Flashcards in this deck (232)

• What is the basic efferent chain structure of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Two‑neuron chain: preganglionic → ganglion → postganglionic
  ans structure
• What spinal levels give rise to the sympathetic division?

  • T1–L2
  sympathetic anatomy
• Where are sympathetic ganglia located?

  • Paravertebral (sympathetic chain) and prevertebral ganglia
  sympathetic ganglia
• What are the main neurotransmitters released by sympathetic pre/postganglionic neurons and effectors?

  • Preganglionic: ACh at ganglion (nicotinic)
  • Effectors: NE or E at target organs
  sympathetic neurotransmitters
• Which cranial nerves and spinal segments comprise the parasympathetic division?

  • CN III, VII, IX, X and S2–S4
  parasympathetic anatomy
• Where are parasympathetic ganglia typically located relative to target organs?

  • Intramural ganglia (within or very near target organs)
  parasympathetic ganglia
• What receptor mediates synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia?

  • Nicotinic ACh receptors
  ganglia receptors
• What receptor mediates parasympathetic effects on target organs?

  • Muscarinic ACh receptors
  parasympathetic receptors
• Name the common pathway options for sympathetic preganglionic fibers after entering the paravertebral chain.

  • Ascend/descend, synapse at same level, or pass through as splanchnic to prevertebral ganglia
  sympathetic pathways
• List major organ systems affected by autonomic divisions highlighted in the notes.

  • **Heart
  • Pupils
  • Lungs
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Bladder
  • Adrenal medulla**
  ans organs
• Which tissues does autonomic motor (GVE) control?

  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Glands
  ans gve tissues
• What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  ans divisions
• How many neurons make up each autonomic efferent pathway and what are they called?

  • Two neurons: preganglionic → postganglionic
  ans pathway neurons
• Are general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers part of the autonomic nervous system?

  GVA fibers can travel with GVE nerves but are not explicitly part of the autonomic nervous system
  ans gva afferent
• What does it mean that target tissues may receive input from both autonomic divisions or only one branch?

  Some organs get innervation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (dual control), while others receive input from only one branch (solo control).
  autonomic innervation
• What is 'dual control' in autonomic regulation?

  Dual control is when a target tissue receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
  autonomic dual
• What are 'antagonistic effects' in autonomic physiology?

  Antagonistic effects occur when the two divisions produce opposite actions on the same physiological function.
  autonomic antagonistic
• What does 'opposing effects on the same cells' describe?

  It describes both autonomic divisions acting directly on the same target cells with opposite effects.
  autonomic opposing
• What does 'opposing effects on different cells' mean?

  It means sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions produce opposite overall effects by acting on different cell populations within a tissue.
  autonomic opposing
• What are 'cooperative effects' in autonomic control?

  Cooperative effects occur when sympathetic and parasympathetic actions complement each other to achieve a common outcome.
  autonomic cooperative
• What is 'solo control' in the autonomic nervous system?

  Solo control refers to a target tissue being innervated and regulated by only one autonomic division.
  autonomic solo
• What does 'antagonistic effects of dual control' mean in the autonomic nervous system?

  It means the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems produce opposite effects on the same organ or related cells.
  autonomic antagonistic
• How do sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs affect the heart when they act on the same effector cells?

  • Sympathetic: speeds the heart up
  • Parasympathetic: slows the heart down
  heart cardiac
• Give an example where sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act on different effector cells.

  The iris: sympathetic innervates the pupillary dilator muscle, while parasympathetic innervates the constrictor muscles.
  eye pupil
• Which iris muscle does the sympathetic system innervate?

  The pupillary dilator muscle.
  iris sympathetic
• In salivation, which gland type is stimulated by the parasympathetic division?

  • Serous glands (produce enzymes)
  autonomic parasympathetic salivation
• In salivation, which gland type is stimulated by the sympathetic division?

  • Mucous cells (produce mucous)
  autonomic sympathetic salivation
• Which physiological variable is listed as 'Control without Dual innervations'?

  Blood pressure
  autonomics bloodpressure
• What does sympathetic innervation alone cause in the context given?

  Opposite effects (when only sympathetic innervation is present)
  sympathetic autonomics
• What is the effect of increased sympathetic firing on blood vessels?

  Increase vasoconstriction
  vasoconstriction sympathetic
• What is the effect of decreased sympathetic firing on blood vessels?

