What does psychology study?
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
How does psychology acquire knowledge?
It uses the scientific method to form hypotheses.
What is a hypothesis in psychology?
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that must fit within a scientific theory.
How are hypotheses tested in psychology?
They are tested through observation or experiments.
What is the role of scientific theories in psychology?
Theories provide the best current understanding of a natural phenomenon.
What types of results are shared in psychological research?
Results are shared via publications or conferences for replication.
What can psychological science not study?
It cannot test values or morality.
Why are thoughts challenging to study in psychology?
Because they are not directly matter or energy.
What is the empirical method in psychology?
It is knowledge gained from observation and experimentation.
Psychology uses the _______ to acquire knowledge about mind and behavior.
Psychology uses the scientific method to acquire knowledge about mind and behavior.
A hypothesis in psychology must fit within a broader scientific _______.
A hypothesis in psychology must fit within a broader scientific theory.
Psychological science bases its findings on _______.
Psychological science bases its findings on measurable data.
What type of knowledge does psychology primarily rely on?
Authority
Logic
Empirical research
Intuition
What type of knowledge does psychology primarily rely on?
Authority
Logic
Empirical research
Intuition
When did psychology become a distinct academic discipline?
In the late 1800s.
What did psychology overlap with before becoming distinct?
Philosophy.
Why is psychology considered a social science?
Because organisms interact socially.
What are common reasons students study psychology?
What percentage of U.S. bachelor degrees are in psychology?
Approx. 6%.
Name a famous psychology major.
List some critical thinking skills gained in psychology.
What method is emphasized in psychology training?
The scientific method.
How does psychology help in communication?
It improves communication skills.
What is the mission of the American Psychological Association (APA)?
To advance and share psychological knowledge to improve lives.
What does APA stand for?
American Psychological Association.
What year was the Association for Psychological Science (APS) formed?
1988.
What influences modern psychology?
All historical perspectives, including behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and cognitive psychology.
How many divisions does the APA have?
56 divisions.
Which major area does Behavioral Neuroscience belong to?
One of the specialties within APA divisions.
What is a core benefit of increased scientific literacy?
Ability to evaluate information reliability in a world of misleading 'facts'.
What is one understanding gained from studying psychology?
How biology, environment, and experience interact to shape behavior.
Which psychological organization focuses on scientific research?
Association for Psychological Science (APS).
Modern psychology is influenced by historical perspectives like _______, _______, _______, and _______.
Modern psychology is influenced by historical perspectives like behaviorism, humanism, psychoanalysis, and cognitive psychology.
The APA has divisions that cover specialties such as _______ & _______, _______, and _______.
The APA has divisions that cover specialties such as Religion & Spirituality, Exercise/Sport Psychology, and Behavioral Neuroscience.
Which organization is the largest psychology organization worldwide?
International Psychological Association
Association for Psychological Science (APS)
American Psychological Association (APA)
World Psychological Society
Which organization is the largest psychology organization worldwide?
International Psychological Association
Association for Psychological Science (APS)
American Psychological Association (APA)
World Psychological Society
What is a focus of the Association for Psychological Science (APS)?
Clinical practice
Scientific research in psychology
Education
Training programs
What is a focus of the Association for Psychological Science (APS)?
Clinical practice
Scientific research in psychology
Education
Training programs
What is the main focus of modern psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Which organizations support cultural issues in psychology?
What does Biopsychology study?
How biology and the nervous system shape behavior.
What methods does Biopsychology utilize?
Methods from psychology and physiology, part of neuroscience.
List some research topics in Biopsychology.
Biopsychology is part of _______ and studies how biology influences _______.
Biopsychology is part of neuroscience and studies how biology influences behavior.
What concept refers to the brain's ability to change throughout life?
Neural plasticity
Which discipline studies the biological bases of mental disorders?
Interdisciplinary fields including psychology, biology, medicine, and chemistry
What does evolutionary psychology focus on?
Ultimate causes of behavior based on natural selection.
Which scientist's work is foundational for evolutionary psychology?
Charles Darwin
How does evolutionary psychology view behavior?
Behaviors can be genetically influenced and shaped by ancestral environments.
What is a limitation when testing human behaviors in evolutionary psychology?
It's hard to prove if behavior is genetic or cultural.
What common research topics are studied in evolutionary psychology?
Evolutionary psychology assumes that behaviors can be _______ and shaped by _______.
Evolutionary psychology assumes that behaviors can be genetically influenced and shaped by ancestral environments.
The predictions of evolutionary psychology can be tested through _______ or _______.
The predictions of evolutionary psychology can be tested through observations or experiments.
What is one topic commonly researched under evolutionary psychology?
Cognitive biases
Mate choice & attraction
Emotional intelligence
Social media influence
What is one topic commonly researched under evolutionary psychology?
Cognitive biases
Mate choice & attraction
Emotional intelligence
Social media influence
What does the field of Sensation & Perception study?
It studies how sensory systems work and how we psychologically interpret sensory information.
What factors influence perception?
How is perception different from sensation?
Perception is shaped by various factors; sensation is the raw input from our senses.
What was the focus of Buss's 1989 study?
It explored mate preferences in 37 cultures, aligning with evolutionary predictions.
What do women generally prefer in partners according to Buss's study?
What do men generally look for in partners according to Buss's study?
Everyday experiences like sights and sounds are part of the field of _______.
Everyday experiences like sights and sounds are part of the field of Sensation & Perception.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that shapes perception?
Culture
Past experiences
Attention
Raw sensory input
Which of the following is NOT a factor that shapes perception?
Culture
Past experiences
Attention
Raw sensory input
What is cognitive psychology primarily focused on?
The study of mental processes such as thoughts, memory, attention, problem-solving, language, and decision-making.
What significant shift occurred in psychology during the cognitive revolution?
Focus returned to the mind and mental processes.
