Flashcards in this deck (57)

• What is the total leucocytic count reference range for newborns?

  10 – 26 × 10^9/L
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the total leucocytic count reference range for children?

  5 – 13 × 10^9/L
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the total leucocytic count reference range for adults?

  4 – 10 × 10^9/L
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the relative count range for neutrophils in adults?

  40 – 75%
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the absolute count range for neutrophils in adults?

  2.0 – 7.0 × 10^9/L
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the relative count range for lymphocytes in adults?

  20 – 40%
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the absolute count range for lymphocytes in adults?

  1.5 – 3.5 × 10^9/L
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the relative count range for monocytes in adults?

  2 – 10%
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the absolute count range for monocytes in adults?

  0.2 – 1.0 × 10^9/L
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the relative count range for eosinophils in adults?

  1 – 6%
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the absolute count range for eosinophils in adults?

  0.02 – 0.5 × 10^9/L
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the relative count range for basophils in adults?

  < 2%
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the absolute count range for basophils in adults?

  0.02 – 1.0 × 10^9/L
  hematology leucocytes
• What is the formula to convert relative to absolute leucocytic count?

  Absolute count = Total leucocytic count × Relative count / 100
  hematology formulas
• What is leucopenia?

  Total leucocyte count is less than 4.0 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology terminology
• What is leucocytosis?

  Total leucocyte count is more than 10.0 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology terminology
• What is neutropenia?

  Absolute neutrophil count is less than 2.0 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology terminology
• What is neutrophilia?

  Absolute neutrophil count is more than 7.0 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology terminology
• What is lymphopenia?

  Absolute lymphocyte count is less than 1.0 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology terminology
• What is lymphocytosis?

  Absolute lymphocyte count is more than 3.5 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology terminology
• What is monocytosis?

  Absolute monocyte count is more than 1.0 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology terminology
• What is eosinophilia?

  Absolute eosinophil count is more than 0.5 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology terminology
• What is agranulocytosis?

  Severe reduction in neutrophils (less than 0.5 × 10^9/L), leading to increased infection risk.
  hematology terminology
• What is a leukemoid reaction?

  Reactive marked leukocytosis (up to 50 × 10^9/L) seen in benign conditions.
  hematology terminology
• What are some causes of neutrophilia?

  • Physiological conditions (exercise, stress)
  • Acute infections (bacterial)
  • Inflammations
  • Tissue damage
  • Myeloproliferative neoplasms
  hematology neutrophilia
• What are some causes of lymphocytosis?

  • Viral infections (EBV, CMV)
  • Bacterial infections (Tuberculosis)
  • Lymphoproliferative disorders
  • Autoimmune diseases
  hematology lymphocytosis
• What are some causes of eosinophilia?

  • Allergic diseases (asthma)
  • Parasitic infections
  • Hematological malignancies
  • Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndromes
  hematology eosinophilia
• What is the absolute count for neutrophils indicating neutropenia?

  Less than 2.0 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology neutropenia
• What is the absolute count for neutrophils indicating neutrophilia?

  More than 7.0 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology neutrophilia
• What is the absolute count for lymphocytes indicating lymphopenia?

  Less than 1.0 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology lymphopenia
• What is the absolute count for lymphocytes indicating lymphocytosis?

  More than 3.5 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology lymphocytosis
• What is the absolute count for monocytes indicating monocytosis?

  More than 1.0 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology monocytosis
• What is the absolute count for eosinophils indicating eosinophilia?

  More than 0.5 × 10^9/L (for adults)
  hematology eosinophilia
• What is the absolute count for basophils in adults?

  0.02 – 1.0 × 10^9/L
  hematology leucocytes
• What is monocytosis associated with?

  • Infections
  • Hematological malignancies
  hematology monocytosis
• What are some chronic bacterial infections that cause monocytosis?

  • Tuberculosis
  • Brucellosis
  • Syphilis
  hematology infections
• What are some viral infections linked to monocytosis?

  • EBV
  • CMV
  • HIV
  hematology infections
• What are some parasitic infections that can lead to monocytosis?

  • Malaria
  • Leishmaniasis
  hematology infections
• What hematological malignancies are associated with monocytosis?

  • Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)
  • Acute monocytic leukemia
  hematology malignancies
• What is basophilia associated with?

  • Hematological malignancies
  • Allergic reactions
  hematology basophilia
• What are some hematological malignancies associated with basophilia?

  • Myeloproliferative disorders (CML in aplastic crisis)
  • Acute basophilic leukemia
  hematology malignancies
• What are some allergic reactions linked to basophilia?

  • Immediate hypersensitivity reactions: asthma, urticaria, anaphylaxis
  • Chronic allergic conditions: atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinitis
  hematology allergies
• What are some causes of congenital neutropenia?

  • Severe Congenital Neutropenia (Kostmann Syndrome)
  • Cyclic Neutropenia
  • Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
  • Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
  hematology neutropenia
• What severe infections can lead to neutropenia?

  • Severe viral infections: influenza, hepatitis, HIV, EBV, CMV, dengue
  • Bacterial infections associated with sepsis
  hematology infections
• What are some conditions causing severe bone marrow failure associated with neutropenia?

  • Aplastic anemia
  • Fanconi anemia
  • Malignancies: MDS, leukemia, lymphoma
  hematology neutropenia
• What are some drugs that can induce neutropenia?

  • Chemotherapy
  • Immunosuppressive drugs
  • Antibiotics: sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins
  hematology medications
• What nutritional deficiencies can lead to neutropenia?

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Folate deficiency
  hematology nutrition
• What are some causes of lymphopenia?

  • Overwhelming viral infections
  • AIDs
  • Severe bone marrow failure
  hematology infections
• What are some primary immunodeficiency disorders associated with lymphopenia?

  • Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
  • DiGeorge Syndrome
  • X-linked Agammaglobulinemia
  hematology immunodeficiency
• What is leukemia?

  A hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal proliferation of abnormal hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood.
  hematology leukemia
• How is leukemia classified?

  Based on clinical course (acute or chronic) and affected cell lineage (lymphoid or myeloid).
  hematology classification
• What characterizes acute leukemia?

  Clonal proliferation of immature hematopoietic precursors (blasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood.
  hematology acute_leukemia
• What are some clinical presentations of acute leukemia?

  • Anemia: fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath
  • Frequent severe infections
  • Easy bruising, petechiae, purpura
  hematology clinical_presentation
• What are some generalized symptoms of acute leukemia?

  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  hematology symptoms
• What are the types of bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia?

  • Bruising
  • Petechiae
  • Purpura
  medicine thrombocytopenia bleeding
• What are the manifestations of organ infiltration?

  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Bone pain
  medicine organ_infiltration symptoms
• What are the generalized symptoms of thrombocytopenia?

  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  medicine thrombocytopenia symptoms