  Decrease vasoconstriction
  vasodilation sympathetic
• What does the label '1* neuron' represent in the diagram of autonomic pathways?

  The '1 neuron' is the preganglionic neuron*.
  autonomic neuron
• What does the label '2* neuron' indicate in the diagram?

  The '2 neuron' is the postganglionic neuron located in a ganglion*.
  autonomic ganglion
• What structure connects the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons?

  A ganglion connects the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
  autonomic ganglion
• What term is used for the bulbous ending of the postganglionic axon that interfaces with the target?

  The bulbous ending is called the terminal bulb (axon terminal).
  synapse axon
• What is the space called between the terminal bulb and the receptor on the target?

  That space is the synaptic cleft.
  synapse cleft
• Which elements are shown between a postganglionic axon and its target in the diagram?

  • Terminal bulb
  • Synaptic cleft
  • Receptor
  • Target

  
  autonomic synapse
• Where are sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies located?

  Lateral horn, T1–L2
  sympathetic ans
• Where are parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies located?

  Cranial nerve nuclei (III, VII, IX, X) and sacral neurons S2–4
  parasympathetic ans
• What neurotransmitter do all preganglionic autonomic neurons release?

  Acetylcholine (ACh)
  neurotransmitter ans
• What receptor type is found on autonomic ganglionic neurons?

  Nicotinic ACh receptor
  receptor ans
• Compare preganglionic axon lengths in sympathetic vs parasympathetic systems.

  • Sympathetic: Short
  • Parasympathetic: Long
  axon ans
• Compare postganglionic axon lengths in sympathetic vs parasympathetic systems.

  • Sympathetic: Long
  • Parasympathetic: Short
  axon ans
• What neurotransmitters are released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

  Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
  sympathetic neurotransmitter
• What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?

  Acetylcholine (ACh)
  parasympathetic neurotransmitter
• What receptor type mediates parasympathetic effects on target organs?

  Muscarinic ACh receptor
  parasympathetic receptor
• Where are sympathetic ganglia typically located?

  • Paravertebral or prevertebral
  sympathetic ganglia
• Where are parasympathetic ganglia typically located?

  • Head ganglia or ganglia on/near target organ (intramural)
  parasympathetic ganglia
• What are the anatomical names for the two autonomic divisions?

  • Sympathetic: thoracolumbar
  • Parasympathetic: craniosacral
  ans divisions
• State the basic efferent chain organization of the autonomic nervous system.

  • Two‑neuron chain: preganglionic → ganglion → postganglionic
  ans structure
• Name a sympathetic pathway option that connects to prevertebral ganglia.

  Splanchnic pathway → prevertebral ganglion
  sympathetic pathway
• Where are the preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies located?

  • Lateral horn, T1–L2
  sympathetic anatomy
• Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic nuclei?

  • CN III, CN VII, CN IX, CN X
  parasympathetic cranial
• Which spinal region provides parasympathetic outflow besides cranial nerves?

  • Sacral nuclei (S2–S4)
  parasympathetic sacral
• Name two types of sympathetic ganglia mentioned.

  • Paravertebral (sympathetic chain) ganglia
  • Prevertebral ganglia
  sympathetic ganglia
• What is the ganglionic (nicotinic) neurotransmitter receptor type listed?

  • Nicotinic ACh receptor
  neurotransmitter receptor
• What neurotransmitter and receptor type act at parasympathetic effector organs?

  • ACh at muscarinic ACh receptors
  parasympathetic neurotransmitter
• What neurotransmitters and receptor type act at most sympathetic effector organs?

  • NE/E (norepinephrine/epinephrine) at adrenergic receptors
  sympathetic neurotransmitter
• Which chemical transmitter is associated with the sympathetic division?

  ACh
  autonomic sympathetic neurotransmitter
• Which chemical transmitter is associated with the parasympathetic division?

  ACh
  autonomic parasympathetic neurotransmitter
• What chemical does the suprarenal gland release according to the diagram?

  Epinephrine
  autonomic adrenal hormone
• Which transmitter is shown at sweat glands in the diagram?

  ACh
  autonomic sweat neurotransmitter
• In the diagram caption, what does 'N. ep.' abbreviate?

  Norepinephrine
  autonomic abbreviation neurotransmitter
• Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?

  • Nuclei in the brain stem
  • Nuclei in spinal cord segments S2–4S
  parasympathetic anatomy
• Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

  • CN III
  • CN VII
  • CN IX
  • CN X
  cranialnerves parasympathetic
• Which nerves provide parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to pelvic organs?

