Manslaughter, Burglary, Uttering Threats
Assault Level 1, Uttering Threats, Assault Level 2
Robbery, Homicide, Assault Level 3
What does the Criminal Justice Funnel illustrate?
Fewer cases reach the next screening point
Discretion is not present at any stage
More cases are processed each year
All cases are treated equally
What are the top 4 reasons victims do not report crimes according to the General Social Survey?
Fear of retaliation, Lack of trust in police, Too busy, Not knowing how to report
Not important enough, Nothing the police could do, Dealt with situation another way, Too personal
What are two reasons police may choose not to lay charges against suspects?
Case unfounded, Crime too minor
Lack of witnesses, Victim's request, High-profile case
What generates the greatest amount of people lost going through the CJS?
Time between laying of arrest and prosecution decision
Length of trial, Number of charges, Victim's testimony
What is one major reason charges are not often stayed at the prosecution level?
Police always have strong evidence
Quality of evidence generated by police is too poor
Victim may wish to testify
Accused never strikes deals
What does the Crime Control Model emphasize?
Rights of the suspect
Fairness throughout the system
Control & suppression of criminal activity
Protecting the accused
What is the Due Process Model primarily concerned with?
Protecting the rights of the accused
Incarceration rates
Speed of trials
Efficiency of the system
What is the definition of crime from a legal perspective?
A violation of social norms
A result of social interaction
An act deemed immoral
A law is broken
What type of law involves individuals in society versus the government?
Civil law
Criminal law
Public law
Private law
What are mala in se offenses?
Minor offenses
Traffic violations
Offenses prohibited by law
Offenses that are immoral or evil
Which of the following is an example of a summary offence?
A long prison sentence
A fine of $2000 and 6 months or less in prison
Murder
A serious criminal offence
What are the three major agencies of the criminal justice system?
The police, The community, The correctional system
The police, The courts, The correctional system
The courts, The media, The correctional system
The police, The government, The media
What does the criminal justice funnel illustrate?
The increase in crime rates over time
The success rates of convictions
The rapid drop from the number of actual crimes committed to the number of offenders incarcerated
The number of police officers hired
What is the primary focus of the adversarial system?
Focus on rehabilitation
Antagonistic, competitive
Equal representation for both sides
Cooperation and teamwork
What is the primary focus of the Crime Control Model?
Protection of individual rights
Due process for all offenders
Control and suppression of crime
Rehabilitation of offenders
Which of the following is NOT a source of discretion in the criminal justice system?
Victims
Sentencing
Bail hearings
Police
What is defined as a crime involving threat or use of force?
White collar crime
Property crime
Victimless crime
Violent crime
What does CUCR stand for?
Common Uniform Crime Reporting
Criminal Uniform Code Reporting
Uniform Crime Reporting
Centralized Uniform Crime Reporting
Which of the following is a criticism of CUCR?
All crimes are reported accurately
It only reports violent crimes
It provides too much detail
A lot of crime goes unreported
What is the role of a correctional centre?
To provide community service
To serve as a juvenile detention
To detain individuals awaiting trial
To hold offenders for a period of imprisonment
What is 'statutory release'?
Release without conditions
Release at the end of the sentence
Release after serving two-thirds of a sentence
Release after serving half of a sentence
What is the purpose of an Alternative Measures Program?
To provide community service for non-violent offenders
To punish repeat offenders
To expedite court processes
To incarcerate violent offenders
What is first degree murder?
The deliberate killing of a person
A planned act of violence
A crime of passion
An unplanned act of violence
Which of the following describes criminal negligence?
Accidental harm
Reckless disregard for life
Negligence without consequence
Intent to kill
What does the term 'assembly line justice' refer to?
Focus on rehabilitation of offenders
Individual assessment of defendants
Thorough investigation of each case
Fast and efficient movement of cases in court
What is negligence defined as?
A type of racism
A crime committed by high social position individuals
A measure of crime severity
An act that shows reckless regard for their life or other lives
What does the Crime Severity Index measure?
The difference between reported and unreported crimes
The volume and seriousness of crime reported to the police
The types of violent crimes
The number of crimes per 100,000 residents
What is the dark figure of crime?
