What are the general structures of senses?
What is emmetropia?
Normal function of the refractive system of the eye.
What is ammetropia?
Disorder in the function of the refractive system.
What is myopia?
How can myopia be corrected?
Using concave lenses.
What is hyperopia?
How can hyperopia be corrected?
Using convex lenses.
What is presbyopia?
How can presbyopia be corrected?
Using convex lenses.
What are the visible structures of the retina?
What is the optic nerve disc?
What is the macula lutea?
What is the fovea centralis?
What are the retinal vessels?
Describe the sensory pathway for vision.
Light enters eye → Projects on retina → Signals to bipolar cells → Ganglion cells → Optic nerve → Synapse in optic tract → LGN → Primary visual cortex.
What is the visual field?
Space seen when focusing on one point; includes monocular and binocular fields.
What is mydriasis?
Dilation of the pupil, occurs in darkness or sympathetic stress.
What is miosis?
Contraction of the pupil, occurs in direct illumination or accommodation.
What is a scotoma?
Pathological blind spot in the visual field; physiological scotoma is the normal blind spot.
Describe the functional morphology of the middle ear.
Cavity in os petrosum, filled with air and 3 ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that amplify sound.
What is the function of the ossicles in the middle ear?
Transduce sound into the inner ear and amplify it.
What are the two muscles in the middle ear?
What is the function of the cochlea?
Spiral-shaped organ containing the organ of Corti with hair cells for hearing.
What are the two ways of sound conduction into the cochlea?
What is the fluid inside the cochlea called?
Endolymph
What are the two ways sound is conducted to the ear?
What is the frequency range of sound vibrations that can be heard?
16 – 20,000 Hz
What are the three parts of the ear?
Define nystagmus.
Reflex movements of eyeballs
What are the two physiological types of nystagmus?
What stimulates vestibular nystagmus?
Stimulation of vestibular system (e.g., body rotation)
What stimulates optokinetic nystagmus?
Stimulation through eye (e.g., train)
What is the stimulus for the sense of taste?
Chemical substances dissolved in water/saliva
What are the receptors for the sense of taste?
Chemoreceptors in taste buds
Where is the cortical center for taste located?
Parietal lobe close to gyrus postcentralis
Where are taste buds located?
What are the four taste qualities?
What is the stimulus for the sense of smell?
Chemical substances present in air that must be dissolved
Where are the receptors for the sense of smell located?
Regio olfactoria of nasal cavity
Where is the cortical center for smell located?
Frontal and temporal lobe
What are the six elementary odors according to Henning?
Describe the somatovisceral sensory system. What is the first neuron?
Neuron's body is in spinal ganglion near dorsal roots of spinal cord
What is the second neuron in the somatovisceral sensory system?
In spinal cord or medulla oblongata; axon crosses to contralateral side
What is the third neuron in the somatovisceral sensory system?
In thalamus
Where is the cortical sensory center in the somatovisceral sensory system?
Cortex of gyrus postcentralis
What activates nociceptors?
Intensive stimuli that can result in tissue damage
Where can nociceptors be found other than in the skin?
In other tissues, e.g., broken bone
What do proprioceptors detect?
What changes the convexity of the lens?
Ciliary muscle
What are the visible structures of the retina?
What is the fovea centralis?
Describe the sensory pathway for vision.
Light enters eye → Projects on retina → Signals to bipolar cells → Ganglion cells → Optic nerve → Synapse in optic tract → LGN → Primary visual cortex.
What is the visual field?
Space seen when focusing on one point; includes monocular and binocular fields.
What is a scotoma?
Pathological blind spot in the visual field; physiological scotoma is the normal blind spot.
Describe the functional morphology of the middle ear.
Cavity in os petrosum, filled with air and 3 ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that amplify sound.
What is the function of the ossicles in the middle ear?
Transduce sound into the inner ear and amplify it.
What is the function of the cochlea?
Spiral-shaped organ containing the organ of Corti with hair cells for hearing.
What is the stimulus for the sense of smell?
Chemical substances present in air that must be dissolved
Describe the somatovisceral sensory system. What is the first neuron?
Neuron's body is in spinal ganglion near dorsal roots of spinal cord
What is the second neuron in the somatovisceral sensory system?
In spinal cord or medulla oblongata; axon crosses to contralateral side
Where is the cortical sensory center in the somatovisceral sensory system?
Cortex of gyrus postcentralis
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