  • Pelvic nerves originating from spinal segments S2–4S
  pelvic parasympathetic
• Which ganglion supplies parasympathetic input to intrinsic eye muscles (pupil and lens)?

  • Ciliary ganglion
  eye ganglion
• Which ganglia supply parasympathetic innervation to nasal, tear, and salivary glands?

  • Sphenopalatine and submandibular ganglia
  salivation glands
• Which parasympathetic ganglion innervates the parotid salivary gland?

  • Otic ganglion
  parotid ganglion
• What targets receive parasympathetic fibers from intramural ganglia?

  • Visceral organs of neck, thoracic cavity, and most of abdominal cavity
  • Visceral organs in inferior abdominopelvic cavity

  
  viscera intramural
• What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system ('fight or flight')?

  To prepare the body for an emergency and intense muscle activity.
  sympathetic function
• Where is the first (preganglionic) neuron of the sympathetic chain located?

  The intermediolateral nucleus in the lateral horn at spinal levels T1–L2.
  sympathetic anatomy
• What term describes the spinal outflow of sympathetic preganglionic axons from T1–L2?

  Thoracolumbar outflow.
  sympathetic terminology
• Through which root do sympathetic preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord at T1–L2?

  They project out the ventral root.
  sympathetic pathway
• After leaving the ventral root, through which structure do preganglionic axons travel to enter the paravertebral ganglia?

  They travel in the white rami communicantes to enter the paravertebral (sympathetic chain) ganglia.
  sympathetic pathway
• What are the three possible continuations of sympathetic fibers after entering a paravertebral ganglion?

  • Travel up or down the chain to a different ganglion, then synapse and exit via the gray rami communicantes
  • Synapse on the ganglion at that level, then exit via the gray rami communicantes
  • Exit the chain on a splanchnic nerve and synapse on a prevertebral ganglion

  
  sympathetic pathways ans
• What does it mean when sympathetic fibers 'exit above or below' the paravertebral ganglion?

  • Fibers travel up or down the sympathetic chain to a different ganglion, then synapse there and exit via the gray rami communicantes
  sympathetic pathways
• What happens when sympathetic fibers 'exit at the same level' of the paravertebral ganglion?

  • Preganglionic fibers synapse on the ganglion at that same level, then postganglionic fibers exit via the gray rami communicantes
  sympathetic pathways
• What does 'exit on a splanchnic nerve' indicate for sympathetic fibers?

  • Preganglionic fibers leave the sympathetic chain as splanchnic nerves and synapse on prevertebral (collateral) ganglia
  sympathetic splanchnic pathways
• What two systems are compared in the figure titled 'Figure 14-1'?

  The general arrangement of the somatic part of the nervous system (left) and the autonomic part of the nervous system (right).
  overview ans
• In the somatic arrangement shown, which structure contains sensory (afferent) neurons from the skin?

  Posterior root contains the afferent neurons from the skin.
  somatic afferent
• In the somatic arrangement shown, where do efferent neurons project to?

  Efferent neurons project to muscle.
  somatic efferent
• Name the two spinal roots labeled in the diagram.

  • Posterior root
  • Anterior root
  spine roots
• Which structure on the autonomic side is labeled as the collection of linked ganglia?

  Sympathetic trunk.
  autonomic sympathetic
• Which two rami are shown connecting the sympathetic trunk and spinal nerves?

  • Gray ramus
  • White ramus
  sympathetic ramus
• Which labeled structure lies between the sympathetic connector neuron and the viscus?

  Sympathetic ganglion.
  sympathetic ganglion
• What label identifies the neuron that links spinal cord output to the sympathetic ganglion?

  Sympathetic connector neuron.
  sympathetic neuron
• Which splanchnic nerve corresponds to spinal levels T5–T9?

  Greater splanchnic nerve
  sympathetic splanchnic
• Which splanchnic nerve corresponds to spinal levels T10–T11?

  Lesser splanchnic nerve
  splanchnic sympathetic
• Which splanchnic nerve corresponds to spinal level T12?

  Least splanchnic nerve
  splanchnic sympathetic
• Name four major prevertebral ganglia listed for the sympathetic division.

  • Celiac ganglion
  • Renal ganglion
  • Superior mesenteric ganglion
  • Inferior mesenteric ganglion
  ganglia sympathetic
• Do some fibers of the greater splanchnic nerve synapse on the adrenal medulla?

