What is the Copyright Regulation section related to?
It relates to the reproduction and communication of material by the University of Sydney under the Copyright Act 1968.
What does section 113P of the Copyright Act 1968 address?
It addresses the reproduction and communication of material by educational institutions.
What should you not remove from the material?
Do not remove the copyright notice.
What may further reproduction of this material be subject to?
It may be subject to copyright protection under the Act.
Who presented the Airway structure and function lecture?
Dr Melissa Cameron
What is Dr Melissa Cameron's role?
Director of Academic Education
Which school is Dr Melissa Cameron associated with?
School of Medical Sciences
What faculty does the School of Medical Sciences belong to?
Faculty of Medicine and Health
What is the course code for the lecture?
SDDM5125
In which semester is the course SDDM5125 offered?
Semester 2 2023
What will you be able to discuss after completing this topic?
The interrelationships among the pressures inside and outside the lungs
What changes during inspiration and expiration?
Pulmonary pressures
What are the major steps that produce an inspiration?
What mechanisms are involved in gas transport in the blood?
Transport mechanisms for gases
What is the function of the respiratory system?
What are the main organs of the respiratory system?
What is the process of gas exchange in the lungs called?
Respiration
What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?
What is the primary gas exchanged during respiration?
Oxygen
What is the waste gas produced during respiration?
Carbon dioxide
What is the trachea commonly known as?
Windpipe
What do bronchi do in the respiratory system?
What is the role of alveoli in the lungs?
What is the function of surfactant in the lungs?
What is pulmonary ventilation?
The act of breathing
How does air move during breathing?
By bulk flow driven by pressure gradients
What happens when Ppul < Patm?
Air moves into the lungs
What happens when Ppul > Patm?
Air moves out of the lungs
What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
760 mm Hg
What is the intrapulmonary pressure?
760 mm Hg
What is the intrapleural pressure?
756 mm Hg
What is the preinspiratory size of the thorax?
760 mm Hg pressure
What is the preinspiratory size of the lungs?
760 mm Hg pressure
What happens to thorax size during inspiration?
Increases
What happens to lung size during inspiration?
Increases
What happens to thorax size during expiration?
Decreases
What happens to lung size during expiration?
Decreases
What influences air flow in the airways?
ΔP and resistance
What type of airways offer little resistance?
Healthy conducting airways
Which nervous system primarily regulates airway resistance?
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
What does parasympathetic innervation cause in the airways?
Bronchoconstriction
What does sympathetic innervation cause in the airways?
Bronchodilation
What are the three key factors that contribute to lung physiology?
What must O2 do before it can move across the respiratory membrane?
Dissolve in water
What happens if there is too much water in the alveoli?
What substance is produced to counteract high surface tension in the lungs?
Pulmonary surfactant
What is pulmonary surfactant?
A lipoprotein produced by type II alveolar cells.
What does pulmonary surfactant reduce?
Surface tension at the air-water interface.
What are the actions of pulmonary surfactant?
Immunoprotective actions.
What happens to the air that enters the alveoli?
It is not the same as atmospheric air due to moisture and mixing with old air.
Why is the air in the airways moist?
Due to water vapor, exerting a partial pressure of 47 mmHg.
What is the partial pressure of water vapor in the airways?
47 mmHg
What does the moisture in the airways do to PO2?
It lowers PO2 to 150 mmHg.
What is the effect of mixing inspired air with 'old' air?
It lowers PO2 further to 100 mmHg within the alveoli.
What is referred to as dead space in the respiratory system?
The area where inspired air mixes with old air.
What is the title of the document?
The University of Sydney Page 11
What is the term used for unoccupied areas in a design?
Dead Space
What maintains partial pressure gradients in the lungs?
Ventilation
How does blood coming to the lungs compare to the partial pressure in the alveoli?
It is lower in partial pressure.
What happens to blood leaving the lungs?
It equilibrates with the alveoli.
What factors influence gas transfer?
Are the factors influencing gas transfer constant under normal conditions?
Yes, they are relatively constant.
How is most of our O2 transported in the blood?
Bound to haemoglobin (Hb)
What percentage of O2 is dissolved in plasma?