The difference between crimes that occur vs crimes that are reported
The number of violent crimes
The severity of crimes committed
The total number of crimes reported
What is Bill C 127 known for?
A law restricting full disclosure of victims' records
A measure for crime severity
The rape shield provision that prevents using victims' sexual history as evidence
A bill addressing institutional racism
Which of the following is a type of interpersonal racism?
Ideological racial views
Everyday language
Systematic unintentional
Hate explicit
What does the absolutist perspective of deviance argue?
It is a violation of universal cultural standards
Deviance is culturally diverse
Power decides what is deviant
Deviance is labeled by social audiences
What does the conflict perspective emphasize?
The stability of societal functions
The absolute standards of morality
The interactions and communications in society
The role of power struggles between different groups in shaping society
What is a positive social sanction?
Rewards that encourage conformity to social norms
Formal rewards given by authority
Expressions of disapproval by ordinary people
Punishments for violating social norms
What is the definition of empiricism?
Learning comes from experience and observations
Making assumptions based on opinion
Knowledge is constructed by individuals
Knowledge exists outside the self
What does the term 'situational deviance' refer to?
Actions that are only appropriate depending on your setting and social group
Statistically rare deviance
Nonconformity positively evaluated
Deviance seen as unacceptable to the majority
What is negative deviance?
Over conformity that is positively viewed
Over conformity that is negatively viewed
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
Nonconformity that is positively evaluated
What is positive deviance?
Negative deviance
Nonconformity that is negatively evaluated
Over conformity that is positively viewed
Rate busting
What are the three major agencies of the justice system?
The police, The judges, The lawyers
The police, The judges, The correctional system
The police, The courts, The correctional system
The courts, The judges, The correctional system
What is the jail sentence for a misdemeanor?
1 year in jail
Life imprisonment
No jail time
Up to 6 months in jail or a $2000 fine
What is a hybrid offence?
An offence that is always a misdemeanor
Where the crown prosecutor decides the type of offence
An offence that is not prosecuted
An offence that is both civil and criminal
What are the four levels of courts in Canada?
Supreme, District, Municipal, Family
Superior, Provincial, Federal, Appeal
Municipal, County, State, Supreme
Supreme, Court of Appeal, Superior court, Provincial court
What are the two models developed by Herbert Packer?
Retributive model
Preventive model
Crime control model
Due process model
Restorative model
What is the CUCR designed to do?
Train law enforcement
Reduce crime rates
Increase police presence
Generate reliable crime statistics
What is a basic purpose of a defense lawyer?
Convict the accused
Negotiate plea deals
Gather evidence
Ensure the rights of the client are protected
What does the Crown Prosecutor do?
Advocate for victims
Defend the accused
Provide legal advice
Enforce the Law
What is a plea bargain?
An agreement to plead guilty for a benefit
A defense strategy
A type of sentencing
A trial process
Which of the following is a type of plea bargaining?
Evidence bargaining
Trial bargaining
Witness bargaining
Charge bargaining
What is a preliminary hearing used for?
To negotiate pleas
To finalize sentencing
To determine if there is enough evidence for a case
To present the case to a jury
What is the burden of the court regarding self-representation?
Less work due to efficiency
More work due to assistance needed
No impact on workload
Easier for officials
What is the role of judges in criminal courts?
Uphold rights of the accused
Convict the guilty
Negotiate plea deals
Defend the innocent
What is a common reason for plea bargaining?
Reduce evidence gathering
Increase trial length
Improve administrative efficiency
Encourage more trials
What is the standard for conviction in a criminal trial?
clear and convincing evidence
probable cause
preponderance of evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt
What is the purpose of the presumption of innocence?
to prevent appeals
to ensure a speedy trial
to protect the accused until proven guilty
to allow the prosecution to present evidence first
Which section of the Charter addresses the rights of the accused when detained?
Section 5
Section 10
Section 15
Section 9
What must the state prove in a criminal case?
