Flashcards in this deck (30)

• What is covered in CSIR NET UNIT 2?

  • Operons
  • Unique & Repetitive DNA
  • Interrupted genes
  • Gene Families
  • Structure of chromatin & Chromosomes
  • Heterochromatin & Euchromatin
  • Transposons
  biotechnology csir_net
• What is the genetic material's role in cells?

  It allows cells to give rise to new cells and pass on encoded information to the next generation.
  genetics cell_biology
• What is included in the recommended reference books?

  • Cell and Molecular Biology by Gerald Karp
  • Molecular Biology of the Cell by Bruce Alberts et al.
  • Molecular Cell Biology by Harvey Lodish et al.
  • Brock Biology of Microorganisms
  biotechnology books
• What visual is associated with CSIR NET UNIT 2 notes?

  
  visual biotechnology
• What is biotecnika?

  A resource for biotechnology studies and materials.
  biotechnology resource
• What complex structures are studied in UNIT 2?

  • Structure of chromatin
  • Chromosomes
  biotechnology genetics
• What is the genetic material of prokaryotic cells?

  Single, circular, double-stranded DNA located in the nucleoid region.
  biology genetics
• What are plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

  Small, circular, closed DNA molecules that float in the cytoplasm.
  biology genetics
• Describe the structure of eukaryotic genetic material.

  Genomic DNA enclosed in the nucleus, organized as chromosomes.
  biology genetics
• What is a gene?

  The basic physical and functional unit of heredity made up of DNA.
  biology genetics
• How are genes organized in eukaryotes?

  Genes are organized in chromosomes, coiled around histone proteins.
  biology genetics
• What is an operon?

  A group of related genes transcribed as a unit in prokaryotes.
  biology genetics
• Image of cell structures in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

  See comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
  biology cell_biology
• What are the two types of genes transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

  • Prokaryotic: multiple genes transcribed together
  • Eukaryotic: one gene transcribed at a time
  genetics transcription
• What are introns?

  Long stretches of DNA transcribed but not translated into protein; spliced out before translation.
  genetics molecular_biology
• What does the lac operon do?

  • Operon OFF: Transcription blocked
  • Operon ON: Transcription active in presence of inducer.
  genetics lac_operon
• What genes are involved in the lac operon?

  • lacZ: Gene for beta-galactosidase
  • lacY: Gene for permease
  • lacA: Gene for transacetylase
  genetics lac_operon
• What are the main types of DNA sequences?

  • Unique or non-repetitive
  • Moderately repetitive
  • Highly repetitive
  genetics dna
• What are repetitive sequences in eukaryotic genomes?

  Sequences that can be conserved or variable, often defining differences between species.
  genetics repetitive_dna
• What is represented in the lac operon diagram?

  Illustration of lac operon OFF and ON states with labeled components.
  genetics lac_operon
• What are unique or non-repetitive sequences in the genome?

  Found once or a few times in the genome.
  genetics sequences
• What constitutes moderately repetitive sequences?

  About half the human genome derived from transposable elements.
  genetics moderate_repetition
• What are highly repetitive sequences?

  About 3% of the genome; also known as simple-sequence DNA or SSR.
  genetics high_repetition
• Describe satellite DNA.

  Short sequences, 5 to a few hundred base pairs, forming large clusters.
  genetics satellite_dna
• What is the length of minisatellite DNA?

  Sequences of 10 to 100 base pairs, with clusters of 3000 repeats.
  genetics minisatellite_dna
• How long are microsatellite DNAs?

  1 to 9 base pairs long, in clusters of 10 to 40 base pairs.
  genetics microsatellite_dna
• What defines an interrupted gene?

  Located between centromere and telomere; may have introns.
  genetics genes
• What percentage of the eukaryotic genome codes for polypeptides?

  Approximately 2%; remainder is noncoding DNA.
  genetics genome
• What characterizes a gene family?

  Common organization; suggests descent from a single ancestral gene.
  genetics gene_family
• How many exons and introns do globin genes have?

  3 exons and 2 introns.
  genetics globin