How is cognitive psychology described in relation to other disciplines?
It is highly interdisciplinary and sometimes referred to as cognitive science.
What are the main areas of study in cognitive psychology?
What does developmental psychology study?
The scientific study of changes across the entire lifespan, including physical maturation, cognitive changes, moral reasoning, and social behavior.
Which psychologist is notably associated with cognitive development?
Jean Piaget.
Cognitive psychology studies important topics such as _______, _______, and _______.
Cognitive psychology studies important topics such as thoughts, memory, and attention.
Developmental psychology examines changes from _______ to _______.
Developmental psychology examines changes from infancy to adulthood.
What do infants lack that affects their understanding of hidden objects?
Object permanence.
What age group is increasing dramatically in the U.S.?
The 65+ age group.
Who were the historical contributors to personality psychology?
According to Freud, personality develops from what?
Unconscious conflicts and psychosexual stages.
What is the modern approach to personality psychology?
A quantitative focus on identifying and measuring traits.
What are the Big Five Personality Traits?
How are traits viewed in terms of lifespan?
They are stable over the lifespan and influenced by genetics.
What does social psychology study?
How people think about, relate to, and influence each other.
What is the definition of psychology?
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
What are some of the key subfields of psychology?
The major focus of psychology is on _______.
The major focus of psychology is on empirical research.
What does Industrial-Organizational psychology involve?
Health psychology studies the relationship between psychological processes and _______.
Health psychology studies the relationship between psychological processes and health.
What did Milgram's obedience experiment demonstrate?
It showed that nearly 2/3 of participants obeyed orders to deliver what they thought were lethal shocks, revealing the human capacity to obey authority.
Milgram's findings led to stricter ethical guidelines such as _______ and limits on _______.
Milgram's findings led to stricter ethical guidelines such as informed consent and limits on deception.
How does psychology contribute to self-understanding?
By providing insights into our own behaviors and mental processes.
What research methods are commonly used in psychology?
What model is used to understand health?
The biopsychosocial model: Health = biology + psychology + social factors.
What does the biopsychosocial model focus on?
What does Sport & Exercise Psychology study?
In which fields does Sport & Exercise Psychology apply?
What is the focus of Clinical Psychology?
Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
How does Counseling Psychology differ from Clinical Psychology?
Counseling psychology focuses more on healthy individuals and life, social, and career issues.
Health is defined using the formula: Health = _______ + _______ + _______.
Health is defined using the formula: Health = biology + psychology + social factors.
Key focuses of the biopsychosocial model include: - _______ - _______ - _______.
Key focuses of the biopsychosocial model include: - Health behavior change - Stress & illness - Public health interventions.
For athletes, factors studied in Sport & Exercise Psychology include: - _______ - _______ - _______.
For athletes, factors studied in Sport & Exercise Psychology include: - Motivation - Performance anxiety - Mental well-being related to exercise.
Clinical Psychology emphasizes on the diagnosis and treatment of _______.
Clinical Psychology emphasizes on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
What is the main focus of Counseling Psychology?
Motivation of athletes
Public health interventions
Diagnosis of mental disorders
To address life, social, and career issues
What is the main focus of Counseling Psychology?
Motivation of athletes
Public health interventions
Diagnosis of mental disorders
To address life, social, and career issues
Who is associated with psychodynamic therapy?
Sigmund Freud
Identify the therapy founded by Carl Rogers.
Client-centered therapy
Which approach is known as behavioral therapy?
Behaviorism
What therapy emerged from the cognitive revolution?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
What field of psychology applies to the legal and justice system?
Forensic Psychology
Name one responsibility of a forensic psychologist.
Conducting competency evaluations
What evaluation assesses defendants' mental states?
Competency evaluations
What role involves child custody evaluations?
A task for forensic psychologists
What do forensic psychologists provide in court cases?
Expert testimony
What task includes giving sentencing recommendations?
A function of forensic psychology
Which psychologists consult on eyewitness reliability?
Forensic psychologists
What do some forensic psychologists specialize in as criminal profilers?
Analyzing behavior of criminals
How is psychology often perceived in popular culture?
As the most visible field, often mistaken for all psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, focusing on _______.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, focusing on empirical research.
Major subfields of psychology include _______ and _______.
Major subfields of psychology include clinical and cognitive psychology.
Research methods in psychology often involve _______ and _______.
Research methods in psychology often involve experiments and surveys.
Ethical standards in research are vital for maintaining the integrity of scientific studies in psychology, ensuring _______.
Ethical standards in research are vital for maintaining the integrity of scientific studies in psychology, ensuring subject safety.
What are the typical educational requirements for most psychology careers?
A PhD (research-focused) or a master's degree (some specialties).
What does a PhD in psychology stand for?
Doctor of Philosophy.
What must be completed before awarding a PhD in the U.S.?
A dissertation must be defended before a committee.
What are the main responsibilities of university faculty?
What characterizes the workload of faculty members?
It varies by institution, leading many to move for a better fit.
Who are adjuncts and instructors in academia?
They teach when schools need more teachers than full-time faculty.
What degrees do adjuncts often hold?
Master's degrees or other careers outside academia.
What is the purpose of teaching at community colleges?
To gain experience for future academic roles.
Psychology is the scientific study of _______ and _______.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
The methodology in psychology includes the use of _______.
The methodology in psychology includes the use of empirical research.
Major subfields of psychology include _______ and _______ psychology.
Major subfields of psychology include clinical and cognitive psychology.
Research methods in psychology can include _______ and _______.
Research methods in psychology can include experiments and surveys.
Ethical standards in research are important for _______.
Ethical standards in research are important for psychological studies.
What degrees are often held by individuals teaching at research universities?
Typically, a master's degree or a PhD.
What is a common requirement for a PhD graduate to enhance their career in research?
Completing 1–2 postdoctoral fellowships.