Only Legality
Only Actus reus and Causation
Legality, Mens rea, Actus reus, Harm, Causation
Only Mens rea and Harm
Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
Use/threat of a weapon
Gang activity
Previous convictions
First-time offender
What is the maximum punishment for a Summary Conviction offense?
up to six months imprisonment
up to one year imprisonment
up to five years imprisonment
a maximum fine of $5,000
What is the main goal of sentencing according to US participants?
deterrence
restoration
punishment
rehabilitation
What is the role of the judge regarding trial evidence?
Decides the verdict
Cross-examines witnesses
Arbitrates what evidence may be included or excluded
Presents evidence
What must happen before the prosecution addresses the jury in closing arguments?
The jury must request it
Defense must present evidence or the defendant testifies
Prosecution goes first by default
The judge must approve the order
What is the purpose of a pre-sentencing report?
To provide evidence for the prosecution
To recommend a plea deal
To inform judges about the offender's background
To determine the guilt of the accused
What is one of the aggravating circumstances in sentencing?
Planning and organization
Employment record
Good character
Rehabilitative efforts
What is the purpose of the Safe Streets and Communities Act (Bill C-12)?
To establish mandatory minimum penalties
To eliminate plea agreements
To reduce prison overcrowding
To increase judicial discretion
What is a common cause of wrongful convictions according to Huff (1986)?
Insufficient evidence
Lack of legal representation
Eyewitness error
Jury bias
What do presumptive sentences aim to eliminate?
Mandatory minimums
Judicial discretion
Public opinion
Plea deals
Which province first introduced victim participation in 1986?
Manitoba
Alberta
British Columbia
Ontario
What is the role of a justice of the peace?
To serve as a jury member
To act as a prosecutor
To provide legal representation
To authorize searches and review detentions
What does 'going rate' refer to in a courtroom context?
The maximum sentence allowed
The minimum bail amount
The average punishment for a crime
The number of jurors
What is the role of Indigenous Court Workers?
To serve as judges
To advocate for Indigenous accused individuals
To conduct trials
To provide legal representation
What is a surety in a legal context?
A legal document
A type of bail
A courtroom official
A responsible person ensuring court appearance
What do specialized courts focus on?
General criminal cases
Distinctive groups of offenders
Civil disputes
Traffic violations
What are specialized courts also known as?
Family courts
Therapeutic courts
Problem-solving courts
Criminal courts
What do graduated sanctions begin with?
The most severe punishment
Community service
Probation
The least restrictive response
What is a failure to comply?
Complying with probation
Violating probation conditions
Completing a sentence
Submitting a case plan
What are administration of justice offences?
Complying with probation
Disobeying court conditions
Serving a sentence
Following court orders
What is a conditional sentence?
Fines
Probation sentences
Custodial sentences served in the community
Prison sentences longer than two years
What is a concurrent sentence?
Probation sentences
Community service
Multiple sentences served at the same time
Sentences served one after the other
What is an absolute discharge?
A community service requirement
The least severe sanction with no conviction
A severe punishment
A type of probation
What does proportionality in sentencing mean?
Sentences are based on personal circumstances
Sentences are determined by public opinion
All sentences are the same
Sentence is proportionate to the offence
What is the caseload?
The number of cases in court
The number of probation officers
The number of inmates in prison
The number of individuals under supervision
What is a case plan?
A punishment guide
A roadmap for rehabilitation
A community service plan
A legal document for court
What is provincial parole?
Federal parole for long-term inmates
Community service for minor offences
Parole for prisoners in provincial correctional centres
Probation for first-time offenders
What do fine option programs allow individuals to do?
Complete probation requirements
Avoid paying fines
Pay fines through community service
Serve longer sentences
What is Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)?
Community service requirements
Standard probation for all offenders
Low supervision for first-time offenders
Higher supervision for high-risk probationers
What does warehousing refer to in corrections?
Inmates working in the community
Inmates receiving rehabilitation
Inmates attending educational programs
Inmates receiving only basic needs
What is new generation design in correctional facilities?
Traditional cell blocks
Isolation cells
High-security units
Cells arranged on the perimeter with common areas
What is the role of an ombudsman?
Prosecuting criminal cases
Defending individuals in court
Investigating complaints against government organizations
Creating laws
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