  Yes, some fibers synapse directly on the adrenal medulla.
  adrenal splanchnic
• What region do the splanchnic nerves supply?

  The splanchnic nerves supply the abdominal viscera.
  splanchnic viscera
• After a sympathetic neuron synapses on a ganglion, where do the postganglionic fibers travel?

  To the target cells (effector organs or tissues).
  sympathetic pathway
• What is the approximate ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic sympathetic fibers and what is its functional consequence?

  About 1:10, producing widespread effects.
  sympathetic physiology
• What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  To conserve and store energy; described as 'rest and digest'.
  parasympathetic function
• Where are the first neurons (parasympathetic nuclei) located?

  In cranial nerve nuclei III, VII, IX, and X and in spinal cord levels S2–S4.
  anatomy nuclei
• Describe the typical length and synapse location of preganglionic axons in the parasympathetic system.

  Preganglionic axons are long and synapse on ganglia in, on, or near the target organ.
  pathway axon
• What types of ganglia are present in the parasympathetic division?

  There are four head ganglia and other intramural visceral ganglia.
  ganglia parasympathetic
• Which cranial nerves synapse on the head ganglia?

  Cranial nerves III, VII, and IX synapse on the head ganglia.
  cranial ganglia
• Which nerves supply the thoracic/abdominal organs and which supply the pelvic organs in the parasympathetic system?

  • Thorax and abdomen: Cranial nerve X (CN X)
  • Pelvic organs: Spinal levels S2–S4
  organ innervation
• What is the approximate preganglionic:postganglionic fiber ratio in the parasympathetic division?

  About 1:3 (or less)
  parasympathetic ans
• How does the parasympathetic preganglionic:postganglionic ratio affect control compared to the sympathetic system?

  A ~1:3 (or less) ratio allows more fine control compared to the sympathetic nervous system
  parasympathetic control
• Name the four head ganglia listed.

  • Ciliary ganglion
  • Pterygopalatine ganglion
  • Otic ganglion
  • Submandibular ganglion
  neuroanatomy ganglia
• How many inputs does a head ganglion receive?

  3 inputs
  anatomy ganglion autonomic
• Name the three types of inputs to a head ganglion.

  • Parasympathetic fibers that synapse in the ganglion
  • Sympathetic postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion that pass through without synapse
  • GSA (general sensory) fibers that pass through without synapse
  anatomy inputs ganglion
• What is the nature of the sympathetic fibers that enter a head ganglion?

  They are postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion that pass through the head ganglion without synapsing.
  sympathetic ganglion anatomy
• What output does a head ganglion produce?

  • One output: the nerve that leaves the ganglion to the target cells

  
  outputs ganglion anatomy
• What is the parasympathetic input to the ciliary ganglion?

  • Oculomotor nerve
  anatomy parasympathetic
• Which general sensory nerve contributes input to the ciliary ganglion?

  • Nasociliary nerve of V1
  • Some from long ciliary nerve
  anatomy sensory
• How do sympathetic fibers reach the ciliary region according to the notes?

  • Preganglionic neuron synapses at superior cervical ganglion; postganglionic fibers continue along the internal carotid plexus
  anatomy sympathetic
• What is the output pathway from the ciliary ganglion?

  • Short ciliary nerves (V1)
  anatomy pathway
• What is the target of fibers from the ciliary ganglion?

  • Internal eye structures
  anatomy eye
• What is the parasympathetic effect mediated via the ciliary ganglion on the pupil and lens?

  • Activates constrictor pupillae and ciliary muscles → pupil constricts and focus shifts to near objects
  physiology parasympathetic
• What is the sympathetic effect on the pupil mediated in the ciliary region?

  • Activates dilator pupillae → pupil dilates
  physiology sympathetic
• List the four main functional categories of input/output described for the ciliary ganglion.

  • Input: Parasympathetic (oculomotor)
  • Input: General sensory (nasociliary, long ciliary)
  • Input: Sympathetic (via superior cervical ganglion/internal carotid plexus)
  • Output: Short ciliary nerves to internal eye structures
  summary anatomy
• What nerves provide inputs to the ciliary ganglion?

  • Oculomotor nerve (III)
  • Nasociliary nerve (V1)
  • Internal carotid plexus
  anatomy ciliaryganglion cranialnerves
• Through which nerves does the ciliary ganglion send outputs to the eye?