What does a PsyD degree focus on?
Clinical practice, with less emphasis on research.
What must one do after obtaining a PhD or PsyD to practice independently?
Complete postdoctoral supervised hours and pass a licensure exam.
What must someone do to call themselves a licensed clinical psychologist?
They must pass the licensure exam.
A PsyD, or _______, emphasizes clinical practice over research.
A PsyD, or Doctor of Psychology, emphasizes clinical practice over research.
In psychology, research-heavy roles often prefer candidates with _______.
In psychology, research-heavy roles often prefer candidates with postdoctoral training.
What is a key requirement for becoming a licensed psychologist after earning a PsyD?
Attending additional workshops
Passing a licensure exam
Publication of a book
Completing a master's thesis
What is a key requirement for becoming a licensed psychologist after earning a PsyD?
Attending additional workshops
Passing a licensure exam
Publication of a book
Completing a master's thesis
What degree is typically required for a clinical psychologist?
PhD or PsyD
What professionals can prescribe medication?
Psychiatrists
What is a common role for a biopsychologist?
Pharmaceutical research and drug testing
List some roles a clinical psychologist may take on.
What roles can someone with a Master's degree pursue in psychology?
What are two careers associated with a Master's degree in psychology?
What does the work of an I/O psychologist typically involve?
Consulting in corporate settings
A clinical psychologist typically holds a _______ or _______.
A clinical psychologist typically holds a PhD or PsyD.
A psychiatrist has a medical degree (MD) and can _______.
A psychiatrist has a medical degree (MD) and can prescribe medication.
PhD holders may specialize in different areas, such as _______, which involves pharmaceutical research.
PhD holders may specialize in different areas, such as biopsychologist, which involves pharmaceutical research.
Some careers requiring a Master's degree in psychology include: _______, _______, and _______.
Some careers requiring a Master's degree in psychology include: licensed professional counselors, school psychologists, and I/O consultants.
Which professional can prescribe medications?
Clinical Psychologist
Psychiatrist
School Psychologist
Licensed Counselor
Which professional can prescribe medications?
Clinical Psychologist
Psychiatrist
School Psychologist
Licensed Counselor
Identify the role of a biopsychologist.
Pharmaceutical research
School psychologist
Industrial consultant
Forensic psychologist
Identify the role of a biopsychologist.
Pharmaceutical research
School psychologist
Industrial consultant
Forensic psychologist
What skills are valued by employers for psychology majors?
What common career path involves teaching at high school level?
Which profession considers psychology part of the MCAT exam?
Scientific research in psychology is important because it helps us navigate the world using _______ instead of _______ or _______.
Scientific research in psychology is important because it helps us navigate the world using evidence instead of intuition or superstition.
Historically, without science, people believed that the sun revolved around a _______.
Historically, without science, people believed that the sun revolved around a flat earth.
Scientific research challenges preconceived beliefs and builds _______.
Scientific research challenges preconceived beliefs and builds objective knowledge.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, with a focus on _______.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, with a focus on empirical research.
Which of the following is NOT a common career path for psychology majors?
Human resources
Case manager
Sales
Chef
Which of the following is NOT a common career path for psychology majors?
Human resources
Case manager
Sales
Chef
What do psychologists aim to understand?
What type of knowledge do psychologists rely on?
Empirical knowledge: based on observable, repeatable evidence.
Why do psychologists create methods to infer mental states?
Behavior is observable; the mind is not.
Some studies about technology use show _______ and performance, while others indicate _______ like sleep issues.
Some studies about technology use show improved engagement and performance, while others indicate negative effects like sleep issues.
What is crucial when reaching a consensus in research?
Consensus takes time due to studies often contradicting each other.
What should you evaluate for critical thinking?
What does the phrase 'scientifically proven' often misuse?
The phrase is often misused in advertisements.
What is a key example of how research influences policy decisions?
Funding early-intervention programs for children.
What does research help identify regarding early-intervention programs?
How does research impact personal decisions?
It separates effective treatments from untested claims.
Name some examples of treatments for a child with autism.
In research, facts are observable realities while opinions are personal beliefs. Only facts are established through _______.
In research, facts are observable realities while opinions are personal beliefs. Only facts are established through empirical research.
Who are notable researchers in the field of psychology?
Key figures include those who contributed significantly to the understanding of behavior and mental processes.
Why is research important for self-understanding and education?
It informs better choices and decisions in various aspects of life.
What are major subfields of psychology?
What are some common research methods used in psychology?
What is crucial within ethical standards in research?
Ensuring the welfare and rights of participants are protected.
Who was the first woman with a PhD in psychology?
Margaret Floy Washburn
Identify the field of study of Margaret Floy Washburn.
Animal behavior and cognition
Who was the first female APA president?
Mary Whiton Calkins
What research did Mary Whiton Calkins focus on?
Memory research
Who was the first African American with a PhD in psychology?
Francis Sumner
What title is Francis Sumner known as?
Father of Black Psychology
Which landmark case was influenced by Inez Beverly Prosser's research?
Brown v. Board of Education
Who founded early psychology labs in Argentina?
Horatio Piñero
Which psychologists founded the first psychology departments in India?
Boaz & Sen Gupta
In 1892, the APA consisted of _______.
In 1892, the APA consisted of all White men.
By 1946, approximately _______ of psychologists were women.
By 1946, approximately 25% of psychologists were women.
There has been a growing representation of women and minorities in psychology, especially in historically Black colleges.
There has been a growing representation of women and minorities in psychology, especially in historically Black colleges.
What is the process of science?
Science progresses through a circular process of: 1. Theories 2. Generate Hypotheses 3. Make Empirical Observations 4. Revise Theories and Repeat.
What is deductive reasoning?
Deductive reasoning goes from general to specific and is used to test hypotheses.
Provide an example of deductive reasoning.
