Flashcards in this deck (118)

• Indicators of respiratory distress include: - increased respiratory rate - upright position - talks in short sentences - use of accessory muscles - retractions - stridor
  respiratory distress assessment
• Silent chest phenomena: airway have closed off sm, so when you go to listen, you can't hear anything — this is an acute emergency situation.
  respiratory emergency silent-chest
• A patient who can only speak in short sentences is an indicator of respiratory distress.
  respiratory communication assessment
• Common causes of acute dyspnea include: - Asthma - COPD - Airway inflammation - Pneumonia - Pleural effusion - Spontaneous pneumothorax - Heart failure
  respiratory dyspnea causes
• Influenza is transmitted via:

  • airborne
  • droplet
  • direct contact
  influenza transmission respiratory
• The most common mode of influenza transmission is droplet.
  influenza transmission
• Influenza diagnosis methods include:

  • patient history
  • clinical symptoms
  • rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs)
  influenza diagnosis clinical
• In adults, influenza most commonly causes respiratory symptoms.
  influenza symptoms respiratory
• Common systemic symptoms of influenza include: - fever - chills - body aches (myalgia) - fatigue
  influenza systemic symptoms
• Common upper airway and head symptoms of influenza include: - runny nose - sneezing - headache - sore throat - swollen lymph nodes
  influenza ent symptoms
• Other possible influenza symptoms include: - cough (productive or non-productive) - flushing - sweating - anorexia - chest pressure or pain
  influenza constitutional symptoms
• High-risk groups recommended for vaccination include: - Adults 50 or older - Children 6–59 months - People with chronic conditions - Women who are pregnant - People who are immunocompromised - Indigenous peoples - Residents of long-term care facilities - People with BMI ≥ 40
  vaccination prevention highrisk
• Which adult age group is specifically listed as high risk for vaccination? Adults 50 or older.
  vaccination age
• What BMI threshold is listed as a high-risk criterion for vaccination? BMI ≥ 40.
  vaccination bmi
• Initial supportive treatments for influenza include: - Fluids - Antipyretics (acetaminophen) - Droplet isolation if hospitalized
  influenza treatment supportive
• Oral neuraminidase inhibitor given as a 5-day course for influenza: Tamiflu (Oseltamivir).
  influenza antiviral oseltamivir
• Intravenous antiviral option for influenza is Rapivab (Peramivir).
  influenza antiviral peramivir
• Inhaled antiviral given as a 5-day course that should NOT be used in people with chronic lung problems: Relenza (Zanamivir).
  influenza antiviral zanamivir
• Single-dose oral antiviral for influenza: Xofluza (Baloxavir).
  influenza antiviral baloxavir
• Contraindications for Xofluza (Baloxavir) include: - age under 12 years - pregnancy or breastfeeding - severe immunocompromise or complicated illness
  influenza contraindications baloxavir
• When a patient with influenza is hospitalized, implement droplet isolation precautions.
  influenza infectioncontrol isolation
• CDC influenza vaccine recommendation: Annual vaccination is recommended for all persons aged 6 months and older as the best way to prevent infection, with rare exceptions.
  influenza prevention vaccination
• Contraindications to influenza vaccination include severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to any vaccine component and use of live vaccine in persons for whom live vaccines are not recommended (e.g., some older adults or pregnant persons).
  contraindications vaccination influenza
• Precautions for influenza vaccination: moderate to severe acute illness (vaccination should be deferred) and a history of Guillain-Barré syndrome within 6 weeks of a prior influenza vaccine.
  precautions safety influenza
• Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is described as a postinfectious autoimmune neuromuscular disease and is a precaution if it occurred within 6 weeks after an influenza vaccine dose.
  gbs neurology precautions
• Common side effects of the influenza vaccine given by injection include: - injection site pain - redness - swelling - low grade fever - aching
  influenza vaccine sideeffects
• The live attenuated influenza nasal spray is contraindicated for: - children younger than 2 - adults older than 50 - people with a history of allergic reaction to ingredients - immunosuppressed individuals
  vaccine contraindications influenza
• Side effects of the live nasal influenza vaccine can mirror flu-like symptoms, including: - runny nose - headache - sore throat - cough - respiratory symptoms
  influenza vaccine sideeffects
• People who care for immunosuppressed patients and receive the live nasal influenza vaccine should wait 1 week before returning to work.
  influenza vaccine infectioncontrol
• RSV stands for Respiratory Syncytial Virus.
  rsv virology
• Common transmission routes of RSV include: - an infected person coughing or sneezing - direct contact, e.g., kissing the face of a child with RSV - touching a contaminated surface and then touching your face before washing hands
  transmission infection
• Contagious periods for RSV: - people can be contagious for 3-8 days - people can be contagious 1-2 days prior to symptoms - some infants and people with weakened immune systems can be contagious for 4 weeks
  contagious epidemiology
• Common symptoms of RSV include: - Runny nose - Decrease in appetite - Coughing - Sneezing - Fever - Wheezing
  rsv symptoms respiratory
• Core respiratory symptoms of RSV include: - Runny nose - Coughing - Sneezing - Wheezing
  rsv respiratory symptoms
• Systemic or non-respiratory symptoms of RSV include: - Decrease in appetite - Fever
  rsv systemic symptoms
• For RSV, antiviral medication is not routinely recommended.