  • Short ciliary nerves
  anatomy ciliaryganglion nerves
• Which ocular muscles and structures are listed as targets of the ciliary ganglion outputs?

  • Dilator pupillae
  • Sphincter pupillae
  • Ciliary muscles
  physiology eye ciliaryganglion
• According to the image transcript, which ganglion is associated with the internal carotid plexus input?

  • Superior cervical ganglion
  anatomy sympathetic cervical
• Which gland is explicitly noted as NOT a target of the ciliary ganglion outputs?

  • Lacrimal gland
  anatomy eye targets
• What is the parasympathetic input to the sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) ganglion?

  • Greater petrosal nerve branch of the facial nerve via the nerve of pterygoid canal
  neuroanatomy parasympathetic facial
• Which nerve provides general sensory input to the sphenopalatine ganglion?

  • Maxillary nerve (V2)
  neuroanatomy sensory v2
• What is the sympathetic input to the sphenopalatine ganglion?

  • Deep petrosal nerve via the nerve of pterygoid canal
  neuroanatomy sympathetic
• Which nerves carry output fibers from the sphenopalatine ganglion?

  • Zygomatic nerve (V2)
  • Nasal and palatine nerves (V2)
  neuroanatomy v2 outputs
• Which output nerve from the sphenopalatine ganglion targets the lacrimal gland?

  • Zygomatic nerve (V2)
  neuroanatomy lacrimal
• What tissues are targeted by the nasal and palatine output nerves of the sphenopalatine ganglion?

  • Mucosa of the nose, pharynx, and palate
  neuroanatomy mucosa
• What is the name of the ganglion that receives input from the greater petrosal and deep petrosal nerves?

  Pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion
  pterygopalatine ganglion
• Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic input to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the greater petrosal nerve?

  Facial nerve (VII) via the greater petrosal nerve
  parasympathetic cranialnerves
• Which sympathetic source reaches the pterygopalatine ganglion via the deep petrosal nerve?

  Internal carotid plexus (from superior cervical ganglion) via the deep petrosal nerve
  sympathetic internalcarotid
• Name the main sensory/branchial nerve listed that carries fibers associated with the pterygopalatine ganglion.

  Maxillary nerve (V2)
  v2 trigeminal
• What are the primary effector targets of the pterygopalatine ganglion outputs?

  • Lacrimal gland (secretomotor via zygomatic/lacrimal route)
  • Mucosa of nose, palate, pharynx (secretomotor via nasal and palatine nerves)
  targets secretomotor
• What provides the parasympathetic input to the otic ganglion?

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve via the lesser petrosal nerve
  otic parasympathetic glossopharyngeal
• Which nerve provides general sensory fibers to the otic ganglion?

  • Mandibular nerve (V3)
  otic sensory v3
• Where do the sympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion originate?

  • External carotid plexus
  otic sympathetic carotid
• Which nerves carry output (postganglionic) fibers from the otic ganglion?

  • Auriculotemporal (V3) and mandibular (V3)
  otic output v3
• What is the parasympathetic target of the otic ganglion carried by the auriculotemporal nerve?

  • Parotid gland
  otic parotid auriculotemporal
• What target does the mandibular branch of V3 relay from the otic ganglion?

  • Oral mucosa
  otic oral v3
• Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic input to the otic ganglion via the lesser petrosal nerve?

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) via the lesser petrosal nerve
  otic parasympathetic glossopharyngeal
• Which branch of the trigeminal nerve provides sensory input to the otic ganglion?

  • Mandibular nerve (V3)
  otic trigeminal v3
• Name two nerve branches that carry outputs from the otic ganglion to the parotid region.

  • Auriculotemporal (V3)
  • Mandibular (V3)
  otic outputs v3
• What is a primary target organ of fibers leaving the otic ganglion?

  • Parotid gland
  otic parotid gland
• Besides the parotid gland, what tissue is supplied by outputs from the otic ganglion?

  • Oral mucosa
  otic oral mucosa
• Provide the full URL for the diagram image of the otic ganglion used as reference.

  • 
  media image otic
• What is the parasympathetic input to the submandibular ganglion?

  The parasympathetic input is the chorda tympani of the facial nerve via the lingual nerve.
  anatomy parasympathetic cranialnerve
• Which nerve provides general sensory input to the submandibular ganglion?

  General sensory input is provided by the lingual nerve (V3).
  anatomy sensory v3
• What supplies sympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion?