What is inductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning moves from specific to general and creates new ideas based on observations.
Provide an example of inductive reasoning.
How are case studies characterized in research?
Case studies are characterized as heavily inductive.
How are experiments characterized in research?
Experiments are characterized as heavily deductive.
The scientific process involves a circular progression of: _______, _______, _______, _______.
The scientific process involves a circular progression of: Theories, Generate Hypotheses, Make Empirical Observations, Revise Theories and Repeat.
In deductive reasoning, one goes from _______ to _______.
In deductive reasoning, one goes from general to specific.
Inductive reasoning moves from _______ to _______.
Inductive reasoning moves from specific to general.
What is a well-developed set of ideas explaining a phenomenon called?
Theory
What is a testable prediction often expressed as an 'if-then' statement?
Hypothesis
What is a key feature of a good hypothesis?
Falsifiability
Why is falsifiability important in science?
Ensures scientific claims can be proven wrong and tested repeatedly.
A hypothesis must be _______ to be considered valid in science.
A hypothesis must be falsifiable to be considered valid in science.
Freud's theories are often criticized for being _______.
Freud's theories are often criticized for being unfalsifiable.
James-Lange theory of emotion produces _______ hypotheses.
James-Lange theory of emotion produces falsifiable hypotheses.
How does a hypothesis help bridge ideas?
It connects theoretical concepts to real-world testing.
List the main research methods used by psychologists.
What ensures that scientific information is reliable?
Claims must survive repeated testing.
What are the main research methods in psychology?
What do correlational studies demonstrate?
They show relationships but cannot prove cause & effect.
Which method can establish causality?
Experiments can establish causality due to variable control.
What is an important limitation of experiments?
Experiments often happen in artificial settings, which may lack real-world validity.
Why can't some research questions be studied experimentally?
Some research questions cannot be studied due to ethical reasons.
What is the definition of clinical case studies?
Intensive study of one person or a small group, especially for rare cases.
What are the strengths of clinical case studies?
Experiments can establish _______ because of variable control.
Experiments can establish causality because of variable control.
Correlational studies can show relationships but cannot prove _______.
Correlational studies can show relationships but cannot prove cause & effect.
What is a common research method used for rare cases?
Surveys
Experiments
Case studies
Longitudinal studies
What is a common research method used for rare cases?
Surveys
Experiments
Case studies
Longitudinal studies
List two weaknesses of case studies.
What is a key feature of naturalistic observation?
What is a goal of naturalistic observation?
To capture real, authentic behavior
Why must the researcher be unobtrusive in naturalistic observation?
To prevent participants from changing their behavior
Name a strength of naturalistic observation.
High ecological validity (realistic, natural behavior)
How does naturalistic observation affect generalization?
It allows for better generalization to real-life settings.
List some methods used in naturalistic observation.
What is a limitation of hard-to-control observational situations?
You may not see the behavior you need.
What issues can arise from time-consuming observational methods?
They can be costly and unpredictable.
How can observer bias be minimized?
What method involves observing behavior during participants' set tasks?
Structured Observation.
What defines surveys in psychological research?
Lists of questions given to large groups (paper, online, verbal).
What are strengths of surveys?
What are weaknesses associated with surveys?
What issues might arise from self-reports in surveys?
What is the definition of social desirability bias?
A tendency for respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.
What does population refer to in research?
The group you want to study.
What is a sample in research?
The people you actually gather data from.
Define mode as a measure of central tendency.
It is the most frequent value in a dataset.
What is the median in statistics?
The middle value when data is ordered.
Explain mean.
The average of a dataset, sensitive to outliers.
In a post-9/11 survey, participants denied prejudice but showed lower willingness to interact with _______, revealing subtle bias.
In a post-9/11 survey, participants denied prejudice but showed lower willingness to interact with Arab-Americans, revealing subtle bias.
What is archival research?
Using existing records like documents, databases, and surveys.
What is a strength of archival research?
It is inexpensive and efficient, requiring no recruitment of participants.
What is a weakness of archival research?
There is no control over the quality or completeness of data.
What is longitudinal research?
Studying the same group over a long period (years or decades) to track development, change, and risk factors over time.
What is a major strength of longitudinal research?
It eliminates cohort differences and provides strong evidence for developmental patterns.
What is a significant weakness of longitudinal research?
It is extremely time-consuming and costly, with results potentially taking decades.
How does longitudinal research impact sample representation?
High attrition requires constant checking to ensure the remaining sample still represents the population.
From where are large sample sizes often derived in longitudinal research?
Major health studies like CPS-3 cancer prevention research.
How is cross-sectional research defined?
Cross-sectional research involves studying a population at a single point in time to examine various characteristics.
Research questions must fit the _______.
Research questions must fit the available data.
Longitudinal research tracks development, change, and risk factors over _______.
Longitudinal research tracks development, change, and risk factors over time.
What are common weaknesses of longitudinal research?
Extremely time-consuming
Costly
Short study periods
High attrition
High sample sizes
Immediate results
What are common weaknesses of longitudinal research?
Extremely time-consuming
Costly
Short study periods
High attrition
High sample sizes
Immediate results
What is a major strength of cross-sectional studies?
They are faster and cheaper than longitudinal studies.
What is a key weakness of cross-sectional studies?
Cohort effects may influence results, attributing differences to generational experiences rather than age.
In the ice cream and crime example, what is a confounding variable?
Temperature, which affects both ice cream sales and crime rates.
The ice cream sales example highlights that correlation does not equal causation. Ice cream sales ↑ → crime rates ↑ but does not mean ice cream causes crime. The confounding variable is _______.
The ice cream sales example highlights that correlation does not equal causation. Ice cream sales ↑ → crime rates ↑ but does not mean ice cream causes crime. The confounding variable is temperature.
What is the importance of correlational research?
