Flashcards in this deck (41)

• What are the two main types of language communication?

  • Spoken language: production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds
  • Written language
  linguistics communication
• Why is writing considered secondary to speech?

  It represents speech and often involves representation issues.
  linguistics writing
• What are the primary topics covered in phonetics and phonology?

  • Sounds of speech
  • Physiology of speech
  • Transcription
  • Functional aspects of speech sounds
  phonetics phonology
• What is the focus of acoustic phonetics?

  The transmission of speech sounds, including their amplitude, frequency, and intensity.
  phonetics acoustic
• What does auditory phonetics study?

  The reception and perception of speech sounds by the ear and brain.
  phonetics auditory
• What does articulatory phonetics examine?

  The production and articulation of speech sounds.
  phonetics articulatory
• What are the primary functions of the lungs, nose, and mouth besides speech?

  • Lungs: breathing
  • Nose: filtering air and smelling
  • Mouth: eating and tasting
  anatomy speech
• What type of air stream is used in English speech sounds?

  An egressive (outward) air stream from the lungs.
  phonetics air_stream
• What is the function of the larynx in speech?

  It contains the vocal cords, which help produce voiced and voiceless sounds.
  anatomy speech
• What is the glottis?

  The variable opening between the vocal cords through which air passes.
  anatomy glottis
• What determines the production of oral versus nasal sounds?

  The position of the soft palate (velum).
  phonetics nasal_sounds
• What are examples of nasal consonants in English?

  • [m]
  • [n]
  • [ŋ]
  phonetics nasal_consonants
• What are the three main types of speech sounds?

  • Vowels
  • Consonants
  • Semi-vowels
  phonetics speech_sounds
• What distinguishes consonants from vowels?

  Consonants involve obstruction in the air stream, while vowels have a free air passage.
  phonetics consonants vowels
• What is a semi-vowel?

  A sound that has properties of both vowels and consonants, such as [w] and [j].
  phonetics semi-vowels
• List the places of articulation for consonants.

  • Bilabial
  • Labiodental
  • Dental
  • Alveolar
  • Palatoalveolar
  • Post-alveolar
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Glottal
  phonetics articulation
• What are examples of alveolar sounds?

  • /t/
  • /d/
  • /s/
  • /z/
  • /l/
  • /n/
  phonetics alveolar_sounds
• Describe velar sounds and provide examples.

  Produced with the back of the tongue against the soft palate; e.g., /k/, /g/, /ŋ/.
  phonetics velar_sounds
• What is a plosive or stop consonant?

  A consonant produced by halting the air stream momentarily and then releasing it, e.g., /p/, /t/, /k/.
  phonetics plosive
• What is a fricative? Provide examples.

  A consonant produced by partial obstruction causing friction; e.g., /f/, /s/, /v/, /z/.
  phonetics fricative
• Define affricates and provide examples.

  A mix of plosive and fricative sounds, e.g., /tʃ/, /dʒ/.
  phonetics affricates
• What are lateral sounds?

  Sounds where the air flows around the sides of the tongue, e.g., /l/.
  phonetics lateral_sounds
• What determines vowel quality?

  • Tongue position
  • Lip shape
  • Jaw position
  phonetics vowel_quality
• What is the Cardinal Vowel System?

  A reference system for describing vowel sounds based on extreme articulatory positions.
  phonetics cardinal_vowel_system
• What are the primary differences between monophthongs and diphthongs?

  Monophthongs are single vowel sounds, while diphthongs involve a glide between two vowel positions.
  phonetics monophthongs diphthongs
• Provide examples of English diphthongs.

  • /aɪ/ as in 'time'
  • /eɪ/ as in 'face'
  • /aʊ/ as in 'house'
  phonetics diphthongs
• What is a phoneme?

  The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning.
  phonology phoneme
• What are allophones? Provide an example.

  Variations of a phoneme that do not change meaning; e.g., aspirated [ph] and unaspirated [p-] for the phoneme /p/.
  phonology allophones
• How are phonemes discovered in a language?

  Through minimal pair analysis and distributional analysis.
  phonology phoneme_discovery
• What is a minimal pair? Provide an example.

  Two words that differ by one sound, such as 'bat' and 'pat'.
  phonology minimal_pair
• What is free variation?

  When two variations of a phoneme can occur in the same context without changing meaning.
  phonology variation
• What are variations of a phoneme?

  Variations of a phoneme occur in the same environment without changing meaning, e.g., /r/ and /ɾ/ in English.
  phonetics phonology
• Why is phonetic transcription necessary?

  To uniquely and accurately represent speech sounds, as written language often lacks a one-to-one correspondence.
  phonetics transcription
• What is the IPA?

  The International Phonetic Alphabet, a system for representing speech sounds in any language.
  phonetics ipa
• Provide an example of English sound-letter inconsistencies.

  The /f/ sound in 'cough,' 'enough,' and 'philosophy.'
  phonetics examples
• What is the structure of a syllable?

  A nucleus (vowel) and optional onset and coda (consonants).
  phonetics syllables
• What are common syllable structures in English?

  • CV (consonant-vowel)
  • CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant)
  • V (vowel)
  phonetics syllables
• What is intonation?

  Variation in pitch used to convey meaning or emotion in speech.
  phonetics intonation
• What is the glottal stop?

  A sound produced by completely closing the glottis and then releasing it, e.g., in 'uh-oh.'
  phonetics glottalstop
• What is sonority in phonology?

  A measure of the relative loudness of speech sounds; vowels are more sonorous than consonants.
  phonology sonority
• How do voiced and voiceless sounds differ?

  Voiced sounds involve vibration of the vocal cords, while voiceless sounds do not.
  phonetics voicing