  Sympathetic fibers are supplied by the external carotid plexus.
  anatomy sympathetic plexus
• Which nerve carries output fibers from the submandibular ganglion?

  Output fibers travel via the lingual nerve (V3).
  anatomy output v3
• What are the target structures innervated via the submandibular ganglion?

  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
  • Oral mucosa
  anatomy glands innervation
• Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic input to the submandibular ganglion via the chorda tympani?

  Facial nerve (VII) via the chorda tympani (running with the lingual nerve)
  anatomy cranialnerves parasympathetic
• Which trigeminal branch carries the chorda tympani fibers to and from the submandibular ganglion?

  Lingual nerve (branch of V3)
  lingual anatomy v3
• What sympathetic structure supplies input to the submandibular ganglion region?

  External carotid plexus originating from the superior cervical ganglion
  anatomy sympathetic cervical
• What are the main secretomotor targets of fibers leaving the submandibular ganglion?

  • Submandibular gland
  • Sublingual gland
  • Oral mucosa
  glands secretomotor anatomy
• Where can a diagram of the submandibular ganglion pathways (facial, lingual, external carotid plexus) be seen?

  Diagram: Caption: shows facial (VII)/chorda tympani via lingual, external carotid plexus, and outputs to submandibular/sublingual glands
  diagram reference anatomy
• In the diagram of autonomic efferent pathways, which color represents preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

  Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are shown in solid blue.
  ans parasympathetic diagram
• In the diagram of autonomic efferent pathways, which color represents postganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

  Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are shown in interrupted blue.
  ans parasympathetic diagram
• In the diagram of autonomic efferent pathways, which color represents preganglionic sympathetic fibers?

  Preganglionic sympathetic fibers are shown in solid red.
  ans sympathetic diagram
• In the diagram of autonomic efferent pathways, which color represents postganglionic sympathetic fibers?

  Postganglionic sympathetic fibers are shown in interrupted red.
  ans sympathetic diagram
• Name three cranial or peripheral ganglia labeled in the efferent ANS diagram.

  • Ciliary ganglion
  • Otic ganglion
  • Submandibular (and sublingual) ganglia
  ans ganglia structures
• List five target organs shown in the efferent ANS diagram.

  • Eye
  • Heart
  • Lungs
  • Stomach
  • Urinary bladder
  ans organs diagram
• Which cranial nerve-related structures are listed in the diagram transcript besides ganglia and organs?

  • Pelvic splanchnic nerve
  • Lacrimal gland
  • Parotid gland
  ans nerves structures
• Provide the full URL of the diagram image for the efferent autonomic pathways (useful for review).

  
  ans image reference
• Trace the parasympathetic pathway from the inferior salivatory nucleus to the parotid gland.

  • Inferior salivatory nucleus
  • Tympanic branch
  • Tympanic plexus
  • Lesser petrosal nerve
  • Otic ganglion
  • Auriculotemporal nerve
  • Parotid salivary gland
  parotid glossopharyngeal parasympathetic
• Trace the parasympathetic pathway from the lacrimatory nucleus of the facial nerve to the lacrimal gland.

  • Lacrimatory nucleus (facial nerve)
  • Greater petrosal nerve
  • Nerve of pterygoid canal
  • Pterygopalatine ganglion
  • Zygomatic nerve
  • Zygomaticotemporal nerve
  • Lacrimal gland
  lacrimal facial parasympathetic
• Which cranial nerves are shown supplying parasympathetic pathways to the parotid and lacrimal glands?

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
  • Facial nerve (VII)
  cranialnerves glossopharyngeal facial
• Which ganglion mediates parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?

  • Otic ganglion
  otic ganglion parotid
• Which ganglion mediates parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland?

  • Pterygopalatine ganglion
  pterygopalatine ganglion lacrimal
• Which sympathetic structure is shown associated with head autonomic innervation in the diagram?

  • Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
  sympathetic superiorcervical ganglion
• Which nerve connects the otic ganglion to the parotid gland?

  • Auriculotemporal nerve

  
  auriculotemporal parotid image
• Which ganglion receives parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor (III) nucleus to innervate the iris?

  • Ciliary ganglion
  ocular parasympathetic
• Which nucleus in the midbrain supplies parasympathetic output for the oculomotor nerve?

  • Parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve
  midbrain ocular
• Which sympathetic ganglion is listed as supplying structures of the upper eyelid?

  • Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
  sympathetic eyelid
• Name the muscle of the upper eyelid mentioned in the diagram.