It helps identify relationships between variables but cannot confirm causality.
What is correlation?
The relationship between two or more variables that does not imply cause-and-effect.
What does a correlation coefficient (r) range from?
-1 to +1
A coefficient closer to ±1 indicates what?
A strong relationship between variables.
What does r = 0 indicate?
No relationship between the variables.
In positive correlation, variables move in what direction?
The same direction.
Give an example of a positive correlation.
Ice cream sales and crime rates increasing during hot weather.
In negative correlation, how do variables move?
In opposite directions.
What's an example of a negative correlation?
Less sleep leading to more tiredness.
What does an r value of -0.29 indicate in a study?
A weak negative correlation between hours of sleep and GPA.
What is the predictive use of correlation?
To understand how changes in one variable may relate to changes in another.
What do correlations reveal?
They reveal relationships, not causes.
What is a confounding variable?
A third variable that affects the results.
Give an example of a confounding variable in research.
Illusory correlations are the false belief that _______ are related when they are not.
Illusory correlations are the false belief that two things are related when they are not.
What is a common example of an illusory correlation?
'The full moon makes people act weird.'
What is confirmation bias?
Noticing information that supports our beliefs.
What can lead to illusory correlations?
Relying on easily recalled information.
What correlation might universities use to predict student success?
SAT/ACT correlations with GPA
Extracurricular activities alone
Only attendance records
Teacher recommendations only
What correlation might universities use to predict student success?
SAT/ACT correlations with GPA
Extracurricular activities alone
Only attendance records
Teacher recommendations only
Why should correlations be interpreted with caution?
Because correlation does not imply causation.
How does the field of psychology help individuals?
It aids in self-understanding and education.
What method can establish cause and effect in research?
Experiments are the only method that can establish cause and effect.
What is required for conducting an experiment?
Define an experimental hypothesis.
A prediction derived from observation or prior research.
An example of an experimental hypothesis is that _______.
An example of an experimental hypothesis is that technology in classrooms reduces learning.
What distinguishes the experimental group from the control group?
The experimental group receives treatment or manipulation, while the control group does not.
What is an operational definition in research?
A precise definition of a variable, e.g., 'Learning' = score on a 45-minute test.
What does experimenter bias refer to?
Researcher expectations influencing results.
What is a placebo effect?
Expectation alone causes change, e.g., a sugar pill improves mood due to belief.
In a single-blind study, who knows the group assignments?
Only the researchers know; participants do not.
What distinguishes a double-blind study?
Neither participants nor researchers know the group assignments.
Identify the independent variable (IV) in an experiment.
The variable manipulated by the researcher to observe effects.
What is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment?
The independent variable (IV).
What does the dependent variable (DV) represent?
The outcome measured, which depends on the IV.
What is a sample in research?
A small subset of the population.
What is a random sample?
Every member has an equal chance of being selected.
What does random assignment ensure?
Groups are similar before the experiment.
Why do not all variables allow manipulation?
Some variables (e.g., gender) lead to quasi-experiments.
What is one issue in experiments?
Not all variables can be manipulated.
In psychology, the independent variable (IV) is manipulated by the researcher while the dependent variable (DV) is the outcome measured and depends on the _______.
In psychology, the independent variable (IV) is manipulated by the researcher while the dependent variable (DV) is the outcome measured and depends on the IV.
A random sample ensures that each member has an equal chance of being selected, which enhances _______ in research.
A random sample ensures that each member has an equal chance of being selected, which enhances representativeness in research.
Random assignment helps in ensuring that groups are similar before the _______.
Random assignment helps in ensuring that groups are similar before the experiment.
What are the ethical limits in psychological research?
Cannot assign harmful conditions such as abuse or trauma.
What indicates statistical significance?
A difference unlikely due to chance, often using p < .05.
Why does the experimental method allow for causal conclusions?
What is the purpose of peer-reviewed articles?
What does peer review ensure in research?
Ensures clarity, reliability, and avoids poor research.
In psychological research, ethical limits include not assigning harmful conditions such as _______ or _______.
In psychological research, ethical limits include not assigning harmful conditions such as abuse or trauma.
Statistical significance is determined when the difference is unlikely to be due to chance, often indicated by p < _______.
Statistical significance is determined when the difference is unlikely to be due to chance, often indicated by p < .05.
The strength of experimental method lies in techniques such as _______, a _______, and _______.
The strength of experimental method lies in techniques such as random assignment, a controlled environment, and minimized bias.
Peer-reviewed articles are crucial as they evaluate the quality of the method, rationale, ethical conduct, and ensure valid _______.
Peer-reviewed articles are crucial as they evaluate the quality of the method, rationale, ethical conduct, and ensure valid conclusions.
What is the significance of replication in psychological studies?
Replication strengthens support for findings; failures can cause doubt about original studies.
What crisis occurred in psychology related to replication?
This crisis, known as the 'replication crisis', questions the reliability of impactful studies.
What was the vaccine-autism myth?
Early studies falsely claimed vaccines caused autism due to flawed data and conflicts of interest.
What was the media's role in the vaccine-autism myth?
Media attention led to increased vaccine hesitancy and measles outbreaks.
Define reliability in the context of psychological measures.
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure across different trials.
List the types of reliability.
Replication is important for the field of psychology because it offers _______ for findings and reveals potential issues if there are _______.
Replication is important for the field of psychology because it offers stronger support for findings and reveals potential issues if there are replication failures.
The _______ was discredited due to _______, _______, and resulted in rising cases of _______.
The vaccine-autism myth was discredited due to flawed data, conflicts of interest, and resulted in rising cases of measles.
Reliability in psychology can be categorized into _______ and _______.
Reliability in psychology can be categorized into inter-rater and internal consistency.
What does test-retest measure?
Consistency of a test over time.
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability refers to consistency; validity refers to accuracy.