  rsv treatment
• Steps to relieve RSV symptoms: - Fever and pain control with over-the-counter acetaminophen or ibuprofen - Give fluids to prevent dehydration
  rsv supportive_care
• Pneumonia is caused when organisms reach the lungs and overpower defenses.
  pneumonia cause
• Common routes by which organisms reach the lungs include: - Inhalation - Aspiration - Hematogenous (bloodstream)
  pneumonia transmission
• Types of organisms or causes of pneumonia include: - Bacterial - Viral - Fungal - Chemical (rare)
  pneumonia types
• Fungal pneumonia is associated with immune system compromise.
  pneumonia fungal
• Chemical pneumonia is described as rare.
  pneumonia chemical
• Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is defined as pneumonia acquired in the community or within < 48 hours of hospital admission.
  pneumonia cap classification
• Common bacterial causes of community-acquired pneumonia include: - Streptococcus pneumoniae - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  pneumonia pathogens microbiology
• The abbreviation CAP stands for Community-acquired pneumonia.
  pneumonia abbreviation
• Health-Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) is pneumonia in patients not hospitalized but with recent healthcare contact.
  pneumonia hcap
• Common examples of healthcare contact that define HCAP include: - nursing home - dialysis center - IV home care
  pneumonia hcap
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia is also called hospital acquired (nosocomial) (HAP).
  pneumonia hap nosocomial
• Criteria for hospital-acquired pneumonia include: - > 48 hrs after admission - no evidence on admission
  pneumonia criteria hap
• Major factors increasing risk of pneumonia include: - Age - Immune system dysfunction (Disease)
  pneumonia risk
• Medications listed that increase pneumonia risk include: - Steroids - Chemotherapy - Transplant (rejection)
  pneumonia medications
• The text lists a class of medications that increase gastric pH: proton pump inhibitors (PPI).
  pneumonia ppi gastrointestinal
• Factors increasing risk for pneumonia include aspiration risk.
  pneumonia risk
• Aspiration risk factors include: - Fluids - Airway secretions - Swallowing dysfunction
  pneumonia aspiration risk-factors
• Airway secretions that increase aspiration risk are associated with swallowing dysfunction.
  pneumonia aspiration airway
• Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) that develops ≥ 48 hours after endotracheal intubation.
  infection vap pneumonia icu
• A videofluoroscopic swallowing study is also known as: - modified barium swallow - cookie swallow
  swallowing assessment
• The primary purpose of a videofluoroscopic swallowing study is to determine swallowing dysfunction.
  purpose dysfunction
• A videofluoroscopic swallowing study helps determine ways to prevent aspiration, including: - types of food and liquids - positioning and techniques
  aspiration management
• The videofluoroscopic swallowing study is a test used to assess swallowing and to guide interventions to prevent aspiration.
  prevention swallowing
• Outpatient pneumonia management includes supportive measures such as: - tylenol - cough suppressants - rest
  pneumonia management outpatient
• For nursing management of pneumonia, the target peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) is 92% - 95%.
  pneumonia oxygenation nursing
• When a pneumonia patient needs supplemental oxygen, begin with nasal cannula (NC) as the initial delivery method.
  pneumonia oxygen nursing
• Nursing interventions to promote adequate oxygenation in pneumonia include: - oxygen (start with NC) - teach coughing technique - deep breathing - incentive spirometer
  pneumonia interventions airway
• Nursing goal for bacterial pneumonia infection control includes: - C & S - Antibiotics
  pneumonia infection nursing
• An empiric antibiotic approach is to order broad spectrum antibiotics while you wait for culture to come back (48 hours).
  antibiotics empiric pneumonia
• A targeted antibiotic means the doctor ordered an antibiotic that the patient will be sensitive to, based on culture results.
  antibiotics targeted pneumonia
• Nurse action regarding culture results: you may be the first to see culture results, so let the doctor know if the empiric antibiotic is incompatible with results.
  nursing communication culture
• Nursing management for pneumonia to promote secretion clearance includes: - Ambulation - Chest PT - Flutter Valve - PEP Therapy - Incentive Spirometer
  pneumonia nursing secretion
• A flutter valve provides internal vibrations to break up secretions in the airway so the patient can cough them up (same effect as chest PT).
  pneumonia nursing flutter
• PEP Therapy keeps the airway open by using positive pressure.
  pneumonia nursing pep
• Nursing management of pneumonia: promote adequate hydration via: - IV - Oral
  pneumonia nursing management hydration
• Nursing priority to provide rest and comfort for a patient with pneumonia includes positioning with head of bed elevated which improves gas exchange and prevents aspiration.