  • Levator palpebrae superioris
  anatomy eyelid
• Which brainstem nucleus provides parasympathetic output for the facial nerve to salivary glands?

  • Superior salivatory nucleus of the facial nerve
  pons salivary
• Through which branch does the facial nerve convey fibers to the submandibular ganglion?

  • Chorda tympani
  facial salivary
• Which ganglion is associated with parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular salivary gland?

  • Submandibular ganglion
  salivary ganglion
• Name one arterial plexus mentioned that connects to salivary gland innervation.

  • External carotid arterial plexus
  vascular salivary
• Which salivary glands are shown in the diagram (two names)?

  • Sublingual salivary gland
  • Submandibular salivary gland
  salivary glands
• View the diagram illustrating autonomic supply to the eyelid, iris, and salivary glands.

  • Diagram:
  • Labels include: superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, ciliary ganglion, parasympathetic nuclei, chorda tympani, and salivary glands.
  diagram illustration
• What is the basic two-neuron efferent chain of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Preganglionic neuron → ganglion → postganglionic neuron
  ans pathway
• What spinal segments give rise to the sympathetic division?

  • T1–L2
  sympathetic ans
• Which neurotransmitters do sympathetic postganglionic effector neurons primarily use?

  • Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E)
  sympathetic neurotransmitter
• Which cranial nerves and spinal segments comprise the parasympathetic (craniosacral) division?

  • CN III, VII, IX, X and S2–S4
  parasympathetic ans
• What receptor type is found at autonomic ganglia?

  • Nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors
  receptors ans
• Name three pathway options sympathetic preganglionic fibers can take after entering the sympathetic trunk.

  • **Ascend or descend to other ganglia
  • Synapse at the same level
  • Pass through as splanchnic fibers to prevertebral ganglia**
  sympathetic pathways
• Which nerve carries medullary parasympathetic output to the heart and lungs?

  • Vagus nerve (CN X)

  
  vagus parasympathetic image
• List major organ effects included in the core concepts of autonomic divisions.

  • Heart, pupil, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, bladder, adrenal medulla
  effects organs
• What is the basic two‑neuron efferent chain of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Preganglionic neuron → Ganglion → Postganglionic neuron
  anatomy autonomic
• Which spinal segments supply sympathetic outflow?

  • T1–L2 (thoracolumbar)
  sympathetic ans
• Which cranial nerves and sacral segments carry parasympathetic outflow?

  • CN III, VII, IX, X (cranial)
  • S2–S4 (sacral)
  parasympathetic ans
• What types of ganglia do sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse in for abdominal viscera?

  • Paravertebral (sympathetic trunk) or prevertebral (e.g., celiac, superior/inferior mesenteric) ganglia
  sympathetic ganglia
• Which receptor mediates transmission at autonomic ganglia?

  • Nicotinic ACh receptor (ganglionic)
  receptors pharmacology
• Which neurotransmitters are the primary effectors for sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

  • Sympathetic effectors: norepinephrine / epinephrine (NE/E)
  • Parasympathetic effectors: acetylcholine (ACh) acting at muscarinic receptors
  neurotransmitters ans
• Name the major prevertebral ganglia that supply sympathetic innervation to the gastrointestinal tract.

  • Celiac ganglion
  • Superior mesenteric ganglion
  • Inferior mesenteric ganglion

  
  gi sympathetic
• List common pathway options taken by sympathetic fibers to reach target ganglia.

  • Ascend/descend in sympathetic trunk
  • Synapse at same level
  • Pass as splanchnic nerves → synapse in prevertebral ganglia
  pathways sympathetic
• Which pathways provide sympathetic innervation to the kidney in the diagram?

  Pathways from the thoracic spinal cord via the sympathetic trunk and splanchnic nerves.
  sympathetic kidney
• Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic input to the kidney region shown in the diagram?

  The vagus nerve (from the medulla oblongata).
  parasympathetic vagus
• Name three ganglia or plexuses labeled in the autonomic innervation diagram of the kidney and suprarenal gland.

  • Celiac ganglion
  • Renal ganglion in renal plexus
  • Renal plexus
  ganglia renal
• Which structure is shown alongside the kidney as a target of autonomic innervation in the diagram?

  The suprarenal gland (adrenal gland).
  suprarenal adrenal
• Which spinal levels provide the sympathetic fibers to the sphincters of the anal canal and urinary bladder?

