Flashcards in this deck (64)

• What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
  nervous_system cns
• What is a learning outcome related to infant brain development?

  Gain a basic understanding of how the infant brain develops & how parental care can enhance this process.
  development learning_outcomes
• What are the key functions of cranial nerves?

  • Relay sensory information
  • Control muscles
  • Regulate bodily functions
  cranial_nerves functions
• What is the role of the meninges?

  Protect the brain and spinal cord, providing structure and support.
  meninges anatomy
• What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

  • Cushions the brain
  • Circulates nutrients
  • Removes waste
  cerebrospinal_fluid functions
• What is the blood-brain barrier?

  A selective barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances while allowing essential nutrients to pass.
  blood-brain_barrier functions
• What is the structure of the spinal cord?

  • Transmits signals between brain and body
  • Contains nerve pathways
  spinal_cord anatomy
• When does fetal brain development start?

  Starts in week 3 with cell differentiation into nerve and glial cells.
  development fetal_brain
• What is plasticity in the context of brain development?

  The human brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself in response to experiences.
  plasticity brain_development
• What are the main parts of the brain?

  • Brain Stem
  • Cerebellum
  • Cerebrum
  brain anatomy
• What does the brain stem control?

  Basic physiological processes such as breathing, heart rate, and arousal.
  brain_stem functions
• What is the role of the cerebellum?

  Coordinates movement, making it smooth and accurate.
  cerebellum functions
• What is the function of the limbic system?

  Regulates emotional responses, motivation, and memory.
  limbic_system functions
• What is the role of the hypothalamus?

  Coordinates the endocrine system and controls the autonomic nervous system.
  hypothalamus functions
• What do the basal ganglia do?

  Inhibit or allow movement, with dopamine as a key transmitter.
  basal_ganglia functions
• What are the main lobes of the brain?

  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
  • Frontal
  brain_lobes anatomy
• What is a key function of the frontal lobe?

  Involved in reasoning, numerical skills, and language.
  frontal_lobe functions
• What does the occipital lobe primarily process?

  Visual information.
  occipital_lobe functions
• What is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled with?

  Fluid-filled spaces in the brain linked by channels.
  cerebrospinal_fluid anatomy
• What stimulates the formation of connections between brain cells?

  Sensory stimuli and experiences.
  brain_connections development
• What is the process of pruning in brain development?

  Involves the elimination of unused neural connections to enhance efficiency.
  pruning development
• What might adversely affect fetal/neonatal brain development?

  • Neglect
  • Stress hormones
  • Substance abuse
  brain_development risk_factors
• What is Cerebral-Spinal Fluid (CSF)?

  • Clear & colourless
  • Made by the choroid plexus
  • Circulates around CNS ventricles & canals
  anatomy csf
• How is CSF formed?

  • Cells draw out fluid, ions & nutrients from blood
  anatomy csf
• How is CSF reabsorbed?

  • Via arachnoid villi into the venous sinuses
  anatomy csf
• What is the function of the dura?

  • Protects the brain & spinal cord
  • Part of the meninges
  anatomy meninges
• Where does CSF flow?

  • Between the Arachnoid & Pia mater
  anatomy csf
• What is the blood-brain barrier?

  • Controls what leaves the blood in the brain
  anatomy blood-brain_barrier
• What do neurones primarily make ATP from?

  • Glucose
  biology neurones
• What condition is referred to as hydrocephalus?

  • Accumulation of CSF in the brain
  pathology hydrocephalus
• What can cause hydrocephalus in a neonate?

  • Possible blockage of CSF flow
  pathology hydrocephalus
• What is meningitis?

  • Inflammation of the meninges
  pathology meningitis
• How can meningitis be diagnosed?

  • Through lumbar puncture for CSF analysis
  pathology meningitis
• What is the spinal column made of?

  • Many bones stacked on top of each other
  anatomy spinal_column
• What are intervertebral discs for?

  • Facilitate flexion between vertebrae
  anatomy spinal_column
• What is the cauda equina?

  • Splitting of the spinal cord into nerve roots
  anatomy spinal_cord
• What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

  • Autoimmune disease causing myelin damage
  pathology ms
• What triggers Multiple Sclerosis?

  • Unknown, but includes genetic and environmental factors
  pathology ms
• What is the most common form of MS?

  • Relapsing-remitting MS
  pathology ms
• What treatments are available for relapsing-remitting MS?

  • Beta interferon injections
  pathology ms
• How did pregnancy affect women with MS in the past?

  • They were advised not to get pregnant
  pathology ms
• What are the components of the Central Nervous System?

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  anatomy nervous_system
• What is the effect of pregnancy on women with MS?

  Pregnancy has no long-term effect on the progression of MS.
  health ms pregnancy
• What are the learning outcomes regarding brain development?

  • Basic understanding of infant brain development
  • Awareness of brain regions and functions
  • Nature and functions of cranial nerves
  • Structure and functions of meninges
  • Function and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
  • Awareness of blood-brain barrier
  • Structure and functions of spinal cord
  education brain development
• What are the main parts of the Central Nervous System?

  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
  4. Spinal cord
  anatomy nervous_system
• What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  anatomy brain
• What are the layers of the meninges?

  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia mater
  anatomy meninges
• What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

  • Cushions the brain
  • Circulates nutrients
  • Removes waste
  anatomy csf function
• What is the structure of the spinal cord?

  • Divided into cervical, lumbar, and sacral regions
  anatomy spinal_cord
• What are the key functions of the thalamus?

  • Relay sensory information
  • Regulate consciousness and alertness
  anatomy brain thalamus
• What is the role of the hypothalamus?

  • Regulates homeostasis
  • Controls endocrine functions
  anatomy brain hypothalamus
• What is synapse pruning?

  The process of eliminating excess synapses to enhance neural efficiency.
  neuroscience development
• What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

  Protects the brain from harmful substances while allowing essential nutrients to pass.
  anatomy brain blood_brain_barrier
• What are the three layers of the meninges?

  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
  anatomy meninges
• What is the function of tight junctions?

  • Form barriers between cells
  • Maintain cell integrity
  cell_biology junctions
• What are the regions of the spinal cord?

  • Cervical: 7
  • Thoracic: 12
  • Lumbar: 5
  • Sacrum: 5
  • Coccyx: 4
  anatomy spinal_cord
• What are the components of a vertebra?

  • Vertebral body
  • Spinous process
  • Transverse process
  • Vertebral foramen
  anatomy vertebra
• What are the parts of the lumbar vertebra?

  • Superior articular process
  • Mammillary process
  • Transverse foramen
  • Spinous process
  anatomy lumbar_vertebra
• What are the types of matter in the spinal cord?

  • Gray matter
  • White matter
  anatomy spinal_cord
• What is the outer layer of the meninges?

  Dura mater
  anatomy meninges
• What is the middle layer of the meninges?

  Arachnoid mater
  anatomy meninges
• What is the inner layer of the meninges?

  Pia mater
  anatomy meninges
• What is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater?

  Subarachnoid space
  anatomy meninges
• What is epidural anesthesia?

  A procedure to inject anesthetic into the epidural space.
  medical anesthesia