  nursing pneumonia positioning
• To decrease pneumonia risk factors, recommended vaccinations include: - Influenza - Pneumovax 23® - Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV13, PCV15, or PCV20)
  vaccination pneumonia prevention
• PNEUMOVAX 23 vaccine is against 23 most prevalent types of Streptococcus pneumoniae and covers 90% of blood isolates.
  pneumovax vaccination pneumonia
• An important preventive nursing intervention for pneumonia is smoking cessation to decrease risk factors.
  prevention smoking nursing
• One nursing management goal for pneumonia is to provide rest and comfort for the patient.
  nursing goals pneumonia
• Elderly patients are at greater risk for respiratory infections because they are more likely to have comorbidity and changes due to aging.
  geriatrics risk
• In older adults, classic symptoms of respiratory infection are often not present, making early detection more difficult.
  geriatrics diagnosis
• Fever presentation in elderly patients with infection is often low rather than high.
  geriatrics symptoms
• Key prevention measures for respiratory infections include education and vaccination.
  prevention publichealth
• Recommended vaccines listed for prevention include Influenza and Pneumovax.
  vaccination prevention
• Pleurisy is caused by inflammation of layers of the pleura.
  pleurisy cause respiratory
• Pain in pleurisy arises when the visceral and parietal pleura rub together, which may produce a pleural friction rub.
  pleurisy symptom pathophysiology
• Main treatment measures for pleurisy include: - pain meds and NSAIDS - codeine for cough suppression - splinting the chest
  pleurisy treatment management
• A possible auscultatory finding in pleurisy is a pleural friction rub.
  pleurisy exam sign
• Pleural effusion is a collection of fluid in the pleural space due to another disease that limits the lungs' ability to fully expand.
  respiratory pathology pleural
• Normal pleural fluid volume is 5-15 ml.
  pleural physiology
• Pleural effusion volume can increase from normal levels to several liters.
  pleural clinical
• Pleural effusion fluid appearance can include: - clear - bloody - purulent
  pleural effusion appearance
• A transudate pleural effusion arises from the vascular system.
  pleural effusion transudate
• An exudate pleural effusion is associated with inflammation and cancer (secondary causes).
  pleural effusion exudate
• Pleural effusions may be layered or loculated in the pleural space.
  pleural effusion imaging
• On respiratory assessment of pleural effusion, auscultation often shows decreased or absent breath sounds.
  respiratory pleural_effusion assessment
• Percussion over a pleural effusion typically yields dull, flat sounds due to the presence of fluid.
  respiratory pleural_effusion percussion
• Common symptoms of pleural effusion include dyspnea, cough, fever, and chills.
  symptoms pleural_effusion respiratory
• Pleural effusion can cause pleuritic chest pain characterized by pain that changes with respiration.
  pleuritic pain pleural_effusion
• A large pleural effusion may lead to acute respiratory distress.
  complication pleural_effusion emergency
• Common causes of pleural effusion include: - congestive heart failure (CHF) - pneumonia - cancer
  causes pleural_effusion etiology
• Hemothorax = blood enters the pleural cavity.
  pleural hemothorax emergency
• Pneumothorax = air enters the pleural cavity.
  pleural pneumothorax respiratory
• Simple (Small) pneumothorax may resolve without treatment.
  pneumothorax management pleural
• Management: Simple - may resolve w/o tx.
  pleural management simple
• Management: Large - requires chest tube to drain.
  pleural management large
• Hemothorax = same except blood pleural cavity.
  hemothorax pleural blood
• Assessment of a pleural effusion may include imaging and intervention: - CXR - Thoracentesis
  pleural assessment imaging
• Thoracentesis is performed to obtain sample fluid from the pleural space.
  thoracentesis diagnosis pleural
• Management of pleural fluid accumulation depends on the amount of accumulation.
  management pleural decision
• Possible management options for recurrent pleural fluid include: - repeat thoracentesis - in-dwelling pleural catheter - pleurodesis
  management pleural treatment
• Pleurodesis involves instilling an irritant such as talc to create scar tissue in the pleural space to prevent reoccurrence.
  pleurodesis pleural treatment
• The decision to place a chest tube depends on the amount of collapse.
  chesttube pleural decision
• Causes of pneumothorax include: - Trauma - Preexisting lung disease - Spontaneously, no apparent cause - Iatrogenic
  pneumothorax pleural causes
• Iatrogenic pneumothorax can occur following medical procedures such as: - thoracentesis - lung biopsy
  pneumothorax iatrogenic procedures
• A pneumothorax described as occurring "spontaneously" means it happens with no apparent cause.
  pneumothorax spontaneous
• Tension pneumothorax is an emergent situation where air enters the pneumothorax but is trapped, causing progressive problems.
  pulmonology emergency pneumothorax
• In tension pneumothorax the trapped air causes intra-thoracic pressure to increase.
  physiology pneumothorax emergency
• A critical hemodynamic consequence of tension pneumothorax is that it prevents inflow of blood.
  hemodynamics emergency pneumothorax
• The treatment for tension pneumothorax is emergent CT placement.
  treatment emergency pneumothorax