  T11–L2
  autonomic sympathetic spinal_levels
• Which spinal segments supply parasympathetic innervation to the sphincter vesicae via the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

  S2–S4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves
  autonomic parasympathetic pelvic
• Through which plexuses do autonomic fibers travel to reach the urinary bladder and anal canal sphincters?

  Hypogastric plexuses
  autonomic hypogastric pathway
• Name the sympathetic structure shown as a conduit for thoracolumbar autonomic fibers to pelvic organs.

  Sympathetic trunk
  autonomic sympathetic anatomy
• Referencing the diagram, which nerve is explicitly labeled as originating from S2, 3, 4?

  Pelvic splanchnic nerve

  
  autonomic diagram pelvic
• What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the pupil?

  It dilates the pupil.
  eye autonomic sympathetic
• What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the pupil?

  It constricts the pupil.
  eye autonomic parasympathetic
• How does the sympathetic system affect the ciliary muscle (eye)?

  It relaxes the ciliary muscle.
  eye ciliary sympathetic
• How does the parasympathetic system affect the ciliary muscle (eye)?

  It contracts the ciliary muscle.
  eye ciliary parasympathetic
• What is the sympathetic effect on heart force of contraction?

  It increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle.
  heart autonomic sympathetic
• What is the parasympathetic effect on heart force of contraction?

  It decreases the force of contraction.
  heart autonomic parasympathetic
• How does the sympathetic nervous system affect bronchial smooth muscle?

  It relaxes (dilates) the bronchi.
  lung bronchi sympathetic
• How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect bronchial smooth muscle?

  It contracts (constricts) the bronchi.
  lung bronchi parasympathetic
• What effect does the sympathetic system have on gastrointestinal (GI) tract peristalsis?

  It decreases peristalsis.
  sympathetic gastrointestinal gi
• What effect does the parasympathetic system have on gastrointestinal (GI) tract peristalsis?

  It increases peristalsis.
  gastrointestinal gi parasympathetic
• What sympathetic action occurs in the liver?

  It breaks down glycogen into glucose.
  liver metabolism sympathetic
• How does the sympathetic system affect the gallbladder?

  It relaxes the gallbladder.
  gallbladder sympathetic
• How does the parasympathetic system affect the gallbladder?

  It contracts the gallbladder.
  gallbladder parasympathetic
• What is the sympathetic effect on kidney output and why?

  It decreases output due to constriction of renal arteries.
  kidney renal sympathetic
• What are the sympathetic actions on the urinary bladder wall and sphincter?

  Bladder wall (detrusor) relaxes; sphincter vesicae contracts.
  bladder urinary sympathetic
• What are the parasympathetic actions on the urinary bladder wall and sphincter?

  Bladder wall contracts; sphincter vesicae relaxes.
  bladder urinary parasympathetic
• What parasympathetic action occurs in erectile tissue of the penis and clitoris?

  It relaxes erectile tissue, causing erection.
  erectile sexual parasympathetic
• What sympathetic action produces ejaculation?

  It contracts smooth muscle of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate.
  ejaculation sympathetic reproductive
• How do sympathetic and parasympathetic actions differ regarding glandular secretion?

  Sympathetic reduces secretion by vasoconstriction of blood vessels (and increases sweat); parasympathetic increases secretion.
  glands secretion autonomic
• How does parasympathetic activity affect bronchial secretions?

  It increases bronchial secretion.
  lung secretions parasympathetic
• What is the basic efferent chain organization of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Two‑neuron chain: preganglionic → ganglion → postganglionic
  ans organization
• Which spinal segments give rise to the sympathetic division?

  • T1–L2
  sympathetic anatomy
• Which neurotransmitter do most sympathetic postganglionic neurons release onto effectors?

  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  sympathetic neurotransmitter
• Which cranial nerves and spinal segments contribute to the parasympathetic division?

  • CN III, VII, IX, X and S2–S4
  parasympathetic anatomy
• What receptor mediates transmission at autonomic ganglia?

  • Nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor
  receptors ganglia
• Which receptor type mediates parasympathetic effects on target organs?

  • Muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor
  parasympathetic receptors
• Name one pathway option for sympathetic preganglionic fibers after entering the sympathetic trunk.

  • Ascend or descend in the trunk before synapsing
  sympathetic pathways
• Give three major organ systems affected by autonomic divisions mentioned in the notes.

  • Heart
  • Pupil
  • Lungs
  organs effects