What must a valid measure be?
It must be reliable.
What are the types of validity?
What is the focus of ethics in psychological research?
Respecting human dignity, safety, and well-being.
What triggers the establishment of ethical standards in research?
Past studies that violated ethics.
What is the function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
To oversee research involving human participants.
Who must have an IRB?
Any institution receiving federal research support.
What is the role of scientists in research?
They review research proposals to ensure no harm is done, participants' rights are protected, and ethical standards are met.
What approval is required before research can begin?
IRB (Institutional Review Board) approval is required.
What should informed consent include?
Who must sign the informed consent for minors?
Parents or guardians must sign for participants under 18.
When is deception allowed in research?
Only when necessary to preserve study accuracy and not harmful.
What must participants receive after deception?
A full debriefing explaining the true purpose of the study, the deception used, and how data will be used.
When was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study conducted?
From 1932 to 1972.
How many men participated in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
600 poor Black men in Alabama.
What promise was made to participants of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
They were promised free medical care, meals, and burial insurance.
What happened to the men in the experimental group of the Tuskegee study?
They were never told they had syphilis and never given treatment.
What was the result of untreated syphilis in participants of the Tuskegee study?
Many men died, infecting their wives and children.
What led to the public outrage regarding the Tuskegee study?
The discovery of the unethical practices in 1972.
What act was inspired by the Tuskegee study in 1974?
The National Research Act.
What is a primary reason for using animals in research?
Basic processes are similar to humans, making studies ethical.
What percentage of animal research uses rodents or birds?
90%.
What is a key requirement for research involving animals?
It must minimize pain and distress.
How should animals be treated during research?
They must be treated humanely at all times.
What does the IACUC stand for?
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Who reviews animal research proposals?
The IACUC
Who are the members of the IACUC?
What does the IACUC ensure?
How often does the IACUC conduct inspections?
Semi-annually
What is a hypothesis in psychology?
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that must fit within a scientific theory.
What is the role of scientific theories in psychology?
Theories provide the best current understanding of a natural phenomenon.
What types of results are shared in psychological research?
Results are shared via publications or conferences for replication.
Why are thoughts challenging to study in psychology?
Because they are not directly matter or energy.
What is the empirical method in psychology?
It is knowledge gained from observation and experimentation.
What type of knowledge does psychology primarily rely on?
Authority
Intuition
Logic
Empirical research
What are common reasons students study psychology?
List some critical thinking skills gained in psychology.
What is the mission of the American Psychological Association (APA)?
To advance and share psychological knowledge to improve lives.
What influences modern psychology?
All historical perspectives, including behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and cognitive psychology.
Which major area does Behavioral Neuroscience belong to?
One of the specialties within APA divisions.
What is a core benefit of increased scientific literacy?
Ability to evaluate information reliability in a world of misleading 'facts'.
What is one understanding gained from studying psychology?
How biology, environment, and experience interact to shape behavior.
Which psychological organization focuses on scientific research?
Association for Psychological Science (APS).
Modern psychology is influenced by historical perspectives like behaviorism, humanism, psychoanalysis, and cognitive psychology.
The APA has divisions that cover specialties such as Religion & Spirituality, Exercise/Sport Psychology, and Behavioral Neuroscience.
Which organization is the largest psychology organization worldwide?
Association for Psychological Science (APS)
International Psychological Association
World Psychological Society
American Psychological Association (APA)
What is a focus of the Association for Psychological Science (APS)?
Scientific research in psychology
Education
Clinical practice
Training programs
Which organizations support cultural issues in psychology?
What methods does Biopsychology utilize?
Methods from psychology and physiology, part of neuroscience.
List some research topics in Biopsychology.
Which discipline studies the biological bases of mental disorders?
Interdisciplinary fields including psychology, biology, medicine, and chemistry
How does evolutionary psychology view behavior?
Behaviors can be genetically influenced and shaped by ancestral environments.
What is a limitation when testing human behaviors in evolutionary psychology?
It's hard to prove if behavior is genetic or cultural.
What common research topics are studied in evolutionary psychology?
Evolutionary psychology assumes that behaviors can be genetically influenced and shaped by ancestral environments.
What is one topic commonly researched under evolutionary psychology?
Cognitive biases
Mate choice & attraction
Social media influence
Emotional intelligence
What does the field of Sensation & Perception study?
It studies how sensory systems work and how we psychologically interpret sensory information.
How is perception different from sensation?
Perception is shaped by various factors; sensation is the raw input from our senses.
What was the focus of Buss's 1989 study?
It explored mate preferences in 37 cultures, aligning with evolutionary predictions.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that shapes perception?
Culture
Past experiences
Raw sensory input
Attention
What is cognitive psychology primarily focused on?
The study of mental processes such as thoughts, memory, attention, problem-solving, language, and decision-making.
What significant shift occurred in psychology during the cognitive revolution?
Focus returned to the mind and mental processes.
How is cognitive psychology described in relation to other disciplines?
It is highly interdisciplinary and sometimes referred to as cognitive science.
What are the main areas of study in cognitive psychology?
What does developmental psychology study?
The scientific study of changes across the entire lifespan, including physical maturation, cognitive changes, moral reasoning, and social behavior.
What is the modern approach to personality psychology?
A quantitative focus on identifying and measuring traits.
What are the Big Five Personality Traits?
How are traits viewed in terms of lifespan?
They are stable over the lifespan and influenced by genetics.
What is the definition of psychology?
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
What are some of the key subfields of psychology?
What does Industrial-Organizational psychology involve?
What did Milgram's obedience experiment demonstrate?
It showed that nearly 2/3 of participants obeyed orders to deliver what they thought were lethal shocks, revealing the human capacity to obey authority.
Milgram's findings led to stricter ethical guidelines such as informed consent and limits on deception.
How does psychology contribute to self-understanding?