Small % of O2
What is the relationship between dissolved O2 and PO2?
Amount dissolved is directly proportional to the PO2
What is the normal PO2 equivalent to in terms of O2 dissolved?
3 mL of O2 per litre of blood
Does O2 bound to Hb contribute to the PO2 of the blood?
No, it does not contribute
Is PO2 a measure of total O2 content?
No, PO2 is not a measure of total O2 content
What does haemoglobin allow regarding PO2?
It allows PO2 to remain low.
What is the relationship between alveolar PO2 and blood PO2?
What do the symbols in the key represent?
What is the alveolar PO2 compared to pulmonary capillary blood?
Alveolar PO2 = blood PO2
What is the maximum number of O2 molecules that haemoglobin can carry?
4 O2 molecules
What is considered fully saturated haemoglobin?
When all binding sites are occupied
What is the range of haemoglobin saturation percentage?
0-100%
What is the most important factor that determines haemoglobin saturation?
PO2 of the blood
How does PO2 affect the binding reaction of haemoglobin?
It promotes the binding reaction to move in a particular direction
Is the relationship between PO2 and haemoglobin saturation linear?
No, it is not linear
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
What percentage of CO2 is dissolved in blood?
Higher % than O2 due to solubility
What percentage of CO2 is transported bound to hemoglobin (Hb)?
~25%
Where does CO2 bind on hemoglobin?
To the globin portion, not heme
What facilitates CO2 uptake in the blood?
Offloading of O2
What is the most important mechanism for CO2 transport?
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
What percentage of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ion?
~70%
What is the chemical reaction for CO2 transport as bicarbonate?
\(CO_2 + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + HCO_3^-\)
What is the primary gas transported in the blood?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
What is the role of carbon dioxide in the body?
Waste product of metabolism
How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?
What is the conversion process of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate?
CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate?
Carbonic anhydrase
What is required for air movement?
What factors impact air movement?
How is diffusion at the air/water interface described?
It is rapid and gas transport has evolved for effective gas delivery.
What is the Copyright Regulation related to?
It relates to the reproduction and communication of material under the Copyright Act 1968.
What section of the Copyright Act is mentioned?
Section 113P
Who communicated the material?
The University of Sydney
What should not be removed from the material?
The copyright notice
What may further reproduction of the material be subject to?
Copyright protection under the Act.
What is the Copyright Regulation section related to?
It relates to the reproduction and communication of material by the University of Sydney under the Copyright Act 1968.
What does section 113P of the Copyright Act 1968 address?
It addresses the reproduction and communication of material by educational institutions.
What may further reproduction of this material be subject to?
It may be subject to copyright protection under the Act.
What will you be able to discuss after completing this topic?
The interrelationships among the pressures inside and outside the lungs
What are the major steps that produce an inspiration?
What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?
What are the three key factors that contribute to lung physiology?
What happens if there is too much water in the alveoli?
What happens to the air that enters the alveoli?
It is not the same as atmospheric air due to moisture and mixing with old air.
What is the effect of mixing inspired air with 'old' air?
It lowers PO2 further to 100 mmHg within the alveoli.
What is referred to as dead space in the respiratory system?
The area where inspired air mixes with old air.
How does blood coming to the lungs compare to the partial pressure in the alveoli?
It is lower in partial pressure.
What factors influence gas transfer?
Are the factors influencing gas transfer constant under normal conditions?
Yes, they are relatively constant.
What is the relationship between dissolved O2 and PO2?
Amount dissolved is directly proportional to the PO2
What is the relationship between alveolar PO2 and blood PO2?
What do the symbols in the key represent?
How does PO2 affect the binding reaction of haemoglobin?
It promotes the binding reaction to move in a particular direction
What is the chemical reaction for CO2 transport as bicarbonate?
\(CO_2 + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow H^+ + HCO_3^-\)
How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?
What is required for air movement?
How is diffusion at the air/water interface described?
It is rapid and gas transport has evolved for effective gas delivery.
What is the Copyright Regulation related to?
It relates to the reproduction and communication of material under the Copyright Act 1968.
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