By providing insights into our own behaviors and mental processes.
What model is used to understand health?
The biopsychosocial model: Health = biology + psychology + social factors.
What does the biopsychosocial model focus on?
What does Sport & Exercise Psychology study?
In which fields does Sport & Exercise Psychology apply?
How does Counseling Psychology differ from Clinical Psychology?
Counseling psychology focuses more on healthy individuals and life, social, and career issues.
Key focuses of the biopsychosocial model include: - Health behavior change - Stress & illness - Public health interventions.
For athletes, factors studied in Sport & Exercise Psychology include: - Motivation - Performance anxiety - Mental well-being related to exercise.
What is the main focus of Counseling Psychology?
Diagnosis of mental disorders
Public health interventions
To address life, social, and career issues
Motivation of athletes
What do some forensic psychologists specialize in as criminal profilers?
Analyzing behavior of criminals
How is psychology often perceived in popular culture?
As the most visible field, often mistaken for all psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, focusing on empirical research.
Ethical standards in research are vital for maintaining the integrity of scientific studies in psychology, ensuring subject safety.
What are the typical educational requirements for most psychology careers?
A PhD (research-focused) or a master's degree (some specialties).
What must be completed before awarding a PhD in the U.S.?
A dissertation must be defended before a committee.
What are the main responsibilities of university faculty?
What characterizes the workload of faculty members?
It varies by institution, leading many to move for a better fit.
Who are adjuncts and instructors in academia?
They teach when schools need more teachers than full-time faculty.
What is the purpose of teaching at community colleges?
To gain experience for future academic roles.
What degrees are often held by individuals teaching at research universities?
Typically, a master's degree or a PhD.
What is a common requirement for a PhD graduate to enhance their career in research?
Completing 1–2 postdoctoral fellowships.
What must one do after obtaining a PhD or PsyD to practice independently?
Complete postdoctoral supervised hours and pass a licensure exam.
What must someone do to call themselves a licensed clinical psychologist?
They must pass the licensure exam.
What is a key requirement for becoming a licensed psychologist after earning a PsyD?
Attending additional workshops
Publication of a book
Passing a licensure exam
Completing a master's thesis
List some roles a clinical psychologist may take on.
What roles can someone with a Master's degree pursue in psychology?
What are two careers associated with a Master's degree in psychology?
PhD holders may specialize in different areas, such as biopsychologist, which involves pharmaceutical research.
Some careers requiring a Master's degree in psychology include: licensed professional counselors, school psychologists, and I/O consultants.
Which professional can prescribe medications?
Clinical Psychologist
School Psychologist
Psychiatrist
Licensed Counselor
Identify the role of a biopsychologist.
School psychologist
Pharmaceutical research
Forensic psychologist
Industrial consultant
What common career path involves teaching at high school level?
Scientific research in psychology is important because it helps us navigate the world using evidence instead of intuition or superstition.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, with a focus on empirical research.
Which of the following is NOT a common career path for psychology majors?
Case manager
Human resources
Chef
Sales
What type of knowledge do psychologists rely on?
Empirical knowledge: based on observable, repeatable evidence.
Why do psychologists create methods to infer mental states?
Behavior is observable; the mind is not.
Some studies about technology use show improved engagement and performance, while others indicate negative effects like sleep issues.
What is crucial when reaching a consensus in research?
Consensus takes time due to studies often contradicting each other.
What should you evaluate for critical thinking?
What does the phrase 'scientifically proven' often misuse?
The phrase is often misused in advertisements.
What is a key example of how research influences policy decisions?
Funding early-intervention programs for children.
What does research help identify regarding early-intervention programs?
How does research impact personal decisions?
It separates effective treatments from untested claims.
Name some examples of treatments for a child with autism.
In research, facts are observable realities while opinions are personal beliefs. Only facts are established through empirical research.
Who are notable researchers in the field of psychology?
Key figures include those who contributed significantly to the understanding of behavior and mental processes.
Why is research important for self-understanding and education?
It informs better choices and decisions in various aspects of life.
What is crucial within ethical standards in research?
Ensuring the welfare and rights of participants are protected.
There has been a growing representation of women and minorities in psychology, especially in historically Black colleges.
What is the process of science?
Science progresses through a circular process of: 1. Theories 2. Generate Hypotheses 3. Make Empirical Observations 4. Revise Theories and Repeat.
What is deductive reasoning?
Deductive reasoning goes from general to specific and is used to test hypotheses.
Provide an example of deductive reasoning.
What is inductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning moves from specific to general and creates new ideas based on observations.
Provide an example of inductive reasoning.
How are case studies characterized in research?
Case studies are characterized as heavily inductive.
The scientific process involves a circular progression of: Theories, Generate Hypotheses, Make Empirical Observations, Revise Theories and Repeat.
Why is falsifiability important in science?
Ensures scientific claims can be proven wrong and tested repeatedly.
What are the main research methods in psychology?
What is an important limitation of experiments?
Experiments often happen in artificial settings, which may lack real-world validity.
Why can't some research questions be studied experimentally?
Some research questions cannot be studied due to ethical reasons.
What is the definition of clinical case studies?
Intensive study of one person or a small group, especially for rare cases.
What are the strengths of clinical case studies?
What is a common research method used for rare cases?
Case studies
Experiments
Surveys
Longitudinal studies
List two weaknesses of case studies.
What is a key feature of naturalistic observation?
Why must the researcher be unobtrusive in naturalistic observation?
To prevent participants from changing their behavior
How does naturalistic observation affect generalization?
It allows for better generalization to real-life settings.
List some methods used in naturalistic observation.
What is a limitation of hard-to-control observational situations?
You may not see the behavior you need.
What issues can arise from time-consuming observational methods?
They can be costly and unpredictable.
How can observer bias be minimized?
What defines surveys in psychological research?
Lists of questions given to large groups (paper, online, verbal).
What are strengths of surveys?
What are weaknesses associated with surveys?
What is the definition of social desirability bias?
A tendency for respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.
In a post-9/11 survey, participants denied prejudice but showed lower willingness to interact with Arab-Americans, revealing subtle bias.
What is a strength of archival research?
It is inexpensive and efficient, requiring no recruitment of participants.
What is a weakness of archival research?
There is no control over the quality or completeness of data.
What is longitudinal research?
Studying the same group over a long period (years or decades) to track development, change, and risk factors over time.
What is a major strength of longitudinal research?
It eliminates cohort differences and provides strong evidence for developmental patterns.
What is a significant weakness of longitudinal research?
It is extremely time-consuming and costly, with results potentially taking decades.
How does longitudinal research impact sample representation?
High attrition requires constant checking to ensure the remaining sample still represents the population.
From where are large sample sizes often derived in longitudinal research?
Major health studies like CPS-3 cancer prevention research.
How is cross-sectional research defined?
Cross-sectional research involves studying a population at a single point in time to examine various characteristics.
What are common weaknesses of longitudinal research?
Immediate results
High sample sizes
Extremely time-consuming
Short study periods
High attrition
Costly
What is a major strength of cross-sectional studies?
They are faster and cheaper than longitudinal studies.
What is a key weakness of cross-sectional studies?
Cohort effects may influence results, attributing differences to generational experiences rather than age.
In the ice cream and crime example, what is a confounding variable?
Temperature, which affects both ice cream sales and crime rates.
The ice cream sales example highlights that correlation does not equal causation. Ice cream sales ↑ → crime rates ↑ but does not mean ice cream causes crime. The confounding variable is temperature.
What is the importance of correlational research?
It helps identify relationships between variables but cannot confirm causality.
What is correlation?
The relationship between two or more variables that does not imply cause-and-effect.
Give an example of a positive correlation.
Ice cream sales and crime rates increasing during hot weather.
What does an r value of -0.29 indicate in a study?
A weak negative correlation between hours of sleep and GPA.
What is the predictive use of correlation?
To understand how changes in one variable may relate to changes in another.
Give an example of a confounding variable in research.
What correlation might universities use to predict student success?
Only attendance records
Extracurricular activities alone
Teacher recommendations only
SAT/ACT correlations with GPA
What method can establish cause and effect in research?
Experiments are the only method that can establish cause and effect.
What is required for conducting an experiment?
What distinguishes the experimental group from the control group?
The experimental group receives treatment or manipulation, while the control group does not.
What is an operational definition in research?
A precise definition of a variable, e.g., 'Learning' = score on a 45-minute test.
What is a placebo effect?
Expectation alone causes change, e.g., a sugar pill improves mood due to belief.
In a single-blind study, who knows the group assignments?
Only the researchers know; participants do not.
What distinguishes a double-blind study?
Neither participants nor researchers know the group assignments.
Identify the independent variable (IV) in an experiment.
The variable manipulated by the researcher to observe effects.
Why do not all variables allow manipulation?
Some variables (e.g., gender) lead to quasi-experiments.
In psychology, the independent variable (IV) is manipulated by the researcher while the dependent variable (DV) is the outcome measured and depends on the IV.
A random sample ensures that each member has an equal chance of being selected, which enhances representativeness in research.
What are the ethical limits in psychological research?
Cannot assign harmful conditions such as abuse or trauma.
Why does the experimental method allow for causal conclusions?
What is the purpose of peer-reviewed articles?
In psychological research, ethical limits include not assigning harmful conditions such as abuse or trauma.
Statistical significance is determined when the difference is unlikely to be due to chance, often indicated by p < .05.
The strength of experimental method lies in techniques such as random assignment, a controlled environment, and minimized bias.
Peer-reviewed articles are crucial as they evaluate the quality of the method, rationale, ethical conduct, and ensure valid conclusions.
What is the significance of replication in psychological studies?
Replication strengthens support for findings; failures can cause doubt about original studies.
What crisis occurred in psychology related to replication?
This crisis, known as the 'replication crisis', questions the reliability of impactful studies.
What was the vaccine-autism myth?
Early studies falsely claimed vaccines caused autism due to flawed data and conflicts of interest.
What was the media's role in the vaccine-autism myth?
Media attention led to increased vaccine hesitancy and measles outbreaks.
Define reliability in the context of psychological measures.
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure across different trials.
Replication is important for the field of psychology because it offers stronger support for findings and reveals potential issues if there are replication failures.
The vaccine-autism myth was discredited due to flawed data, conflicts of interest, and resulted in rising cases of measles.
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability refers to consistency; validity refers to accuracy.
What is the focus of ethics in psychological research?
Respecting human dignity, safety, and well-being.
What triggers the establishment of ethical standards in research?
Past studies that violated ethics.
What is the function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
To oversee research involving human participants.
What is the role of scientists in research?
They review research proposals to ensure no harm is done, participants' rights are protected, and ethical standards are met.
What approval is required before research can begin?
IRB (Institutional Review Board) approval is required.
What should informed consent include?
Who must sign the informed consent for minors?
Parents or guardians must sign for participants under 18.
When is deception allowed in research?
Only when necessary to preserve study accuracy and not harmful.
What must participants receive after deception?
A full debriefing explaining the true purpose of the study, the deception used, and how data will be used.
What promise was made to participants of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
They were promised free medical care, meals, and burial insurance.
What happened to the men in the experimental group of the Tuskegee study?
They were never told they had syphilis and never given treatment.
What was the result of untreated syphilis in participants of the Tuskegee study?
Many men died, infecting their wives and children.
What led to the public outrage regarding the Tuskegee study?
The discovery of the unethical practices in 1972.
What is a primary reason for using animals in research?
Basic processes are similar to humans, making studies ethical.
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